1993 2007 shannon t- 15 12 shannon t- 15 12 ( ) shannon ...ir.lib.pccu.edu.tw/retrieve/63755/...ii...

I

1993 2007

Shannon t-

15 12

Shannon t- 15

12

( )

Shannon ( ) 1993

2007 15

II

Abstract

Urban development and environmental conservation are strongly correlated

with the monitoring of land use change. This study focuses on integrating remote

sensing and geographic information system to monitor the land cover change and

build-up area expansion in Taipei. The research processes include applying satellite

image classification to acquire 1993 and 2007 land cover maps ; assessing the land

cover change and build-up area expansion of Taipei during the period of 15 years

based on GIS, landscape indices, and Shannon diversity t-test ; investigating the

effect of administrative districts on land cover change and build-up area expansion.

The research result indicated that Taipei landscape change did have significant

change from 1993 to 2007 according to the analysis of landscape indices and

Shannon diversity t-test. Meanwhile, build-up area expansion significantly affects

Taipeis landscape and also causes the fragmentation of other land cover types. As

for the effect of administrative districts on land cover change and build-up area

expansion, the result pointed out that four districts (i.e. Zhongshan District,

Songshan District, Neihu District, and Wanhua District) among 12 districts have

strong significant effect on land cover change while four districts (i.e., Beitou District,

Zhongshan District, Songshan District, and Neihu District) are significant on build-up

area expansion. From the above results, it is concluded as follows. (1) The integration

of remote sensing and GIS techniques is an effective and useful tool for urban sprawl.

It can acquire and display the timely information about urban sprawl, and also

provide urban planner with those information to understand the whole process of

urban development. (2) According to land-use information from 1997 to 2007, Taipei

landscape is strongly affected by urban sprawl, particularly four districts (i.e.,

Zhongshan District, Songshan District, Neihu District, and Wanhua District) for land

cover change and our districts (i.e.,Beitou District, Zhongshan District, Songshan

District,and Neihu District) for build-up area expansion. Therefore, a detailed urban

development model from Taipei City is needed in order to achieve sustainable

development.

Keywords Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, Urban Sprawl, Land

Cover Change, Landscape Index

III

........................................................................................................................... I

Abstract ..................................................................................................................... II

......................................................................................................................... III

..................................................................................................................... IV

..................................................................................................................... VI

............................................................................................................. 1

................................................................................................... 1

............................................................................................ 1

............................................................................................ 2

.................................................................................. 3

.................................................................................... 3

............................................................................................ 4

........................ 11

............................................................................................... 19

.......................................................................................... 19

.......................................................................................... 20

.......................................................................................... 21

( ) ....................................................................................... 22

( ) ............................................................................ 23

( ) ................................................................ 26

............................................................................................... 28

........................................................... 28

........................................................... 30

........................................................... 32

........................................ 34

........................................ 66

............................................................................................... 71

................................................................................................................ 73

IV

1 .................................................................................... 5

2 ..................................................................... 5

3 ................................................................. 6

4 ..................................................................... 7

5 .................................................................................. 10

6 ............................................................................... 11

8 ...................................................................................................... 19

9 .................................................................................................. 21

11 1993 ............................................................................ 28

10 1993 SPOT ( ) ............................. 28

12 2007 SPOT ( ) ............................. 29

13 2007 ........................................................................ 29

15 2007 ........................................................................ 32

14 1993 ............................................................................ 32

16 1993 ..................................... 34

17 2007 ..................................... 34

18 1993 ................................................................ 35

19 2007 ................................................................ 35

20 1993 ................................................................ 37

21 2007 ................................................................ 37

22 1993 ................................................................ 40

23 2007 ................................................................ 40

24 1993 ................................................................ 42

25 2007 ................................................................ 42

26 1993 ................................................................ 44

27 2007 ................................................................ 44

28 1993 ................................................................ 47

29 2007 ................................................................ 47

30 1993 ................................................................ 49

31 2007 ................................................................ 49
file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.

V

32 1993 ................................................................ 52

33 2007 ................................................................ 52

34 1993 ................................................................ 54

35 2007 ................................................................ 54

36 1993 ................................................................ 57

37 2007 ................................................................ 57

38 1993 ................................................................ 59

39 2007 ................................................................ 59

40 1993 ................................................................ 62

41 2007 ................................................................ 62

42 ............................................................................. 65

43 ................................................................................. 65

44 1993 ........................................................ 66

45 2007 ........................................................ 66
file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.file:///C:\Users\User\Desktop\Z_07273.docx%23_Toc236478.

