187248312 wastewater irrigation
DESCRIPTION
ασδφγγηηTRANSCRIPT
-
. M.Sc., Ph.D.
. M.Sc.
1999
-
, ,
.
.
-
.
-
(, , ,
), -,
( ) / , ,
.
-
, -
, ,
1980
.
.
,
, .
,
. , -
-
II
, .
-
, -
.
,
. -
, -
,
. ,
, -
, , , -
,
. -
-
.
. ,
.
.
1999 .
-
I
III
VI
X
1
5
13
3.1. 14
3.1.1. 15
3.1.2. 15
3.1.3. 15
3.1.4. 17
3.1.5. 18
3.1.6. 19
3.2. 20
3.2.1. 20
3.2.2. 21
3.2.3. 23
3.2.4. 25
3.2.5. 26
3.2.6. 26
-
IV
3.2.7. 26
3.3. 26
29
33
5.1. 34
5.2. 36
5.3. 41
5.3.1. 45
5.3.2. 57
5.3.3. 61
5.3.4. 69
5.3.5. 77
5.3.6. 78
81
6.1 81
6.1.1. 81
6.1.2. 82
6.1.3. 82
6.1.4. 82
6.2. 82
91
7.1. 91
7.1.1. 91
7.1.2. 94
7.1.3. 95
7.1.4. 96
7.1.5. 97
7.2. 97
7.2.1. 97
7.2.2. 98
7.2.3. 98
7.3. 100
-
V
103
8.1. 103
8.1.1. 104
8.1.2. 104
8.1.3. 105
8.1.4. 106
8.2. 106
111
9.1. 111
9.1.1. 113
9.1.2. 114
9.1.3. 115
9.1.4. - 116
9.1.5. 118
9.2. 119
9.2.1. 120
9.2.2. 123
9.2.3. 126
9.2.4. 126
9.3. 127
9.3.1. 129
9.3.2. 139
9.4. 140
9.5. 141
143
161
163
E 165
169
-
VI
2.1.
6
2.2.
... 7
2.3. 8
2.4.
10
3.1.
14
3.2. BOD5
D5 250 mg/l 22
3.3.
24
3.4.
27
4.1. ,
30
4.2. 32
5.1.
33
5.2.
37
5.3.
40
5.4. 42
5.5.
(ECe)
(ECw) 47
5.6. 51
5.7. 55
-
VII
5.8.
56
5.9.
57
5.10. Cax
HCO3/Ca ECw 60
5.11.
62
5.12. 63
5.13. 64
5.14.
65
5.15. ESP 67
5.16.
,
Na Cl 68
5.17. 69
5.18.
69
5.19. (mg/l)
70
5.20.
72
5.21.
20 74
5.22.
(g/g)
75
5.23.
CEC
76
5.24.
76
6.1.
83
-
VIII
6.2. ,
85
6.3. 88
6.4.
89
8.1.
.. 105
8.2. 109
8.3.
107
9.1.
112
9.2.
113
9.3. 116
9.4. 20-30C 119
9.5.
121
9.6.
122
9.7.
, 123
9.8.
130
9.9.
131
9.10.
... 133
9.11.
... 134
9.12.
... 135
9.13.
136
-
IX
9.14.
137
9.15.
138
9.16.
138
9.17.
. 139
-
X
2.1. 11
5.1. SAR ESP
Ca, Mg Na 39
5.2.
45
5.3.
50
5.4.
51
5.5. 54
5.6. ECw SAR
58
7.1. (ECe)
150 mm 94
7.2. (ECsw)
96
7.3. 99
7.4. 99
7.5. 99
7.6.
101
-
1
-
. -
-
.
, , -
.
, -
, ,
,
.
-
, ) (
), )
, -
(Asano and Levine 1995, F.A.O. 1991, Pescod 1992) )
,
. , -
(Maheras 1988, Maheras and Kolyba-Mahera 1990, -
1991, 1992, 1992, 1993,
Louisakis et al. 1998)
- ,
.
,
,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
1 2
1990, ' ,
. , 30 m3/sec ,
310.000 , -
85% (, 1992).
,
( , 1992). ,
.
(
),
. (
1976,, 1978, Bos and Nugteren 1983, 1984, 1988,
1992, .. 1993, 1993,, Panoras and Mavroudis
1995, 1995, Babajimopoulos et al. 1996, Panoras at al. 1996, -
.. 1997,, Christov et al. 1998, 1998),
-
(Todd 1967, 1981, -
1985, 1985, Bouwer 1988, 1993,
1994, .. 1994, 1995, 1996,, -
1998) , -
(Rhoades 1972, Ayers and Westcot 1985,
1992, Rhoades et al. 1992, Papadopoulos 1995a)
(Pettygrove and Asano 1985, Papadopoulos and Stylianou 1988, 1991,
1991, Papadopoulos 1995,, Papadopoulos et al. 1995,
Tsobanoglous 1995, Ganoulis 1995, 1997,,
.. 1997, .. 1997,, 1998, .. 1998,,
1999,) .
.
.
, .
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3
(1995-1997) -
(-
.. 1998,, 1999,)
, 20.5-30.5, 4.5-6.8 11.7-
13.5 kg/ , . -
, .
, -
.
. Mathers et al. (1977), Mathers and Stewart (1980), Clanton and Slack
(1987), Papadopoulos (1995) -
. , Barrington and Jutras (1983)
. ,
,
, -
.
-
-
. ,
(, ), ,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
2
(F.A.O. 1991, Angelakis and Spyridakis 1996). -
. -
16
19 (F.A.O. 1991, Metcalf and Eddy 1991).
..., -
20 . , 1930
-
(Ali, 1987).
1960 (Asano and Levine, 1995).
-
,
.
Ohio Mississippi, , -
(Middlebrooks, 1982). ,
() 14-40%.
, 100% -
(W.H.O. 1973, Ali 1987).
, -
.
2.1.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
2 6
2.1.
1.
1.
) ) ) ) ) ) )
- ( - ).
- ( , , ).
- -.
- .
2. ) ) ) )
- , - , - .
- ( - - ).
3.
- , - .
- , .
4. -
) ) ) ) )
- .
- N P. -
.
5. - ) ) ) WC
- - - .
- -, , .
- .
6. ) -
)
- - .
- . -
- .
: Asano (1991, 1994), (1994)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7
..., -
540 1979 1900 1992 ( Tchobanoglous, 1995). -
,
1980, -
. 1987 0,899 Mm3/
, , -
(California State
Water Resources Control Board, 1990).
1990, 78%, .
2.2.
2.2. -
...
A
: Pescod (1992)
(Shelef,
1990, 1991). 2.3
.
577
260 Mm3
(Shelef and Azov, 1995). 72% -
, 28% .
-
, ,
, .
.
. (-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
2 8
)
(Oron and DeMalach 1987, Oron et al. 1992).
, 1978 (Israeli Ministry of
Health 1978, 1979, 1981).
2.3.
m3 1985 1990-91 2000 2010
2050 1450 2090 2240
1490 770 1260 1250
445 560 685 770
-
215
260
380
520
110
188
350
450
5.4
13.0
14.6
20.1
-
7.4
24.4
24.2
36.0
: Shelef and Azov (1995)
. Mm3
. (%)
-
. -
golf,
, . Bontoux and Courtois (1995), -
-
, : )
, -
, ) -
) golf
.
-
(Ministere Charge de la Sante, 1991)
(W.H.O., 1989),
. ,
, -
. ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
9
,
.
, , -
.
.
. ,
, , -
(Papadopoulos,
1995). 25 Mm3/. -
1989 (Kypris, 1989)
(W.H.O., 1989).
(Papadopoulos, 1995).
.
