1989?1989?1990?1990?

1991?1991?19921992??

•Implosion Theory

•USSR collapsed from within

•Devoid of creativity

•Devoid of Competition

•Devoid of Incentive

•The base it was founded on were the seeds of its destruction

• Personality Theory – It is people who made the difference

1. Gorbachev – 1st leader of USSR to graduate from College

A.Perestroika – reform

B.Glasnost – free exchange of information

2. Ronald Reagan –

• won the Cold War

• This would demean 50 years on Containment

3. Gorbechev – unleashed forces he could not control

4. Yeltsin (former Mayor of Moscow) – pushed for democratic reforms

1. Strategic Overstretch –Soviet put too many resources overseas

• No way could they maintain their empire

2. Containment – Constant Pressure from the West

• Reagan’s - $3Trillion Defense Budget

• SDI – Strategic Defense Initiative – A Shield (Force Field) – The system was going to cost a fortune

Problems:Problems:

The term “reunification” was avoided, why?

Re-writing of the Constitution

Establishing a new capital in Berlin

Successes:Successes: “Two Plus Four Treaty”

Dec. 1990 – 1st Free Elections since 1932

Relationships with other Western Democracies

NATO – Afghanistan

November 2005 – Dr. Angela Merkel – First female elected Chancellor

Problems:Problems:Privatization of East Germany – At What Cost?

Despite investment from West many East German businesses collapsed

Today German Gov’t still allocates 10+ billion euros annually for east German development

Former East Germany entered a recession

Successes:Successes:

Center of the European Union

In 2007 it’s the 3rd richest economy

Problems:Problems:

Migration of East Germans into West Germany

High Unemployment in East

Ever widening gap between East and West standard of living

Successes:Successes:

New Jobs, new opportunities

Free movement of people

West Germany was there to support East Germany

Was it a failure?Was it a failure?

Was it a success?Was it a success?

What do you predict for the What do you predict for the future of Germany and why?future of Germany and why?

Problems:Problems:

Yeltsin

Corruption

Chechnya

Used as propaganda for Yeltsin

Successes:Successes:

Putin

“Democracy is the dictatorship of Law”

Aim: to restore “strong government”

Problems:Problems:

Yeltsin

Food Shortages

1994 – Inflation increased 14% a month

Black Market

1998 – Government devalued the currency – shockwaves throughout the International Markets

Successes:Successes:

The highly educated workers profited from their connections with technology and business

Problems:

Ethnic and religious battles

Chechnya – Terrorism

Organized Crime

Influx of refugees – Russians who had been sent to colonize former Soviet States

1993 – 900,000 returned to Russia

“Brain Drain”

Successes:Successes:

Open Media

More access to Western products

Was it a failure?Was it a failure?

Was it a success?Was it a success?

What do you predict for the What do you predict for the future of Russia and why?future of Russia and why?

Assignment:Assignment: Choose one of the following countries and complete the chart showing the Political, Economic, Religious, and Social issues surrounding its transition from Communism in the 1990s.

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Romania

Ukraine

Belarus

Lithuania

Latvia

Estonia

Hungary

Yugoslavia

Less use of Veto Power Less use of Veto Power in Security Councilin Security Council

More UN peacekeeping More UN peacekeeping operations than in it’s operations than in it’s entire historyentire history

1991 – Persian Gulf 1991 – Persian Gulf WarWar

What was its original purpose?What was its original purpose?

Is that still a legitimate purpose?Is that still a legitimate purpose?

Changing Enemies: Communism to Changing Enemies: Communism to TerrorismTerrorism

Should NATO expand to include Should NATO expand to include former Communist States? Why?former Communist States? Why?

Major Dates in EU History:Major Dates in EU History:

1957 – Treaty of Rome – European 1957 – Treaty of Rome – European Economic Community [EECEconomic Community [EEC]]

1. France

2. Belgium

3. Netherlands

4. W. Germany

5. Luxumbourg

6. Italy

1986: Single European Act1986: Single European Act•Committed to complete economic integration by 1992 (12 members)

1994: Maastricht Treaty: European 1994: Maastricht Treaty: European Union [EU]Union [EU]

1999: Intro of euro for use by 1999: Intro of euro for use by financial institutionsfinancial institutions

2002: euro put into general use2002: euro put into general use

2004- Expansion to include some former 2004- Expansion to include some former Communist States:Communist States:1. Estonia

2. Latvia

3. Lithuania

4. Poland

5. Czech Rep.

6. Slovakia

7. Hungary

8. Slovenia

• Helped with successful transitions to Market Helped with successful transitions to Market EconomiesEconomies

• StabilizationStabilization

2007 – Expansion2007 – Expansion1. Romania

2. Bulgaria

What does the future hold for the What does the future hold for the EU?EU?

Turkey??Turkey??

Russia??Russia??

A Unified European State??A Unified European State??

EU involvement – setting regulations EU involvement – setting regulations and standards for Industries in and standards for Industries in EuropeEurope

The Green Party – gaining more and The Green Party – gaining more and more influence in Europe as a more influence in Europe as a Transnational Political PartyTransnational Political Party

Arab – Israeli ConflictArab – Israeli Conflict

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Iraq WarIraq War

2001 – September 11 Attacks on NYC2001 – September 11 Attacks on NYC

2004 – Attack on Train in Madrid, Spain2004 – Attack on Train in Madrid, Spain

2006 – London Tube and Bus Bombs2006 – London Tube and Bus Bombs

AIDSAIDS

SARSSARS

Globalization could mean an “International Culture”

T.V. – BBC America, Baywatch etc.

Movies – Life is Beautiful

Internet – YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, Skype etc.

Cultural exports are disproportionately from the West especially the US

Global Celebrities

Michael Jordan

David Beckham

Hideki Matsui

Global Companies

McDonalds

Coca Cola

Starbucks

Nike

1.1.Problematizing HistoryProblematizing History

Mixing past and presentMixing past and present

Questioning the authority of Questioning the authority of historyhistory

Recognizing the presence of Recognizing the presence of the pastthe past

Oversized “Chippendale”

Pediment

Sleek, classical facade

High-tech gleamingskyscrapters

Low-techStreet hawkers,

Hand carts,Night markets,

bicycles

Mix of languagesand signsWestern

andAsian

Mix of architectural styles

Art Deco from 1920s/30s

High Modern International of 1960s

2.Loss of the real

Authentic and original are simulated

Copies are taken for the real thing

3.Playfulness, pastiche, kitsch

Tropicana HotelAnd Resort

In Atlantic City

4. Uncertainty, indecision, rootlessness

A willingness to live with these

5.Intense self-consciousness

I am myself writing this

I am here and understand the fictional construct of “here and now”

Alternative Realities and Virtual Travel

Post-tourist – stays at home, travel is abstract or virtual

Surfs the web

T.V.

Video

The Matrix – the world makes a copy of itself