VI

1. ....................................................................................... 5

2. ............................................................................................... 8

3. ......................................................................................... 12

4. 1993 ............................................................ 29

5. 2007 ............................................................ 30

6. 1993-2007 ................................................... 30

7. 1993-2007 ................................................... 30

8. 1993-2007 ........................................ 31

9. 1993-2007 ........................................ 31

10. Shannon t- ................................................................... 31

11. 1993-2007 .......................................... 33

12. 1993-2007 .......................................... 33

13. 1993-2007 .............................. 33

14. 1993-2007 ...................................... 33

15. Shannon t- ............................................................ 33

16. ...................................................................... 35

17. ...................................................................... 36

18. 1993-2007 ...................................... 36

19. 1993-2007 ...................................... 36

20. Shannon t- ................................................................. 37

21. ...................................................................... 38

22. ...................................................................... 38

23.1993-2007 ....................................... 38

24. 1993-2007 ...................................... 38

25. Shannon t- ................................................................. 39

26. ...................................................................... 40

27. ...................................................................... 41

28.1993-2007 ....................................... 41

29. 1993-2007 ...................................... 41

30. Shannon t- ................................................................. 41

VII

31. ........................................................................ 42

32. ...................................................................... 43

33.1993-2007 ....................................... 43

34. 1993-2007 ...................................... 43

35. Shannon t - ................................................................ 44

36. ...................................................................... 45

37. ........................................................................ 45

38.1993-2007 ....................................... 45

39. 1993-2007 ...................................... 45

40. Shannon t- ................................................................. 46

41. ........................................................................ 47

42. ........................................................................ 48

43.1993-2007 ....................................... 48

44. 1993-2007 ...................................... 48

45. Shannon t - ................................................................ 48

46. ...................................................................... 50

47. ...................................................................... 50

48.1993-2007 ....................................... 50

49. 1993-2007 ...................................... 50

50. Shannon t - ................................................................ 51

51. ........................................................................ 52

52. ........................................................................ 53

53.1993-2007 ....................................... 53

54. 1993-2007 ...................................... 53

55. Shannon t- ................................................................. 54

56. ...................................................................... 55

57. ........................................................................ 55

58.1993-2007 ....................................... 55

59. 1993-2007 ...................................... 55

60. Shannon t- ................................................................. 56

61. ...................................................................... 57

62. ...................................................................... 58

VIII

63. 1993-2007 ...................................... 58

64. 1993-2007 ...................................... 58

65. Shannon t- ................................................................. 59

66. ...................................................................... 60

67. ...................................................................... 60

68.1993-2007 ....................................... 60

69. 1993-2007 ...................................... 60

70. Shannon t- ................................................................. 61

71. ........................................................................ 62

72. ...................................................................... 63

73. 1993-2007 ...................................... 63

74. 1993-2007 ...................................... 63

75. Shannon t - ................................................................ 63

76. Shannon t - ............................... 64

77 .. 67

78 .. 68

79. ............................... 69

80. Shannon t - ................... 70

1

70

(Remote sensing)

(Geographic information system; GIS)

( )

( )

Forman 1995

2

(i.e. )

15 (1993~2007 )

3

(SPOT)

(ERDAS

IMAGINE 9.3) (Arc GIS 9.3) (Fragstats 3.3)

( )

( )

1997

2000

Concentric Zone Theory

1923 E. E. Burgess

Invasion Competition

Succession

Central Business District Zone in Transition

4

Zone of Working mans Homes

Residential Zone Commuter Zone 1997

2000

Sector Theory

1938 H. Hoyt

1997 2000

Multiple-Nuclei Theory

1945 C. D. Harris E. L. Ullman

1997

2000

Clawson(1960 Gottmann(1961 Harvey and Clark(1965

Sprawl 3

(Central Business District CBD)

Wheaton 1982

5

Ewing 1997 Galster et al. 2001

2005 2006

1.

Torrens and

Alberti

2000

Galster et al. 2000

Malpezzi and

Guo

2001

(CBD)

Lopez and

Hynes

2003 3500 /

200 /

Fulton et al. 2004

( : 2006)

1 (

1994)

2 (

1994)

6

Clawson(1962

Inefficient Ottensmann(1977

withhold

S1->S2

P1->P2

A B

3 ( 2006)

land value land rent

Caplow(1952

3 ( 2006)

7

Brown(1981

Mayer(1967

2002

(filtering)

(Sprawl)

4 ( 2002 2006)

4 ( 2002)

8

Ottensmann(1977 2

2.

Lessinger

Boyce

Ohls and

Pines

Clawson

Sargent

Bahl

Archer

Maisel

Neutze

Muth

( : 2006)

2002

5

1

2

9

1

2

1

2

3

4

10

5 ( 2002)

11

( ) ( )

( )

6

2001

1930

C. Troll

Landscape element Mosaic

Forman and Godron , 1986

6

Landscape structure

Landscape function

Landscape change

1994

2001

12

(Maekawa and Nakagoshi 1997 Mertens and Lambin

1997 Finder et al. 1999 Elkie and Rempel 2001 Griffith et al., 2000

2004)

(Lathrop and Bognar 1998 Pirnat 2000 Zheng and Chen 2000

Azevedo et al. 2000 Hehl 2001 2004)

Lausch and

Herzog(2002)

3

3.

1992

Logit

1.

ARC/INFO

2.

1993

1. 1979-1993

2.

13

1997

1. GIS

2. GIS

t

1996-1997

1999

1.

2.

1999

1. 1988 1996

GIS

2.