1988
78 Mm3 2000 125 Mm
3 (Bahri 1988).
1988 26 ,
,
1996 54 .
(, )
-
, ,
.
. -
67.000 , 95%
(Strauss and Blumenthal, 1989).
,
. -
Giwan, ,
1956. 1987 -
-
321.000 m3/ (Pescod, 1992).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
2 10
1886 Mezquital Tula (Sanchez Duron, 1988). -
, 1945
, -
. -
60 km
.
430.000 (
480.000 )
. , 55 m3/s,
-
, , , , , ,
(Sanchez Duron 1988, Strauss and Blumenthal 1989).
. ,
, 829.000 , -
1.336.000 . -
11.663.000 (Strauss and Blumenthal, 1989).
, .
. 2.4 -
1993
1999. , 2.1
.
2.4.
(%)
(m
3/)
1993 3.344.000 34 170 1.02
1999 5.755.000 59 270 1.65
: Technical Chamber of Greece (1993)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
11
2.1. (Parissopoulos et
al. 1995)
-
(Papadopoulos et al. 1995,
1997,, .. 1997,, 1998,, 1999). -
. -
( 1996)
, ( .. 1998,, 1999,) -
, (Traka-Mavrona
et al. 1996, Maloupa et al. 1997).
-
(Papadopoulos et al. 1995, .. 1997,), -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
2 12
(
1996, .. 1997, .. 1998).
-
,
.
, -
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3
T -
. ,
,
. -
(,
, ). -
,
, . -
:
.
.
. ,
.
. .
. , -
-
.
. -
.
. .
. , ,
.
-
,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 14
, , -
. 3.1
.
3.1.
l/
150-350
.. 400-500
300-500
500
300
60-100
: Degremont (1979), Rowe et al. (1987)
, -
(BOD), (SS)
-
. -
,
. , -
/ , (algae),
,
,
, .
.
3.1.
(conventional process) -
, -
.
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
15
.
3.1.1.
(preliminary treatment pretreatment)
.
.
3.1.2.
H (primary treatment)
(
), -
. 25 50% -
, 35 50%
(COD), 50 70% 65% ,
,
. , , -
, -
,
.
. -
, ,
, -
,
.
(primary sedimantation
tanks clarifiers) , 3 5 m
2 3 . -
.
3.1.3.
(secondary treatment) -
, -
. -
,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 16
,
, .
CO2, NH3
H2O. -
(secondary sedimentation) -
, .
, -
(, , ), -
(high rate processes).
,
.
.
-
(activated sludge) -
, -
(aeration tanks)
. -
,
, -
. ,
.
, (
). -
3 8 ,
.
, -
, .
. -
. ,
.. (oxidation ditches), .
-
(trickling filters) (biofilters),
, .
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
17
-
.
. ,
.
, -
. ,
, .
-
(rotating biological contactors)
,
. -
.
,
.
-
. ,
,
.
, -
, 85 95% -
, .
. ,
, ,
.
3.1.4.
(tertiary treatment) (advanced
treatment) -
,
: ) , ) , ) , -
, , ) , ) , -
.
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 18
-
. -
( ),
-
.
, -
,
, .
3.1.5.
(disifenction)
, -
, ( ), , -
.
,
, -
.
,
, 5 15 mg/l. -
15-30 min
(Asano, 1994). , -
( ,
) 120 min. -
, pH, ,
, , -
, -
.
-
-
. 100 ml
(MPN/100ml). -
-
.
0.5 mg/l
(Bouwer and Idelovitch, 1987). Asano et al. (1985)
0.05 mg/l,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
19
Westcot and Ayers (1985) 1 mg/l -
. -
. ,
, -
, . -
, ,
.
-
,
.
-
.
-
,
O3 0.2-0.5 mg/l. , 6-17 mg/l -
10-25 min SS, BOD, COD
(Office International de
L Eau, 1992).
-
RNA DNA
(Snider et al. 1991). -
.
3.1.6.
(effluent storage),
, -
-
(Asano Tchobanoglous, 1987).
:
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
. -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 20
( ).
, , -
.
.
, ,
.
3.2.
(natural
biological treatment systems) , -
(
1995, Papadopoulos et al. 1995, .. 1997). -
, -
(low rate processes) ( )
. -
, ,
,
(Metcalf and Eddy 1991, Tsobanoglous 1995).
, -
, -
.
, -
, ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, -
. , -
.
3.2.1.
(aerated ponds aerated lagoons) -
7 20 2.5 m .
-
, -
. ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
21
,
. , -
.
3.2.2.
(stabilization ponds) ,
,
, -
(Shuval et al. 1986, .. 1997).
(Yanez 1988, Pescod 1992),
-
. ,
.
20 30 .
. ,
,
, , -
.
-
(anaerobic ponds)
). -
1000 mg/l,
. -
, -
, .
. -
( )
2 5
. " "
(floating cover), -
,
, -
. -
. 3.2
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 22
-
. -
. 2 5 , -
.
3.2. BOD5
D5 250 mg/l
X () BOD5 (%)
1.0 50
2.5 60
5.0 70
: Mara (1976)
-
(facultative ponds) , -
1.8
2.5 m.
(, -
) -
.
,
, .
: ) -
, , ) , -
) ,
. -
.
, , -
.
.
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
23
-
T /
50 mg/l. -
(maturation ponds).
, 7 ,
BOD 25 mg/l.
.
Feachem et al. (1983)
20 -
.
,
-
, .
3.2.3.
-
(land treatment), : ) (slow rate land
treatment), ) (rapid rate infiltration infiltration percolation
soil aquifer treatment-S.A.T.) ) (overland flow treatment). -
(U.S. E.P.A. 1977, 1981, 1986, Tsobanoglous 1995). -
3.3 ,
.
-
-
-
,
-.
(, , ), -
. -
, ( 1986, Metcalf and Eddy 1991,
Tsobanoglous 1995).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 24
3.3.
BOD
-
25
-
, -
.
,
, .
. ,
, -
.
-
,
.
, -
(U.S. E.P.A., 1981).
-
. -
.
3 20 m/. -
, -
, .
. -
, .
6-10 cm (U.S. E.P.A., 1977).
-
.
3.2.4.
(nutrient film technique-N.F.T.)
.
, -
.
-
.
, ,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
3 26
3.2.5.
(constructed wetlands) -
,
, , ( 1996,
.. 1997, .. 1998). -
( ) ( ).
, -
, .
.
, -
. -
.
3.2.6.
(floating macrophyte ponds)
, ,
Lemnaceae (Stowell et al.
1981). -
0.5 1.8 m. , -
,
( Tsobanoglous, 1995).
3.2.7.
(septage ponds)
(
-
27
,
. 3.4 -
.
3.4. -
-
-
-
BOD K K K
K K
K K K K
K
K K
K
K
K K K K
K
K
K
: Arthur (1983)
: : ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
4
99.9%
.
, , , , -
, ,
.
-
, , , , , , , -
.
, -
. -
,
, 4.1.
4.2 -
,
. ,
-
( ), ,
90 l/ .
,
, -
- - . , , (
) . -
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
4 30
4.1. , -
-
T -
,
-
.
-
.
-
(BOD)
(COD)
,
. , -
-
.
-
-
,
. -
,
.
-
, ,
, -
-
.
,
-
( , -
).
,
.
-
-
(.. ,
, -
-
)
-
.
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
31
4.1
-
pH pH
.
pH
6.5-8.5, -
pH .
-
(.. Cd, Zn,
Ni, Hg)
.
.
,
, -
(.. Na, Ca, Mg,
Cl, B)
. , ,
, .
.
-
-
(>0.05mg/l
Cl2)
.
, -
,
.
-
.
: Asano et al. (1985)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
4 32
4.2.
...
1200 720 350 - (TDS) 850 500 250 - (SS) 350 220 100 192.0 , ml/l 20 10 5 - , (BOD5, 20C)
400
220
110
181.0
(TOC) 290 160 80 102.0 (COD) 1000 500 250 417.0 ( ) 85 40 20 34.0 .- 35 15 8 13.0 NH4 - N 50 25 12 20.0
NO2 - N 0 0 0 -
NO3 - N 0 0 0 0.6
( P) 15 8 4 9.4 5 3 1 2.6 10 5 3 6.8 100 50 30 - 0.7-1.7 Na (%) 50-70 EC (dS/m) 2.0-3.0
SAR (me/l)1/2 3.0-9.0 (CaCO3) 200-300
( CaCO3)
200 100 50 211
- 150 100 50 - , MPN/100ml - - - 22 106 ,
MPN/100ml
-
-
-
8 106 , PFU/100ml - - - 3.6
: Asano et al. (1985), U.N.D.T.C.D. (1985), Asano (1994)
. mg/l, . . . . . . Plaque-forming units
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5
-
. -
, ,
, .
-
-
.
5.1.
5.1. -
- .
.
- .
- .
m
3/day l/sec.
- .
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 34
5.1
: , -.
.
: .
.
/ .
, , .
, Ca++
,
Mg++
Na+.
- .
, - , Cl
- .
.
, .
- .
, - .
.
. .
- .
.
: Pescod (1992)
5.1.
. -
, . ,
-
.
-
.
, -
/ ,
, , -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
35
, , . -
/ ( ),
, , -
.
, -
,
.
( ) , -
.
, -
. ,
1 2 ml .
-
, ,
.
.
, , -
, , -
.
, -
.
,
, ,
, -
, pH.
, : ) ,
) , ) -
) -
)
-
.
( -
, , ) -
. ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 36
, -
. -
/ ( ) -
,
. -
, , -
,
, .
, -
,
, ,
, -
.
5.2.
-
,
, ,
. -
.
,
.
5.2.
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
37
5.2.
ECw dS/m 0 - 3
TDS mg/l 0 - 2000
C
- NTU/JTU
mg equiv. CaCO3/l
g/l
Ca++
mg/l
me/l
0 - 400
0 - 20
Mg++
mg/l
me/l
0 - 60
0 - 5
Na+ mg/l
me/l
0 - 900
0 - 40
CO3= mg/l
me/l
0 - 3
0 - 0.1
HCO3- mg/l
me/l
0 - 600
0 - 10
Cl- mg/l
me/l
0 - 1100
0 - 30
SO4= mg/l
me/l
0 - 1000
0 - 20
B mg/l 0 - 2
/ pH 6.5 - 8.5
SAR
adj. SAR
(me/l)0.5
0 - 15
5.11-5.18
5.19-5.21
NO3-N mg/l 0 - 10
PO4-P mg/l 0 - 2
K mg/l 0 - 2
: Ayers and Westcot (1985), Westcot and Ayers (1985), Kandiah (1990)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 38
.
(ECw) , .
(SAR) -
,
. SAR 5.1:
SARNa
Ca Mg
2
(5.1)
me/l. ,
5.1.
5.1 -
, -
.
,
,
(adj. SAR) 5.2:
adj.SARNa
Ca Mgx
2
(5.2)
Cax HCO3/Ca, ECw
CO2.
, SAR 5.1
(Ayers
and Westcot 1985, Pescod 1992).
adj. SAR. Ayers and Westcot
(1985).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
39
5.1. SAR ESP Ca,
Mg Na (U.S.D.A./U.S.S.L., 1954)
, 5.2, -
-
.
, ,
5.3.
. 5.3 -
.
, . ,
,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 40
5.3. -
(mg/l)
(NO3-N) (K)
(NH4-N) (PO4-P)
(Org-N) (Tot-P)
(Tot-N)
(Cl2 mg/l)
(mg/l)
ICAP
(Al) 0.03 0.02
(As) 0.14 0.05
(Ba) 0.008 0.0005
(Cd) 0.0005 0.004
(Cr) 0.002 0.005
(Cu) 0.001 0.003
(F) - -
(Fe) 0.003 0.003
(Pb) 0.01 -
(Li) 0.0005 -
(Mn) 0.001 0.001
(Hg) 0.17 -
(Ni) 0.004 0.01
(Se) 0.07 0.05
(Ag) 0.0009 -
(V) 0.04 0.005
(Zn) 0.0008 0.002
(Sb) 0.03 -
(Be) - -
(Co) 0.006 0.006
(Mo) 0.03 0.008
(Tl) 0.009 -
(Sn) 0.11 0.03
(Ti) 0.05 0.002
(W) 1.2 0.04
: Westcot and Ayers (1985)
. - N, P, K mg/l.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
41
. Tot-N = (NO3-N)+(NH4-N)+(Org-N) KN (Kjeldhal Nitrogen) = (NH4-N)+(Org-N)
. , .
. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA) Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Emission (ICAP). - , -, , HGA Graphite Furnace Hydride Systems.
---
. ,
, -
-
.
5.3.
( 1985, -
1991, 1994, 1991)
.
. -
,
,
-- (Rhoades 1972, ..
1994). ,
.
-
,
Ayers and Westcot (1985), . Ayers
Westcot ,
, ,
5.4.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 42
5.4.
( )
ECw 25 C dS/m 3.0
TDS mg/l 2000
( SAR ECw) ,
SAR = 0-3 ECw = >0.7 0.7-0.2 1.2 1.2-0.3 1.9 1.9-0.5 2.9 2.9-1.3 5.0 5.0-2.9
-
43
. . .
. (15%).
.
.
.
, -
( 5.2).
.
. -
.
, -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 44
.
. -
,
.
,
.
-
. -
.
5.4 ,
-
. , 10-20%
. -
, .
, -
,
,
. -
-- -
.
-
Ayers
and Westcot (1985), , , -
. PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
45
5.2.
(, 1991)
5.3.1.
, , -
. -
. -
,
, .
/ .
-
. ,
. -
.
.
,
.
5.4
.
5.4
0.15 (15%). ,
0.7 dS/m
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 46
. -
0.7-3.0 dS/m ,
.
.
3 dS/m
. H , -
,
. -
,
3 dS/m,
. -
(ECe)
(ECw) 5.5.
,
-
( 1 2 m), 5.3.
,
.
, , ,
. 5.4
.
.