1999

1. GIS

2. 1988 1996

14

1999

8

2000

1.

2.

2001

logit 1. GIS logit

2.

2001

2001

1976 1989 1997

15

2001

1. GIS

Shannon

t

2.

1976

1997

2001

logit

1. GIS

2. logit

2001

1980-2000

1.

2.10

2001

1.

2.

16

2001

logit

1. GIS logit

2.

logit

2001 -

2001

1. Shannon

t

2.

2002

1.

2.

17

2002

1. Shannon

t

2.

2002

55

2002

1. FRASTATS

2.

2002

1. GIS SPOT

2.

2002

1.

GIS

2.

18

( 2003 )

3

Shannon

Shannon t

2002

1. 1999 4 10 2001 9

SPOT GIS FRAGSTATS

2.

2003

1. GIS

2.

19

( ) ( 8)

121 27 121

40 24 57 25 13

( )

70

8

20

( )

(1993 ) (2007 )

(SPOT) 2

1993 12 25 SPOT-2 2007 12 17 SPOT-4

20 X 20 SPOT

832 10 45

SPOT-2 HRV(High Resolution Visible)

(XS) (PAN)

(XS1 0.5m 0.59m) (XS2 0.61m 0.68m) (XS3 0.79m

0.89m) 0.50m 0.73m HRV

6000 CCD CCD

CCD HRV (Field of View)

4.25 ( Nadir) 60 (

PAN 10 XS 20 ) SPOT-4

1998 3 24 (SWIR,

Short-Wave Infrared) VI(Vegetation

Instrument) SWIR ( / / )

( http

//www.csrsr.ncu.edu.tw)

SPOT 12
http://www.csrsr.ncu.edu.tw/http://www.csrsr.ncu.edu.tw/

21

(SPOT )

9

( )

) )

9

22

( )

Lillesand & Kiefer,2000 Image Classification

2000 Supervised

Classification Unsupervised Classification

Lillesand & Kiefer (2000 (Hybrid

Classification)

SPOT

(Land cover map)

(Block)

(Transformed Divergence, TD) TD

(Signature)

Maximum Likelihood Classifier

T

jijiji

jiji

mmmmtr

trD

DTD

11

11

2

1

)(2

1

)8/exp(12000

TD D i i mi

i Atr A

23

( )

2000

FRAGSTATS 3.3

Landscape

Index

(Class Level) (Landscape Level)

NP LPI

PLAND (TE) (AWMSI)

ED LSI IJI Shannon

(SHDI) Shannon (SHEI) 10

1 (Number of Patches, NP)

i NP

1

iNP n

i

1

2 largest patch index, LPI

LPI 0

LPI

24

1

max100

(%)

0 100

ijj

n

aLPI

A

ij

A

LPI

3 Percent of Landscape, PLAND

PLAND 0

PLAND

100

1 100

(%)

n

ijj

i

ij

aPLAND P

A

Pi i

a ij

A

4 (Total Edge, TE)

'

1

i

k

ik

m

k

e

e

k

TE

i

5 (Area Weighted Mean Shape Index, AWMSI)

(MSI) 1

25

1

1

0.25n ij ijn

ijij

j

j

P aAWMSI

aa

6 (Edge Density, ED)

ED

ED

'

1 10,000

m

ik

k

e

EDA

7 landscape shape index, LSI

LSI 1

LSI

ED

'

1

0.25

LSIA

m

ik

k

e

8 (Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index, IJI)

0~100 0

100

26

' '

1 1

ln

1001ln ' ' 1

2

m mik ik

k k i

e e

E EIJI

m m

9 Shannon (Shannon Diversity Index, SHDI)

SHDI

SHDI

1

lnm

i i

i

SHDI P P

10 Shannon (Shannon Evenness Index, SHEI)

0~1 1 0

1

1

ln

ln

m

I I

i

P P

SHEIm

( )

1993 2007

Magurran(1988) Shannon t 15

Shannon t

(information

theory) Shannon t

27

1 2

1 2

H Ht

VarH VarH

Hi i Shannon VarHi df (degree of

freedom)

1

1ln

m

i i

mHi pi pi

n

2

2

1 1

2

(ln ) ln1

2

m m

i i i

i i

pi pi pi pim

VarHin n

2

2 2

( 1 2)

( 1) ( 2)

1 2

VarH VarHdf

VarH VarH

n n

Shannon t ( o.o5 0.01)

t 1993 2007

15

28

SPOT ( 10 12)

(Convergence Threshold) 0.995

(Unsupervised Classification )

11 13

8 ( 10

12) ( 4 5) (Over-all Accuracy)

1993 95.21% 2007

91.12%

10 1993 SPOT

( )

11 1993

29

4. 1993

6581 0 27 171 55 6834

0 768 7 1 3 779

49 20 5211 24 286 5590

3 4 0 196 1 204

4 0 1 0 283 288

13039 13695

2.02% 95.21%

12 2007 SPOT

( )