, -
,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
47
5.5. -
(ECe) (ECw)
0% 10% 25% 50% 100%
ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw
(Hordeum vulgaris)
8.0 5.3 10.0 6.7 13.0 8.7 18.0 12.0 28.0 19.0
(Gossypium hirsutum)
7.7 5.1 9.6 6.4 13.0 8.4 17.0 12.0 27.0 18.0
(Beta vulgaris)
7.0 4.7 8.7 5.8 11.0 7.5 15.0 10.0 24.0 16.0
(Sorgum bicolor)
6.8 4.5 7.4 5.0 8.4 5.6 9.9 6.7 13.0 8.7
(Triticum aestivum)
6.0 4.0 7.4 4.9 9.5 6.3 13.0 8.7 20.0 13.0
(T. turgidum)
5.7 3.8 7.6 5.0 10.0 6.9 15.0 10.0 24.0 16.0
(Glycine max)
5.0 3.3 5.5 3.7 6.3 4.2 7.5 5.0 10.0 6.7
(Vigna ungiuculata)
4.9 3.3 5.7 3.8 7.0 4.7 9.1 6.0 13.0 8.8
(Arachis hypogea)
3.2 2.1 3.5 2.4 4.1 2.7 4.9 3.3 6.6 4.4
(Oryza sativa)
3.0 2.0 3.8 2.6 5.1 3.4 7.2 4.8 11.0 7.6
(Zea mays)
1.7 1.1 2.5 1.7 3.8 2.5 5.9 3.9 10.0 6.7
(Linum usitatissimum)
1.7 1.1 2.5 1.7 3.8 2.5 5.9 3.9 10.0 6.7
(Vicia faba
1.5 1.1 2.6 1.8 4.2 2.0 6.8 4.5 12.0 8.0
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
1.0 0.7 1.5 1.0 2.3 1.5 3.6 2.4 6.3 4.2
(Cucurbita pero melopero)
4.7 3.1 5.8 3.8 7.4 4.9 10.0 6.7 15.0 10.0
(Beta vulgaris)
4.0 2.7 5.1 3.4 6.8 4.5 9.6 6.4 15.0 10.0
(Cucurbita pero melopero)
3.2 2.1 3.8 2.6 4.8 3.2 6.3 4.2 9.4 6.3
(Brassica oleracea)
2.8 1.9 3.9 2.6 5.5 3.7 8.2 5.5 14.0 9.1
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
2.5 1.7 3.5 2.3 5.0 3.4 7.6 5.0 13.0 8.4
(Cucumis sativus)
2.5 1.7 3.3 2.2 4.4 2.9 6.3 4.2 10.0 6.8
(Spenacea oleracea)
2.0 1.3 3.3 2.2 5.3 3.5 8.6 5.7 15.0 10.0
(Apium braveo lens)
1.8 1.2 3.4 2.3 5.8 3.9 9.9 6.6 18.0 12.0
(Brassica oleracea capitata)
1.8 1.2 2.8 1.9 4.4 2.9 7.0 4.6 12.0 8.1
(Solanum tuberosum)
1.7 1.1 2.5 1.7 3.8 2.5 5.9 3.9 10.0 6.7
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 48
5.5
0% 10% 25% 50% 100%
ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw
(Zea Mays)
1.7 1.1 2.5 1.7 3.8 2.5 5.9 3.9 10.0 6.7
(Ipomoea batatas)
1.5 1.0 2.4 1.6 3.8 2.5 6.0 4.0 11.0 7.1
(Cpsicum annuum)
1.5 1.0 2.2 1.5 3.3 2.2 5.1 3.4 8.6 5.8
(Lactuca sativa)
1.3 0.9 2.1 1.4 3.2 2.1 5.1 3.4 9.0 6.0
(Raphanus sativus)
1.2 0.8 2.0 1.3 3.1 2.1 5.0 3.4 8.9 5.9
(Allium cepa)
1.2 0.8 1.8 1.2 2.8 1.8 4.3 2.9 7.4 5.0
(Daucus carota)
1.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 2.8 1.9 4.6 3.0 8.1 5.4
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
1.0 0.7 1.5 1.0 2.3 1.5 3.6 2.4 6.3 4.2
(Brassica rapa)
0.9 0.6 2.0 1.3 3.7 2.5 6.5 4.3 12.0 8.0
(Phoenix dactylifera)
4.0 2.7 6.8 4.5 11.0 7.3 18.0 12.0 32.0 21.0
(Olea europea l.)
- 1.5 - 2.6 - 6.5 - 13.4 - 26.0
- 1.5 - 3.0 - 5.6 - 11.2 - 22.0
- 1.5 - 3.0 - 5.6 - 10.2 - 20.0
- 1.5 - 1.8 - 3.6 - 8.4 - 19.0
-9 -
-
49
5.5
0% 10% 25% 50% 100%
ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw ECe ECw
(Agropyron cristatum)
7.5 5.0 9.0 6.0 11.0 7.4 15.0 9.8 22.0 15.0
(Cynodon dactylon)
6.9 4.6 8.5 5.6 11.0 7.2 15.0 9.8 23.0 15.0
(Hordeum vulgare)
6.0 4.0 7.4 4.9 9.5 6.4 13.0 8.7 20.0 13.0
, () (Lolium perene)
5.6 3.7 6.9 4.6 8.9 5.9 12.0 8.1 19.0 13.0
(Lotus corniculatus
tenuifolium)
5.0 3.3 6.0 4.0 7.5 5.0 10.0 6.7 15.0 10.0
(Phalaris tuberosa)
4.6 3.1 5.9 3.9 7.9 5.3 11.0 7.4 18.0 12.0
(Festuca elatior)
3.9 2.6 5.5 3.6 7.8 5.2 12.0 7.8 20.0 13.0
(Agropyron sibiricum)
3.5 2.3 6.0 4.0 9.8 6.5 16.0 11.0 28.0 19.0
, (Vicia angustifolia)
3.0 2.0 3.9 2.6 5.3 3.5 7.6 5.0 12.0 8.1
(Sorghum sudanense)
2.8 1.9 5.1 3.4 8.6 5.7 14.0 9.6 26.0 17.0
(Elymus triticoides)
2.7 1.8 4.4 2.9 6.9 4.6 11.0 7.4 19.0 13.0
(Vigna unguiculata)
2.5 1.7 3.4 2.3 4.8 3.2 7.1 4.8 12.0 7.8
(Lotus uliginosus)
2.3 1.5 2.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.9 3.3 7.6 5.0
(Sesbania exaltata)
2.3 1.5 3.7 2.5 5.9 3.9 9.4 6.3 17.0 11.0
Sphaerophysa salsula
2.2 1.5 3.6 2.4 5.8 3.8 9.3 6.2 16.0 11.0
(Medicago sativa)
2.0 1.3 3.4 2.2 5.4 3.6 8.8 5.9 16.0 10.0
Eragrostis sp.
2.0 1.3 3.2 2.1 5.0 3.3 8.0 5.3 14.0 9.3
(Zea mays)
1.8 1.2 3.2 2.1 5.2 3.5 8.6 5.7 15.0 10.0
(Trifolium alexandrinum)
1.5 1.0 3.2 2.2 5.9 3.9 10.0 6.8 19.0 13.0
(Dactylis glomerata)
1.5 1.0 3.1 2.1 5.5 3.7 9.6 6.4 12.0 12.0
, (Alopecurus pratensis)
1.5 1.0 2.5 1.7 4.1 2.7 6.7 4.5 12.0 7.9
(Trifolium pratense)
1.5 1.0 2.3 1.6 3.6 2.4 5.7 3.8 9.8 6.6
(Trifolium hybridium)
1.5 1.0 2.3 1.6 3.6 2.4 5.7 3.8 9.8 6.6
(Trifolium repens)
1.5 1.0 2.3 1.6 3.6 2.4 5.7 3.8 9.8 6.6
(Trifolium fragiferum)
1.5 1.0 2.3 1.6 3.6 2.4 5.7 3.8 9.8 6.6
: Maas and Hoffman (1977), Maas (1990)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 50
5.3. -
(Mohamed and Amer, 1972)
, Maas (1990) ,
( 5.6). -
, -
,
( 5.5).
(Maas, 1990).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
51
5.4.
(Van Hoorn, 1979)
, -
-
, 5.4 . 5.7
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 52
5.6.
, ,
(Hordeum vulgare) Puccinellia airoides
(Gossypium hirsutum) Sporobolus airoides
(Beta vulgaris) Cynodon dactylon
Diplache fusca
Distichlis stricta
(Asparagus officinalis) Agropyron cristatum
Agropyron elongatum
Elymus angustus
(Phoenix dactylifera) Elymus junceus
, ,
(Vigna unguiculata) Hordeum vulgare
(Avena sativa) Bromus marginatus
(Secale sereale) Phalaris arundinacea
(Carthamus tinctorius) Melilotus alba
(Sorghum bicolor) Festuca pratensis
(Clycine max) Festuca elatior
X Triticosecale Phalaris tuberosa
(Triticum aestivum) Panicum antidotale
(Triticum turgidum) Brassica napus
Bromus unioloides
Chloris gayana
(Helianthus tuberosus) Lolium italicum multiflorum
(Beta vulgaris) Lolium perennne
(Cucurbita pepo melopepo) Sorghum sudanese
Lotus corniculatus tenuifolium
Lotus corniculatus arvenis
(Ficus carica) Triticum aestivum
(Olea europea) Agropyron sibiricum
(Ananas comosus) Agropyron intermidium
(Punica granatum) Agropyron trachycaulum
Agropyron emithii
Elymus triticoides
Elymus canadensis
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
53
5.6
, ,
(Vicia faba) (Vitis sp.)
(Ricinus communis) Annona cherimoia
(Zea mays) (Prunus anium)
(Linum usitatissimum) Prunus besseyi
(Setaria italica) Ribes sp.
(Arachis hypogaea) (Citrus paradisi)
(Oryza sativa) (Citrus limon)
(Helianthus annuus) (Citrus aurantifolia)
(Eriobotrya japonica)
(Mangifera indica)
Medicago sativa (Citrus sinensis)
Agrostis stonifera palustris Passiflora edulis
Dichanthium aristatum (Prunus persica)
(Latuca sativa) (Pyrus communis)
(Cucumis melo) Diospyros virginiaca
(Capsicum annuum) (Prunus domestica)
(Solanum tuberosum) Citrus maxima
(Raphanus sativus) Rubus idaeus
(Spinacia oleracea) Syzgium jambos
(Curcubita pepo melopepo) Casimiroa edulis
(Ipomoea batatas) (Fragaria sp.)
(Lycopersicon lycopersicum) (Citrus reticulata)
(Brassica rapa)
(Citrulus lanatus)
, ,
(Phaseolus vulgaris) (Prunus dulcis)
(Sesamum indicum) (Malus sylvestris)
(Phaseolus vulgaris) (Prunus armeniaca)
(Daucus carota) (Persea americana)
(Abelmoschus esculentus) Rubus sp.
(Allium cepa) Rubus ursinus
Pastinaca sativa
: Maas (1990)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 54
5.5. (Maas, 1990)
ECw
5.8.
5 -
. .
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
55
5.7.
( -
)
Ecw dS/m 2.7
(Na+)
me/l
-
5 56
5.8.
ECw
dS/m
ECw - - dS/m
(Prunus communis)
-
57
5.9. -
50% (dS/m)
(Hordeum vulgare) 16 - 24
(Gossypium hisrutum) 15.5
(Beta vulgaris) 6 - 12.5
(Sorghum bicolor) 13
(Carthamus tinctorius) 12.3
(Triticum aestivum) 14 - 16
(Beta vulgaris) 13.8
(Medicago sativa) 8.2 - 13.4
(Lycopersicon lycopersicum) 7.6
(Oryza sativa) 18
(Brassica oleracea) 13
(Cucumis melo) 10.4
(Zea mays) 21 - 24
Lactuca sativa) 11.4
(Allium cepa) 5.6 - 7.5
(Phaseolus vulgaris) 8.0
: Maas (1990)
5.3.2.
, -
,
. -
, -
.
, ,
. -
,
.
-
-
.
, -
, .
-
SAR, 5.4.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 58
SAR, -
. SAR ECw -
( 5.6)
5.6. ECw SAR
(Rhoades 1977, Oster and Schroer 1979)
,
. ,
SAR -
.
,
( ) 3:1.
, -
. -
SAR
- , -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
59
( 1985, Misopolinos 1985, Misopolinos and Ambas 1989, 1991).
-
, -
, ,
( ).
,
5.4 ECw SAR, -
.
. -
( )
. -
,
, . -
-
.
. SAR,
,
.
SAR, -
, -
(adj. SAR) 5.2.
-
, ( 5.10).
-
. -
, .
, .
0.0007 atm.
(adj. SAR) -
SAR 5.4 -
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 60
5.10. Cax
HCO3/Ca
ECw
(ECw) , dS/m
HCOCa
3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
0.05 13.20 13.61 13.92 14.40 14.79 15.26 15.91 16.43 17.28 17.97 19.07 19.94
0.10 8.31 8.57 8.77 9.07 9.31 9.62 10.02 10.35 10.89 11.32 12.01 12.56
0.15 6.34 6.54 6.69 6.92 7.11 7.34 7.65 7.90 8.31 8.64 9.17 9.58
0.20 5.24 5.40 5.52 5.71 5.87 6.06 6.31 6.52 6.86 7.13 7.57 7.91
0.25 4.51 4.65 4.76 4.92 5.06 5.22 5.44 5.62 5.91 6.15 6.52 6.82
0.30 4.00 4.12 4.21 4.36 4.48 4.62 4.82 4.98 5.24 5.44 5.77 6.04
0.35 3.61 3.72 3.80 3.94 4.04 4.17 4.35 4.49 4.72 4.91 5.21 5.45
0.40 3.30 3.40 3.48 3.60 3.70 3.82 3.98 4.11 4.32 4.49 4.77 4.98
0.45 3.05 3.14 3.22 3.33 3.42 3.53 3.68 3.80 4.00 4.15 4.41 4.61
0.50 2.84 2.93 3.00 3.10 3.19 3.29 3.43 3.54 3.72 3.87 4.11 4.30
0.75 2.17 2.24 2.29 2.37 2.43 2.51 2.62 2.70 2.84 2.95 3.14 3.28
1.00 1.79 1.85 1.89 1.96 2.01 2.09 2.16 2.23 2.35 2.44 2.59 2.71
1.25 1.54 1.59 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.86 1.92 2.02 2.10 2.23 2.33
1.50 1.37 1.41 1.44 1.49 1.53 1.58 1.65 1.70 1.79 1.86 1.97 2.07
1.75 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.35 1.38 1.43 1.49 1.54 1.62 1.68 1.78 1.86
2.00 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.31 1.36 1.4 1.48 1.54 1.63 1.70
2.25 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.30 1.37 1.42 1.51 1.58
2.50 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.27 1.32 1.40 1.47
3.00 0.85 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.13 1.17 1.24 1.30
3.50 0.87 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.12 1.17
4.00 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.93 0.97 1.03 1.07
4.50 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.95 0.99
5.00 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.88 0.93
7.00 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.74
10.00 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.56 0.58
20.00 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.37
30.00 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.28
: Suarez (1981)
SAR adj. SAR
:
ECw = 1.15 dS/m, Ca++
= 2.32 me/l, Mg++
= 1.44 me/l, Na+ = 7.73 me/l
CO3
= 9.42 me/l, HCO3
= 3.66 me/l
SAR 5.1:
SAR
Na
Ca Mg
2
7 73
2 32 144 2564
1 2 1 2/ /
.
. ..
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
61
adj. SAR 5.2:
45.6
244.143.1
73.7
2adj.
2/12/1
MgCa
NaSAR
x
Cax 1.43 me/l 5.10 :
HCO3/Ca = 1.76 ECw=1.15 dS/m.
5.3.3.
, ,
-
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
, , ,
. ,
, -
.
-
(B). -
. ,
3 ppm . -
, 3 ppm. -
,
pH (, 1991).
.
, .
250-300 mg/kg
. , , , ..
,
. ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 62
, , , .
. , -
. 5.11 -
, 5.12 5.13 -
.
5.11.