13 2007

30

5. 2007

6082 0 29 532 191 6834

4 613 84 0 0 701

46 81 5335 0 128 5590

4 0 0 195 5 204

92 0 13 0 183 288

12408 13617

2.01% 91.12%

1993 2007

FRAGSTATS

6~ 9

6. 1993-2007

(TYPE)

(NP) (LPI) (PLAND) (TE) (AWMSI)

1993 980 21.7199 46.3111 933440 16.8299

74 1.7097 3.4382 150720 4.3031

796 27.9767 33.6561 1574840 26.7439

1540 2.5571 16.5946 1474400 5.5264

2007 802 19.273 45.3676 1139360 16.015

157 1.346 3.0204 154740 3.5866

350 38.857 41.0662 1116120 23.5173

1845 0.8805 10.5458 1388060 3.5719

7. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 92.00 59.065 70.2096 1.137 0.8201

2007 84.54 56.271 71.7244 1.067 0.7697

31

8. 1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP) (LPI) (PLAND) (TE) (AWMSI)

-178 -2.4469 -0.9435 205920 -0.8149

83 -0.3637 -0.4178 4020 -0.7165

-446 10.8803 7.4101 -458720 -3.2266

305 -1.6766 -6.0488 -86340 -1.9545

9. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-7.46 -2.794 1.5148 -0.07 -0.0504

6

8 (PLAND)

1993 33.6561 2007 41.0662 7.4101

1993 16.5946 2007

10.5458 (LPI)

1993 27.9767 2007 38.857

1993 2007 7 9

Shannon 1993 1.1369 2007 1.067

1993 1993 2007 Shannon

1993 2007 15

10 Shannon t 0.05

10. Shannon t-

Patch Type patch Hi VarHi t df

1993 4 3390 1.1360 0.0000906 4.8397 6360

2007 4 3154 1.0660 0.0001186

32

10 o.o5 t ( 6360)

0.0000006656 0.05 1993

2007

15 (1993 2007 )

14 15 1993 2007

FRAGSTATS 11 14

Shannon t

15 Shannon t o.o5

14 1993 15 2007

33

11. 1993-2007

(TYPE)

(NP) (LPI) (PLAND) (AWMSI)

1993 788 50.8973 71.859 16.4755

713 23.2834 28.141 26.7566

2007 556 43.0327 65.8074 9.1062

331 32.3323 34.1926 23.2512

12. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 62.3701 27.7914 0.5943 0.8574

2007 43.4514 20.0079 0.6423 0.9267

13. 1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP) (LPI) (PLAND) (AWMSI)

-232 -7.8646 -6.0516 -7.3693

-382 9.0489 6.0516 -3.5054

14. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-18.9187 -7.7835 0.048 0.0693

15. Shannon t-

Patch Type patch Hi varhi t df

1993 2 1501 0.5936 0.000118625 3.1500 2274

2007 2 887 0.6412 0.000109377

34

16 1993

17 2007

15 o.o5 t ( 2274)

0.000827108 0.05 1993

2007

Shannon t 1993

2007 15

( 16 17)

35

18 1993 19 2007

16.

(TYPE)


1993 224 50.077 63.5749 254480 13.109

5 0.4126 1.21 9900 3.1129

211 3.8688 11.678 275620 8.1753

213 11.709 23.5371 365600 8.8993

2007 171 46.4023 63.4396 308480 11.7553

11 0.5985 1.1129 12040 4.0183

111 16.5219 19.2085 209860 11.2518

415 4.0318 16.239 353980 4.2667

36

17.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 92.2959 27.0385 62.6784 0.9326 0.6728

2007 90.1312 26.6598 62.3936 0.9509 0.6859

18. 1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-53 -3.6747 -0.1353 54000 -1.3537

6 0.1859 -0.0971 2140 0.9054

-100 12.6531 7.5305 -65760 3.0765

202 -7.6772 -7.2981 -11620 -4.6326

19. 1993-2007

16 18

(PLAND) (LPI)

11.678 16.5219

-7.2981 (NP)

100 202 (TE) 65760

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-2.1647 -0.3787 -0.2848 0.0183 0.0131

37

20. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 653 0.9281 0.000811326 0.4735 1349 0.318

2007 4 708 0.9466 0.000725949

Shannon t- t 0.318 0.05

18 19

20 1993 21 2007

38

21.

(TYPE)


1993 270 52.8648 62.3449 186900 17.0014

9 7.1074 7.478 25080 5.089

186 13.8715 17.4665 287760 15.4074

269 3.746 12.7106 269420 4.7739

2007 236 44.5851 57.4064 296540 17.0964

14 5.5207 6.8317 29280 4.3293

133 19.6345 23.4929 197580 8.2139

458 1.3892 12.2689 338080 4.0163

22.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 84.4258 30.5563 70.0187 1.0554 0.7613

2007 94.5592 32.2659 66.4243 1.0997 0.7932

23.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-34 -8.2797 -4.9385 109640 0.095

5 -1.5867 -0.6463 4200 -0.7597

-53 5.763 6.0264 -90180 -7.1935

189 -2.3568 -0.4417 68660 -0.7576

24. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

10.1334 1.7096 -3.5944 0.0443 0.0319

39

21 23 (PLAND)

4.9385 6.0264 (LPI)

1993

52.8648 2007 44.5851 (NP) 189

(LPI) (PLAND)

(TE) (AWMSI)

25. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 734 1.051361 0.000821167 1.1914442 1493 0.117

2007 4 841 1.096084 0.000587827

Shannon t- t 0.117 0.05

20 21

40

26.

(TYPE)


1993 8 0.2871 1.0388 3440 1.4692

7 6.2157 10.945 5420 1.8893

11 77.2739 77.7215 31100 4.2507

51 2.086 10.2947 26240 1.957

2007 8 0.1773 0.9543 3120 1.2577

11 5.6161 10.1343 7900 1.9709

1 86.969 86.969 16800 3.0148

14 0.6672 1.9424 5980 1.4661

22 1993 23 2007

41

27.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 69.8843 5.2041 49.2536 0.7195 0.519

2007 35.6811 3.3463 59.2093 0.4744 0.3422

28.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-53 -3.6747 -0.1353 54000 -1.3537

6 0.1859 -0.0971 2140 0.9054

-100 12.6531 7.5305 -65760 3.0765

202 -7.6772 -7.2981 -11620 -4.6326

29. 1993-2007

26 28 (PLAND)

7.5305 7.2981 (NP)

(LPI)

(TE) (AWMSI)

30. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 77 0.6806 0.0109 1.5390 64 0.064

2007 4 34 0.3861 0.0257

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-2.1647 -0.3787 -0.2848 0.0183 0.0131

42

24 1993 25 2007

Shannon t- t 0.064 0.05

22 23

31.

(TYPE)


1993 53 14.0772 16.886 41980 3.8471

14 2.1852 4.903 21980 3.5523

54 47.1153 56.9738 125340 5.9914

123 5.5155 21.2372 100900 3.1691

2007 48 13.6385 20.186 52820 3.4541

38 1.5893 4.0891 23540 2.2092

19 67.0254 68.2339 98540 8.1444

112 0.7091 7.4911 79500 2.3399

43

32.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHE)I

1993 100.0883 11.5341 68.9626 1.0978 0.7919

2007 87.7411 10.3596 77.0457 0.9087 0.6555

33.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-5 -0.4387 3.3 10840 -0.393

24 -0.5959 -0.8139 1560 -1.3431

-35 19.9101 11.2601 -26800 2.153

-11 -4.8064 -13.7461 -21400 -0.8292

34. 1993-2007

31

33 (PLAND)

1993 56.9738 2007 68.2339

11.2601 13.7461 (LPI)

19.9101 (NP)

(TE)

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-12.3472 -1.1745 8.0831 -0.1891 -0.1364

44

35. Shannon t -

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 244 1.08547 0.001931282 2.6324473 418 0.004

2007 4 217 0.894848 0.003312292

Shannon t- t 0.004 0.05

24 25 1993

2007

26 1993 27 2007

45

36.

(TYPE)


1993 33 2.9973 7.4318 24880 2.5274

8 2.7857 4.1835 8660 3.9318

32 59.5974 62.6292 81360 7.7278

67 16.3402 25.7555 74780 5.8171

2007 22 2.894 10.3307 26040 2.4623

21 0.7875 3.7356 10800 2.2268

11 77.8423 78.1228 51840 5.8825

57 0.9942 7.8108 41040 2.4008

37.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 116.6946 9.9371 60.2725 0.9684 0.6986

2007 79.8061 7.3164 76.6727 0.7493 0.5405

38.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-11 -0.1033 2.8989 1160 -0.0651

13 -1.9982 -0.4479 2140 -1.705

-21 18.2449 15.4936 -29520 -1.8453

-10 -15.346 -17.9447 -33740 -3.4163

39. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-36.8885 -2.6207 16.4002 -0.2191 -0.1581

46

38 36

38 (PAND) 1993

62.6292 2007 78.1228 15.4936 17.9447

(LPI) 18.2449 15.346

40. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 140 0.946984 0.004339929 1.9828339 210 0.024

2007 4 111 0.722309 0.008499254

Shannon t- t 0.024 0.05

26 27

47

41.

(TYPE)


1993 86 46.9188 55.9088 91180 11.3931

33 0.6664 1.9416 21760 3.193

91 13.0886 23.7 218540 10.4749

153 6.685 18.4496 170400 4.0316

2007 93 46.8873 54.7959 113580 12.3002

196 0.3964 6.1393 131340 2.398

17 37.0744 37.6818 136060 11.1964

25 0.303 1.383 13340 2.6662

28 1993 29 2007

48

42.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 90.0938 22.0559 64.9821 1.0546 0.7608

2007 70.7854 19.5095 72.8298 0.9279 0.6694

43.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

7 -0.0315 -1.1129 22400 0.9071

163 -0.27 4.1977 109580 -0.795

-74 23.9858 13.9818 -82480 0.7215

-128 -6.382 -17.0666 -157060 -1.3654

44. 1993-2007

41 43

(LPI)

1993 13.0886 2007 37.0744 23.9858

3 (PLAND) 1993

18.4496 2007 1.383 13.9818

(NP) (TE)

45. Shannon t -

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 363 1.046377 0.001104118 2.5976504 682 0.005

2007 4 331 0.918855 0.001305826

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-19.3084 -2.5464 7.8477 -0.1267 -0.0914

49

Shannon t- t 0.005 0.05

41

28 29

30 1993 31 2007

50

46.