Citrus macrofylla Alemow
Citrus pennivesiculata Gajanimma
Citrus moi
Severinia buxifolia Chinese box orange
Citrus aurantium Sour orange
x Citrofortunella mitis Calamondin
Citrus sinensis Sweet orange
Citrus junos Yuzu
Citrus limon Rough lemon
Citrus x paradisi Grapefruit
Citrus x limonia Rangrup lime
x Citroncirus webberi Troyer citrange
x Citroncirus webberi Savage citrange
Citrus reticulata Cleopatra mandarin
x Citroncirus webberi Rusk citrange
Citrus reticulata Sunki mandarin
Citrus limon Sweet lemon
Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate orange
Poncirus trifoliata x Citrumelo 4475
Citrus paradisi
Citrus reticulata Ponkan mandarin
Citrus x tangelo Sampson tangelo
Citrus maxima Cuban shaddock
Citrus aurantifolia Sweet lime
Prunus dulcis
Prunus armeniaca
Prunus domestica
Prunus persica
: Maas (1990)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
63
5.12.
(
-
5 64
5.13.
(
-
65
. 5.14 -
.
5.14. -
Cl-, , ,
me/l me/l mg/l
West Indian 7.5 5 180 (Persea
americana)
Guatemalan
Mexican
6.0
5.0
4
3.3
145
110
E Sunki mandarin, Grapefruit 25 16.2 600 (Citrus spp.) Cleopatra mandarini, Rangpur lime 25 16.2 600
Sampson tangelo, Rough lemon 15 10 355
Sour orange, Poncan mandarin 15 10 355
Citrumelo 4475, Trifolate orange 10 6.7 250
Cuban shaddock, Calamondin, Sweet
orange
10 6.7 250
Savage citrange, Rusk citrange, Troyer
citrange
10 6.7 250
Salt Greek, 1613-3 40 27 960 (Vitis spp.) Dodridge 30 20 710
Marianna 25 17 600 (Prunus spp.) Lovell, Shalil 10 6.7 250
Yunnan 7.5 5 180
Boysenberry 10 6.7 250 (Rubus spp.) Olallie blackberry 10 6.7 250
Indian Summer raspberry 5 3.3 110
Thomson seedless, Perlette 20 13.3 460 (Vitis spp.) Cardinal, Black rose 10 6.7 250
Lassen 705 5.0 180 (Fragaria spp.) Shasta 5.0 3.3 110
: Maas (1990), Westcot and Ayers (1985)
. , .
. . - (ECe) 15-20% ECe=1.5 ECw.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 66
. . - .
-
(Na) . -
-
.
, 0.25-0.5% -
.
5.4 SAR
,
. 5.15 -
(ESP).
,
ESP -
. ESP 30,
. ESP
SAR,
5.1.
- a Cl
, /
.
. -
,
.
, -
. 5.16
, -
, .
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
67
5.15. ESP
(ESP40)
(Persea americana)
(Daucus carota)
(Medicago sativa)
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
(Trifolium repens)
(Hordeum vulgare)
(Gossypium hirsutum)
(Festuca arundinacea)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Zea mays)
(Lactuca sativa)
(Cynodon dactylon)
(Pisum aestivum)
(Trifolium alexandrinum)
(Gossypium hirsutum)
(Citrus paradisi)
(Melilotus parviflora)
(Agropyron cristatum)
(Citrus sinensis)
(Brassica juncea)
(Agropyron cristatum)
(Prunus persica)
(Avena sativa)
(Agropyron elongatum)
(Citrus reticulata)
(Allium cepa)
(Diplacha fusca)
(Phaseolus aurus)
(Raphanus sativus)
(Phaseolus mango)
(Oryza sativus)
(Lens culinaris)
(Secale cereale)
(Arachis hypogaea)
(Lolium multiflorum)
(Vigna sinensis)
(Sorghum vulgare)
(Spinacia oleracea)
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
(Vicia sativa)
(Triticum vulgare)
: Ayers and Westcot (1985)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 68
5.16.
, Na
Cl
Na+ Cl
- me/l
< 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 > 20
(Pirus dulcis)
(Vitis spp.)
(Medicago sativa)
(Brassica oleracea
botrytis)
(Pirus armeniaca)
(Capsicum annuum)
(Hordeum vulgare)
(Gossypium spp.)
(Citrus spp.)
(Solanum tuberosum)
(Zea mays)
(Beta vulgaris)
(Prunus domestica)
(L. lycopersicum)
A (Cucumis sativus)
(Helianthus annuus)
K (Carthamus tinctorius)
(Sesamum indicum)
(Sorghum bicolor)
: Maas (1990)
. .
. .
-
.
-
3 me/l , -
(
). -
. 5.17 -
.
. -
, 5.18 -
, ,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
69
5.17.
(mm/h)
1.8 2.7 4.0
(%)
92.5
5.0
2.5
: Robinson (1980)
. : ECw = 1.35 dS/m, TDS = 875 mg/l, Na+ = 6 me/l,
Cl- = 7 me/l
5.18.
0.73 0.46 0.44
0.29 0.12 0.10
: Busch and Turner (1967)
. : ECw = 4.4 dS/m, Na+ = 24 me/l
5.3.4.
(-) -
mg/l, 100 g/l (-
).
, .
-
. -
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
. ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 70
,
, -
.
-
,
-
. ,
70 90% -
.
5.19. , , -
, -
... (U.S. E.P.A., 1973).
5.19. (mg/l) -
/
- /
As
-
71
.
-
5.20. -
5.21
pH
6.0-8.5. , , -
.
O 5.5 5.20
-
.
5.20 ,
. , -
, ,
. -
. -
5.20
-
. , 5.20 -
. -
( 5.21) .
-
. -
, ,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 72
5.20.
-
(mg/l)
Al
() 5.00 -
(pH7.0) Al -
.
As
() 0.10 H
12 mg/l Sudan grass 0.05 mg/l .
Be
() 0.10 H
5 mg/l 0.5 mg/l .
Cd
() 0.01 , , ,
0.1 mg/l. -
, -
.
Co
() 0.05 , -
0.1 mg/l.
.
Cr
() 0.10 , , . -
,
.
Cu
() 0.20 ,
0.1 1.0 mg/l.
F () 1.00 .
Fe
() 5.00 .
. , -
.
Li
() 2.50 5 mg/l. .
(
-
73
5.20
-
(mg/l)
Pb
() 5.00
Se
() 0.02 , 0.025 mg/l.
.
.
Sn
() .
.
Ti
() .
.
W
() .
.
V () 0.10 .
Zn
() 2.00 .
pH>6 .
: U.S. E.P.A. (1973), Ayers and Westcot (1985), Westcot and Ayers (1985)
. 1000 mm/
. -
, .
. -
.
, ,
, , , , -
, (Council on Agricultural
Science and Technology, 1976). , , , , -
, , -
, ,
.
5.22.
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 74
5.21. -
20
20
pH 6.0-8.5
(Al) 5.0 20.0
(As) 0.10 2.0
(Be) 0.10 0.5
(B) 0.75 2.0
(Cd) 0.01 0.05
(Cr) 0.01 1.0
(Co) 0.05 5.0
(Cu) 0.20 5.0
(F) 1.0 15.0
(Fe) 5.0 20.0
(Pb) 5.0 10.0
(Li) 0.075 0.075
(Mn) 0.20 10.0
(Mo) 0.01 0.05
(Ni) 0.20 2.0
(Se) 0.02 0.02
(V) 0.1 1.0
(Zn) 2.0 10.0
: Ayers and Westcot (1985)
-
, -
... (kg/)
, , , -
5.23 -
(CEC)
(U.S. E.P.A., 1978, 1979).
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
75
5.22.