(TYPE)


1993 20 2.3604 8.8476 22100 2.2042

5 6.4544 15.3511 12920 2.9483

10 62.2874 63.2087 48440 5.5497

61 3.1891 12.5927 44060 2.2824

2007 19 2.3005 9.2455 24460 2.3966

8 3.4562 6.9069 12420 3.7119

5 73.5445 76.4773 46000 5.0131

32 2.3877 7.3703 33080 3.4325

47.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHE)I

1993 86.8949 7.4649 75.8228 1.0531 0.7597

2007 79.0177 6.9317 78.6744 0.802 0.5785

48.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-1 -0.0599 0.3979 2360 0.1924

3 -2.9982 -8.4442 -500 0.7636

-5 11.2571 13.2686 -2440 -0.5366

-29 -0.8014 -5.2224 -10980 1.1501

49. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-7.8772 -0.5332 2.8516 -0.2511 -0.1812

51

46 48

(PLAND) 1993

63.2087 2007 76.4773 13.2686

(LPI) 1993

62.2874 2007 73.5445 11.2571

(NP) (TE)

50. Shannon t -

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 96 1.021867 0.006662941 1.8161314 118 0.036

2007 4 64 0.755151 0.014904785

Shannon t- t 0.036 0.05

30 31

52

32 1993 33 2007

51.

(TYPE)


1993 22 0.8604 4.1071 15800 1.813

11 1.2825 2.3485 6640 2.7477

3 83.9394 84.0639 53340 6.7956

76 1.8506 9.4805 38940 1.8584

2007 20 1.2229 4.7727 18180 2.2635

22 0.3842 2.1429 9360 1.7918

3 88.1494 88.2522 35460 5.0464

24 1.2392 4.8323 22600 2.6437

53

52.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 77.5974 7.1324 59.3336 0.5885 0.4245

2007 57.9004 5.7941 75.5307 0.4842 0.3493

53.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-2 0.3625 0.6656 2380 0.4505

11 -0.8983 -0.2056 2720 -0.9559

0 4.21 4.1883 -17880 -1.7492

-52 -0.6114 -4.6482 -16340 0.7853

54. 1993-2007

51

(PLAND) 1993 84.0639

2007 88.2522 4.1883

4.6482 (LPI)

(4.21) 51 88.1494

(88.2522)

(NP) 0

1993

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-19.697 -1.3383 16.1971 -0.1043 -0.0752

54

55. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 112 0.561716 0.008640063 0.7944786 144 0.214

2007 4 69 0.440773 0.014533847

Shannon t- t 0.214 0.05

32 33

34 1993 35 2007

55

56.

(TYPE)


1993 39 2.497 7.528 19040 2.931

13 0.0553 0.4057 4020 1.4136

15 82.8821 83.2694 61780 6.949

87 2.1688 8.7968 46800 1.9101

2007 33 2.9507 10.3202 22960 2.9234

30 0.059 0.7303 7940 1.5005

7 83.9628 84.2173 48460 5.7924

69 0.5717 4.7322 38040 1.9616

57.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 60.6927 8.3258 53.7351 0.5833 0.4208

2007 54.1273 7.7864 71.1893 0.5593 0.4035

58.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-6 0.4537 2.7922 3920 -0.0076

17 0.0037 0.3246 3920 0.0869

-8 1.0807 0.9479 -13320 -1.1566

-18 -1.5971 -4.0646 -8760 0.0515

59. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-6.5654 -0.5394 17.4542 -0.024 -0.0173

56

58 56 58

(PLAND)

(2.7922) 4.0646

( ) (LPI)

1993 82.8821 2007 83.9628 1.0807

60. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 154 0.563866 0.005479389 0.2408618 289 0.405

2007 4 139 0.537752 0.006275205

Shannon t- t 0.405 0.05

34 35

57

61.

(TYPE)


1993 71 9.1654 28.3368 37820 4.0162

7 0.0613 0.2671 2440 1.4016

35 54.6549 59.0252 72680 7.4016

87 4.598 12.3708 58340 3.4728

2007 57 6.516 25.1007 34860 3.8922

16 0.2233 1.086 8120 1.6564

17 65.2128 66.474 46260 5.6615

77 0.6656 7.3393 43200 2.2406

36 1993 37 2007

58

62.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 93.7555 13.505 60.4271 0.9429 0.6801

2007 72.4952 11.9026 73.7782 0.8592 0.6198

63. 1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-14 -2.6494 -3.2361 -2960 -0.124

9 0.162 0.8189 5680 0.2548

-18 10.5579 7.4488 -26420 -1.7401

-10 -3.9324 -5.0315 -15140 -1.2322

64. 1993-2007

63 61 63

(PLAND) 1993

59.0252 2007 66.474 7.4488 5.0315

(LPI)

1993 54.6549 2007 65.2128 10.5579

3.9324 2.6494

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-21.2603 -1.6024 13.3511 -0.0837 -0.0603

59

65. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 200 0.927869 0.001836050 1.1859454 316 0.118

2007 4 167 0.841263 0.003496956

Shannon t- t 0.118 0.05

36 37

38 1993 39 2007

60

66.

(TYPE)


1993 135 22.0403 55.5617 61960 6.8023

25 0.1881 0.9537 7420 2.8202

69 25.4656 35.3784 108080 7.4374

135 0.6331 8.1062 69660 1.9494

2007 105 21.7304 52.1312 64220 6.7931

30 0.3099 1.2345 8980 2.3869

36 35.6884 38.4328 70360 6.6705

161 0.3126 8.2015 84560 2.2871

67.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 81.83 22.4447 65.3276 0.9422 0.6796

2007 75.54 21.8342 71.0639 0.9665 0.6972

68.1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-30 -0.3099 -3.4305 2260 -0.0092

5 0.1218 0.2808 1560 -0.4333

-33 10.2228 3.0544 -37720 -0.7669

26 -0.3205 0.0953 14900 0.3377

69. 1993-2007

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

-6.2916 -0.6105 5.7363 0.0243 0.0176

61

68 66 68

(PLAND) 1993

55.5617 2007 52.1312 3.4305 3.0544

(LPI) 10.2228

(NP) (TE)

70. Shannon t-

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 364 0.933930 0.001122159 0.4887983 692 0.313

2007 4 332 0.957425 0.001188156

Shannon t- t 0.313 0.05

38

39

62

71.

(TYPE)


1993 163 22.4033 53.268 152260 9.3256

4 0.133 0.2295 3580 2.1898

147 25.7852 31.751 195940 11.9427

234 2.5489 14.7515 163780 2.8673

2007 149 13.0672 53.2514 167400 7.5391

8 0.0948 0.2827 4440 1.7927

60 29.4066 33.0246 146600 10.191

289 0.9943 13.4413 209720 2.9282

40 1993 41 2007

63

72.

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 107.153 26.6405 63.5693 0.996 0.7185

2007 109.7717 26.9613 62.3451 0.9878 0.7125

73. 1993-2007

(TYPE) (NP)

(LPI) (PLAND) (TE)

(AWMSI)

-14 -9.3361 -0.0166 15140 -1.7865

4 -0.0382 0.0532 860 -0.3971

-87 3.6214 1.2736 -49340 -1.7517

55 -1.5546 -1.3102 45940 0.0609

74. 1993-2007

73 71 73

(PLAND) 1993

31.751 2007 33.0246 1.2736 1.3102

(LPI)

(3.6214) 9.3361 (NP)

(TE)

75. Shannon t -

Patch

Type

patch

Hi VarHi t df t

1993 4 548 0.990553 0.001122159 0.2694463 1041 0.394

2007 4 506 0.981854 0.001188156

(ED) (LSI) (IJI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

2.6187 0.3208 -1.2242 -0.0082 -0.006

64

Shannon t- t 0.394 0.05

40

41

Shannon t-

76 76

1993 15

1993

2007

42 43

76. Shannon t -

Shannon

t 0.318 0.117 0.064 0.004* 0.024* 0.005*

Shannon

t 0.036* 0.214 0.405 0.118 0.313 0.394

* Shannon t 0.05

65

42 (

)

43 (

)

66

1993 2007 15

Shannon t

( 44 45)

77 78

79

44 1993 45 2007

67

77

(TYPE) (NP) (LPI) (PLAND)

(AWMSI)

1993 50 89.1725 90.0147 10.5242

202 3.2889 9.9853 8.1375

2007 54 78.1898 83.5789 6.7597

108 14.1788 16.4211 11.3214

1993 110 72.7736 87.1125 6.5804

185 10.1793 12.8875 15.3254

2007 80 72.1194 82.6638 5.3614

129 14.44 17.3362 8.1934

1993 53 8.6428 22.3244 2.2248

11 77.2282 77.6756 4.2507

2007 32 5.6718 13.0824 1.8039

1 86.9176 86.9176 3.0148

1993 100 36.858 43.1986 8.9308

54 46.9727 56.8014 5.9914

2007 93 19.0108 31.8708 4.3781

18 66.8721 68.1292 8.1242

1993 63 30.6444 37.4078 7.6427

32 59.5622 62.5922 7.7278

2007 48 6.9946 21.8642 3.2911

10 77.8603 78.1358 5.8788

1993 68 75.4966 79.0961 10.0751

82 11.6497 20.9039 10.6139

2007 81 58.2623 67.0897 4.2915

17 32.3796 32.9103 11.1658

68

78

(TYPE) (NP) (LPI) (PLAND)

(AWMSI)