(g/g) -
- -
As 0.1 - 40 6 0.1 - 5
B 2 - 200 10 5 - 30 ,
Be 1 - 40 6 - ,
Bi - - - ,
Cd 0.01 - 7 0.06 0.2 - 0.8 ,
Cr 5 - 3000 100 0.2 - 1.0 ,
Co 1 - 40 8 0.05 - 0.15 (20 ppm
Pb 2 - 200 10 0.1 - 10.0 ,
Mn 100 - 400 250 15 - 100 . Fe/Mn
Mo 0.2 - 5 2 1 - 100 50 ppm
Se 0.1 - 2.0 0.5 0.02 - 2.0 , >50 ppm
V 20 - 500 100 0.1 - 10 . >10 ppm
Zn 10 - 300 50 15 - 200 , >200 ppm
: Page and Chang (1985)
. (70C)
,
. ,
, 5.24. ,
10%
. -
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 76
5.23.
CEC
-
( 1200 mm
(kg/) CEC
-
( ),
CEC
) 15 15
(mg/l) (kg/) (kg/) ()
Cd 0.005 0.006 0.5 1.0 2.0 8.2 16.7 33.3
Cu 0.10 0.120 12.5 25.0 50.0 10.4 20.8 41.6
Ni 0.02 0.024 12.5 25.0 50.0 52.1 104.2 208.3
Zn 0.15 0.180 25.0 50.0 100.0 13.9 27.8 55.6
Pb 0.05 0.060 50.0 100.0 200.0 83.3 166.7 333.3
: U.S. E.P.A. (1978, 1979)
. (CEC) me/100g .
5.24.
-
-
g/ml g/ g/g g/ %
As
-
77
.
, -
-
.
. -
100 -
(Pettygrove and Asano, 1985). , -
,
.
5.3.5.
, -
. , -
.
,
.
- .
,
, , .
-
-
, 20 60 mg/l, -
(, , )
.
.
, .
,
, .
-
. -
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
5 78
-
. -
6 15 mg/l (15-35 mg/l P2O5),
. -
, -
. .
.
-
10 30 mg/l (12-36 mg/l K2O).
-
-
1 3 .
, -
, 5.20, .
-
,
.
, .
-
, -
.
, .
5.3.6.
K -
, pH, ,
, .. , ,
.
To pH . , pH
(6.5-8.5)
. pH
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
79
.
. H
, (Meyer 1985,
Nakayama and Bucks 1985, Padmakumari and Sivanappan 1985), -
(English, 1985) (Bucks et al. 1982).
-
.
-
, , -
. (Cl2)
. -
. (Cl2)
1 mg/l , 5 mg/l
.
1 mg/l.
4.1 5.4.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
6
,
. -
,
,
. , -
( -
).
.
6.1
, , ( )
(U.S.D.A. 1956, F.A.O. 1968, 1974, Keller and Karmeli 1974, U.S.D.A.
1974,, 1975, F.A.O. 1980, 1984, U.S.D.A. 1984, -
1986, Walker and Skogerboe 1986, 1991, 1992,
1998).
6.1.1.
, -
, -
, .
,
.
.
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
6 82
, ,
. -
.
6.1.2.
. -
, ,
.
.
6.1.3.
-
.
.
6.1.4.
, .
-
.
6.2.
,
, , , ,
. ,
,
, -
( , , , ),
, -- -
, ,
, , -
.
6.1.
,
. -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
83
, ,
, -
. ,
-
( ),
. , -
, .
6.1.
- -
30m
, -, ,
-
6 84
6.1
- -
- -
, , , ,
20% min= 2 YI= 7.6
: : TDS - .
70-80
- ( )
1m
15% min= 2 = 7.6
: : TDS - .
70-80
min= 1.3 : : TDS - .
70-80
-
( )
15% min= 7.6 YI= 5
: : TDS - .
70-80
- ()
, , ,
15% min= 7.6 = 5
: 24-240 m3/h . : TDS - .
70-80
, , ,
min= 5 : : .
70-85
: U.S. E.P.A. (1981), Tsobanoglous (1995)
. B -
. mm/h
.
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
85
6.2
, , -
-
.
6.2. , -
-.
- - .
, - .
- - -.
.
-, - .
- .
.
- .
. - .
- - .
stress -.
stress .
- - .
- - - .
- , - -.
. .
. - .
-. - - .
. - - -.
: Kandiah (1990)
-
, .
( , ,
) , -
-
. , ,
,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
6 86
.
, -
,
.
, . -
,
( .. 1998,, 1999,).
, (, -
) ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
(Hinz and
Halderman 1978, Dedrick et al. 1982, 1991, ..
1993) .
,
-
.
. ,
. ,
-
. , -
, .
, -
.
,
,
,
, ,
. -
(.. ) ,
. , -
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
87
, -
. ,
( 5 mm).
,
, , -
-
,
.
: ) -
) ,
)
,
. , -
, .
,
, (, ).
6.3
, .
(Papadopoulos and Stylianou 1988). ,
(Gilbert et al. 1979,
Oron et al. 1979, 1980, 1982, Adin and Elimelech 1989, Massoud et al. 1995). Oron et al.
(1991) 0.125 mm (120 mesh) -
. Adin and Sacks (1991) Massoud et al. (1995)
, ,
, .
.
(0.4 mg/l )
(2 mg/l ). Papayannopoulou et al. (1998) -
, Treflan -
. ,
LSI (Nakayama and Bucks 1985, .. 1992),
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
6 88
,
( .. 1994, 1995).
6.3.
(mg/l) 100
pH 8.0
(mg/l) 2000
(mg/l) 1.5
(mg/l) 1.5
(mg/l) 2.0
( /ml) 5 104
: Nakayama (1982), Nakayama and Bucks (1986)
. , .
. > 5.0 mg/l .
(bubbler)
. -
(Hillel, 1987).
,
,
. 6.4
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
89
6.4. -
mg/l
0.5-1.0 mg/l 20 mg/l 20 min
H2S 3.5-9.0 H2S (mg/l)
1.0 mg/l,
0.5 mg/l
: Ayers and Westcot (1985)
, (-
) -
pH,
.
( ),
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7
7.1.
450 2000 mg/l (ECw=0,7 3,0 dS/m). ,
2000 mg/l. , -
, -
. ,
200-500 mg/l, 1-2.5 ,
1000 mm.
, . ,
-
.
, -
.
.
7.1.1.
, , ,
-
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7 92
. Ayers and Westcot (1985)
( 5.5).
(LR) ,
,
. 7.1:
ElECECEC
LRwe
w 1
5
(7.1)
ECw dS/m, ECe -
dS/m (
) lE
0.3-1 (-
1984, 1998).
7.1 -
. 7.2:
503EC
ECLR w (7.2)
EC50
dS/m, 50% 5.5.
ECe ( 7.1) -
90%.
(>1.5 dS/m) ECe -
100%, -
.
-
:
. .
. ,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
93
. ,
-
.
. ,
, ,
. -
,
.
. , -
, -
,
.
, .
. , ,
.
. , ,
.
. ,
,
( + ).
. -
, .
-
( 7.1).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7 94
7.1. (ECe)
150 mm (Aziz, 1968)
7.1.2.
,
,
. , -
( )
.
. -
,
.
-
. -
.
Imperial -
10-20 ,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
95
(ECw=1-1.2 dS/m) .
.
-
,
-
1.0-2.0 dS/m (Pettygrove and Asano,
1985), . -
U.S.D.A.-S.C.S. (1971),
(1984), (1986), (1998), -
(1998).
7.1.3.
,
,
(),
.
-
, .
. ,
,
. , , -
, -
. ,
-
,
. 7.2 -
, -
. , (40 cm)
(80 cm).
:
) , -
, -
)
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7 96
7.2. (ECsw) -
(Rhoades, 1972)
-
.