1993 41 14.288 36.8154 3.3269

10 62.2636 63.1846 5.5497

2007 32 6.986 23.5137 3.4283

5 73.5546 76.4863 4.9925

1993 82 3.1552 16.2127 2.5358

3 83.6632 83.7873 6.7956

2007 41 3.0257 11.7739 2.5492

3 88.1236 88.2261 4.945

1993 115 10.1351 20.133 2.782

8 79.3497 79.867 6.9507

2007 61 11.5146 19.0069 2.9257

5 80.7573 80.9931 5.3921

1993 55 48.8337 51.6506 7.1814

33 44.653 48.3494 7.4089

2007 49 41.4907 45.3616 3.8

13 53.4205 54.6384 5.4956

1993 91 69.5343 74.9489 5.367

59 17.6363 25.0511 7.363

2007 65 71.0818 73.363 4.6273

32 24.635 26.637 6.6219

1993 101 66.8757 74.8987 8.5131

104 19.9909 25.1013 12.0253

2007 50 68.6317 74.5737 6.8146

58 22.6368 25.4263 10.0788

69

79.

(ED) (LSI)

Shannon

(SHDI)

Shannon

(SHEI)

1993 49.7359 11.2507 0.3248 0.4685

2007 37.4362 8.9158 0.4466 0.6443

1993 48.682 11.865 0.3842 0.5543

2007 33.505 8.8777 0.4612 0.6653

1993 65.6229 4.9381 0.531 0.766

2007 35.5756 3.305 0.3879 0.5597

1993 87.1455 10.089 0.6839 0.987

2007 68.5225 8.3168 0.6259 0.903

1993 100.4427 8.7727 0.6611 0.9538

2007 63.7727 6.1661 0.5252 0.7577

1993 72.5541 11.7774 0.5127 0.7396

2007 45.8516 8.008 0.6335 0.914

1993 65.991 6.0295 0.658 0.9492

2007 62.694 5.8063 0.545 0.7869

1993 73.7824 6.6923 0.4432 0.6394

2007 48.4062 4.9689 0.3624 0.5228

1993 64.8754 6.9482 0.5022 0.7246

2007 46.6463 5.4157 0.4863 0.7016

1993 75.2288 7.5818 0.6926 0.9992

2007 47.1493 5.2351 0.6888 0.9938

1993 57.194 8.8316 0.5629 0.8121

2007 35.751 6.3262 0.5796 0.8362

1993 72.1994 11.9279 0.563 0.813

2007 50.704 8.9155 0.567 0.818

77 78

(PLAND) 1993 9.9853 2007 16.4211 6.4358

(PLAND) 1993 56.8014 2007 68.1292

11.3278 (PLAND) 1993 62.5922

2007 78.1358 15.5436 (PLAND) 1993

20.9039 2007 32.9103 12.0064

(LPI) 10.8899 (NP) 94

(AWMSI) 3.1839 (LPI) 19.8994

70

(NP) 36 (LPI) 18.2981

(NP) 22 (AWMSI) 1.849

(LPI) 20.7299 (NP) 65

(AWMSI) 0.5519

80. Shannon t -

Shannon

t 0.0296* 0.0871 0.1168 0.0485* 0.0307* 0.0084*

Shannon

t 0.1014 0.2219 0.3960 0.3237 0.4144 0.4940

* Shannon t 0.05

80 Shannon t-

80

1993

15

1993

2007

71

1993 2007

Shannon t

12

1993

2007

15

( )

Shannon

( ) 1993 2007 15

72

1993 2007 SPOT

73

(1999)

4 2 P33-53

(1994)

P7-8

(2003)

(1997)

(2002) P2-22

(2008) -

P55-69

(2000)

(2002)

(1993)

P234

(2002)

(2004)

(2000)

(2004) 35

35-51

74

(2003) --

(2004) -

(1999) 14(4)P493-507

(2005) Markov Logit

P29-36

(2000)

15(1): 41-49

(2001)

(1999)

(2006)

(2003) --

Forman Richard T. T. (1995) Land Mosaics The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions,

Cambridge University Press.

Forman Richard T. T. and M. Godorn. (1986), Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and

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Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M. R. et al. (2000) Wrestling sprawl to the ground:

defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate 12(4):p.681.

Li Xin, Ling Lu, Guodong Cheng, Honglang Xiao (2001) .Quantifying landscape

structure of the Heihe River Basin, north-weat China using FRAGSTATS. Fournal

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of Arid Environments, 48 P521-535.

Malpezzi, S. and Guo, W.-K.(2001) Measuring sprawl: alternative measures of

urban form in U.S.

Naveh, Z. and A. S. Lieberman (1984) Landscape Ecology. Spring-Verlag. New York.

P356.

Ottensmann, J. R. (1977) Urban Sprawl, Land Value and Density of Development.

Land Economics,53:p.389.

Paul M. Torrens and Marina Alberti (2000) Measuring sprawl. Centre for advanced

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http //www.csrsr.ncu.edu.tw

google http://www.google.com.tw/
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1993 2007 shannon t- 15 12 shannon t- 15 12 ( ) shannon ...ir.lib.pccu.edu.tw/retrieve/63755/...ii...

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