, ,
.
,
.
-
, .
,
, .
7.1.4.
.
, -
(Ayers and Westcot 1985, Grattan and Rhoades 1990, Rhoades et al. 1992).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
97
. -
. ,
-
. -
7.3:
{ [ECw QA / (QA+QB)] + [ECwB QB / (QA+QB)] } = ECw (7.3)
A B , ECw
dS/m Q .
7.1.5.
-
-
. ,
(Grattan and Rhoades 1990, Rhoades et al. 1992). -
.
7.2.
(, )
. , -
.
7.2.1.
, .
, ,
,
. , ,
, .
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7 98
.
LASER
. -
-
(Hinz and Halderman 1978,
Dedrick et al. 1982, 1991, .. 1993).
7.2.2.
. ,
.
. -
, . -
, .
, , ,
.
,
,
,
.
7.2.3.
,
. , -
(-
7.3.),
.
( 7.3.),
.
( 7.3.), -
.
,
. ,
( 7.3.).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
99
,
( 7.3. , ). -
, -
( 7.4).
.
7.3. (Bernstein et al. 1955)
7.4. (Bernstein and Fireman, 1957)
-
7.5.
7.5. (Bernstein and Ayers, 1955)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
7 100
-
.
, -
.
7.3.
. -
, -
,
7.1 7.2 ( 7)
,
, , , ,
, -
.
7.6
, , .
-
, ,
.
, . , -
, -
,
. -
. -
, -
,
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
101
7.6.
(Ayers and Westcot, 1985)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
8
8.1.
. -
.
20
100 mg/l ,
, .
,
-
. -
( , ).
, -
. -
, , .
, -
, -
.
-
. ...
10 mg/l (Pettygrove and Asano, 1985).
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
8 104
8.1.1.
: -
, , -
.
. ,
5 40 mg N/l. -
-
, .
-
( ) -
.
,
.
0 30 mg N/l. ,
.
8.1.2.
pH 7,
(, 3).
, ,
.
, , ,
. -
, -
.
,
-
. -
,
. ,
, -
, . ,
(10 me/100g)
75 mm
(50 mg/l), 3.8%
5 cm . -
.
,
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
105
, -
.
-
(2.5-10 cm ), ,
, -
.
. -
.
2-3
.
8.1.3.
-
.
-
.
, ,
, -
. ,
50%, (Pettygrove and Asano,
1985). 8.1
. -
(Pettygrove and Asano,
1985).
8.1.
..
(Kg/) (%)
18 56 27 39
9 34
13.5 47
11.2 64
: Broadbent and Reisenauer (1985)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
8 106
. -
,
. ,
-
, -
.
8.1.4.
, , -
.
.
, ,
.
,
-
(Antonopoulos 1991,
1993, 1992, 1993).
8.2.
-
,
-.
,
.
. ,
3% ,
.
-
, ,
/ .
900 mm (900 m3/)
10 mg/l, 9 kg -
( 20.6 kg P2O5) .
, (
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
107
..) -
,
.
Pettygrove and Asano (1985) 8.2
,
. 8.3
,
kg/.
8.2.
-
kg/
N kg/tn
P kg/tn
331 31.3 -
210 35.8 10.2
156 52.2 7.3
331 19.1 -
494 15.4 -
7415 1.8 0.1
7415 1.8 0.2
1112 15.0 3.1
6179 4.1 -
494 9.5 1.0
494 19.1 3.3
618 7.7 1.3
494
21.3
-
M 1434 29.5 2.4 816 14.1 - 865 4.5 - 494 17.7 3.6 865 8.2 0.9 309 60.8 5.4 309 20.9 1.8 494 19.1 3.0 445 9.5 1.5 331 35.4
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
8 108
8.2
kg/
N kg/tn
P kg/tn
643 3.6 - 2472 0.9 - 222 30.4 - 3707 0.9 - 1977 1.8 - 2719 1.8 - 1977 3.2 - 519 1.8 - 247 24.0 - 989 2.3 - 3213 1.8 - 1977 2.3 - 3955 1.4 - 4696 1.8 -
4696 1.8 - 1236 5.9 - 4943 3.6 - 6179 1.8 0.1 7415 1.4 0.2
989 28.6 - 544 28.1 -
: Broadbent and Reisenauer (1985)
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
109
8.3.
(kg//)
(Hordeum vulgare) 7.06 1.68 2.3 (Zea mays) 17.4 - 19.3 1.9 - 2.8 10.8 (Gossypium spp.) 7.4 - 11.2 1.4 3.8 (Sorghum spp.) 13.5 1.6 7.0 (Solanum tuberosum) 23.0 2.3 24.7 - 32.3 (Glycine hispida) 10.5 - 14.4 1.2 - 1.4 3.3 - 5.4 (Triticum aestivum/durum) 5.6 - 9.1 1.7 0.5 - 2.0
(Medicago sativa) 22.5 - 53.8 2.3 - 3.4 17.4 - 22.5 (Bromus spp.) 13.0 - 22.5 3.9 - 5.6 24.7 (Cynodon dactylon) 39.2 - 67.3 3.4 - 4.5 22.5 (Poa pratensis) 20.2 - 26.9 4.5 20.2 (Agropyron repens) 23.5 - 28.0 3.0 - 4.6 27.5 (Phalaris canariensis) 33.6 - 44.8 4.0 - 4.5 31.4 (Lolium spp.) 20.2 - 28.0 6.2 - 8.4 26.9 - 32.5 (Trifolium spp.) 17.7 1.8 10.1 (Festuca spp.) 15.1 - 32.5 2.9 29.9 (Dactylis glomerata) 25.8 - 28.0 2.3 - 5.6 25.2 - 35.3
- 21.6 (Pinus spp.) 11.2 ( ) 28.0 28.0
- 11.2 (Pinus spp.) 22.0 (Pinus spp.) 32.0
- 33.6 (Populus spp.) 15.7
- (Populus spp.) 30.3 - 40.4 Douglas (Abies spp.) 15.1 - 24.7
: U.S. E.P.A. (1977,1981), Tsobanoglous (1995)
. N. . N
. . Pinus taeba. . (- 4-5
)
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
9
, -
. -
. ,
,
.
9.1.
-
. -
.
-
,
. ,
(Crook, 1985).
-
: , ( ) . 9.1
.
PANO
RAS
- ILIA
S
-
9 112
9.1.
Shigella (4 spp.) (Shigellosis)
Salmonella typhi (Typhoid fever)
Salmonella (1700 spp.) (Salmonellosis)
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Escherichia coli (Gastroenteritis)
Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis
Leptospira (spp.) (Leptospirosis)
Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)
Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis)
Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)
Necator americanus Necatoriasis
Ancylostoma (spp.) (Ancylostomiasis)
Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidiasis)
Trichuris thrichiura (Trichuriasis)
Taenia (spp.) (Taeniasis)
Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiasis)
Echinococcus granulosus (spp.) (Hydatidosis)
Enteroviruses (71 types) (Gastroenteitis) (heart anomalies)
Polio, echo, Coxsackie (meningitis) .
Hepatitis A virus (Infectious hepatitis)
Adenovirus (31 types) (Respiratory diseases)
Rotavirus (Gastroenteritis)
Parvovirus (2 types) (Gastroenteritis)
: Crook (1985)
. ,
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E. Coli 10
6-10
84
Salmonella spp. 7000
Shigella spp. 7000
Vibrio cholerae 1000
Entamoeba hystolytica 4500
Ascaris lumbricoides 600
Hookworms 32
Schistosoma mansoni 1
Taenia saginata 10
Trichuris trichiura 120
5000
: Feachem et al. (1983)
. 100 (lpcd) 90% .
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.
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2-6
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