160111027-master-plumber-exam-review-guides.pdf

7/18/2019 160111027-Master-Plumber-Exam-Review-Guides.pdf

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such #astes into the drainage syste! to #hich they !ay bedirectly or

indirectly connected& Industrial or commercial tanks, vats andsimilar

processing equipment are not plumbing fixtures, but !ay beconnected to

or discharged into appro"ed traps or plu!bing fixtures as

pro"ided for inthis (ode& loor drain is consider to be a fixture&

PLUMBING 1I(I'L - the 'd!inistrati"e 'uthority or the officer charged #iththe

ad!inistration and enforce!ent of the National Plu!bing (ode,or his

regularly authori$ed deputy&

PLUMBING 020+)M - includes all potable #ater supply and distribution pipes,all

plu!bing fixtures and traps3 all sanitary and stor! drainagesyste!s,"ent pipes, roof drains, leaders and do#nspouts3 and all building

drainsand se#ers, including their respecti"e oints and connections3

de"ices,receptacles, and appurtenances #ithin the property, #ater lines

in thepre!ises4 potable, tap, hot and chilled #ater piping, potable

#atertreating or using equip!ent3 fuel gas piping3 #ater heaters and

"ents forsa!e&

PLUMBING UNI+ - a !ini!u! standard quantity of plu!bing fixtures thatdischarge

#astes into a plu!bing installation including4

56% #ater !eter56% #ater closet56% la"atory56% sho#er head and drain tor a bathtub or sho#er stall56% .itchen sin.

56% laundry tray57% floor drain58% faucetshose bibb67 total plu!bing fixture !ini!u!

M'0+)* PLUMB)* - a person technically and legally qualified and licensed topractice

the profession of Master Plu!bing #ithout li!itations inaccordance #ith



*epublic 'ct 679:, ha"ing passed the exa!ination conducted bythe

Professional *egulation (o!!ission, has recei"ed a (ertificate of*egistration fro! the Board of Master Plu!bing and

possesses the currentlicense to practice&

N'+I1N'L PLUMBING (1;) < go"erns the practice of plu!bing in thePhilippines, thedesign, installation and used of plu!bing fixtures and !aterials

inbuilding&

IN=)*+ )L)='+I1N < the lo#est portion of the interior part of any pipe orconduit that

is not "ertical& +he !easure!ent of the inner #all of the pipe&

;*UM +*'P < a cylindrical trap co!!only used on the drain pipe fro! the

bathtub or under the bathroo! floor&

IN+)G*'L +*'P < trap that is built-in in the #ater closet&

01IL PIP) < any pipe, #hich con"eys the discharge of #ater closet, urinal orfixtures

ha"ing si!ilar functions, #ith or #ithout the discharges fro!other fixtures

to the building drain or building se#er&

G*'2 >'+)* < #ater co!ing fro! the la"atory, bathtub, etc& that flo#s into

the >astePipe&

BL'(? >'+)* < #ater co!ing fro! #ater closet, urinal and the li.e thatflo#s into the

0oil Pipe&

68&9@ psi < '+M10PA)*I( P*)00U*) fro! the =+*&

'I* G'P < the unobstructed "ertical distance through the free at!ospherebet#een the lo#est openings of the pipe, plu!bing fixture, appliance or

appurtenance to the flood le"el ri! of the receptorfixture&

'I* B*)'? < a physical separation& #hich !ay be a lo# inlet into the indirect#aste

receptor fro! the fixture, appliance or de"ice indirectlyconnected, at least

@!!&

SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT



A. WATER SUPPLY

6& SEDIMENTATION < ' !ethod of pur ifying #ater #hereinparticles of !atters that are suspended in the #ater are allo#edto stay in a container so that they #ill settle in the botto!, thendra#ing the #ater out, lea"ing these !atters in the conta iner&

& >ater is treated by gi"ing CHEMICAL TREATMENTS to .ill thehar!ful bacter ia present and to cure the turbid taste or C!udtasteD, re!o"e clay, salts, i ron, etc& co!!only used treatingliquids is chlorine&

7& >ater is purified by FILTRATION & In "arious processes, so asto re!o"e the particles of "egetable !atter , !ud and otherparticles of !atter present in the #ater, !ost co!!only used!aterials are sand and gra"el&

8& *a# #ater is !ade to pass on pipes of t iny sie"es 5strainers%

and exposed to a ir o f f ine !ist to pur ify it & +his i s ca lledAERATION !ethod&

@& ' PUMP is #ater equip!ent used #hene"er the #ater supply atits natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a building, tan. orreser"oir&

E& LIFT PUMP consists of a piston tra"eling up and do#n #ithin acylinder #hich is connected #ith a pipe extending do#n into thesource& +he piston and the botto! of the cyl inder are eachpro"ided # ith a "a l"e opening up#ard& Upon the p is tonFs

upstro.e, "al"e 'F closes and "al"e BF opens& Upon the pistonFsdo#n stro.e "al"e 'F opens and BF closes&

9& FORCE PUMP is used to del i"er #ater at a point higher thanthe posit ion of the pu!p itself & >hen the plunger 5a piston%descends, "al"e 'F is closed and #ater in the cyl inder is forcedout through "al"e BF and up to the storage& >hen the plunger israised, "al"e BF is c losed and 'F open to ad!it #ater to thecylinder& H' pu!p that uses pressure to !o"e liquid

:& SUBMERSIBLE PUMP - is a .ind of pu!p attached to the end

of deep #ell pipe enclosed in a casing #here the pu!p is capableof functioning #hile sub!erged&

J& SUMP - underground container for #aste !atter4 a co"eredunderground tan. or #ell for the col lection of #aste !atter and#ater, especially se#age&

6K& CISTERN TANK - a reser"oir, tan. or "essel for storing orholding #ater or other liquids



66& WATER TANK - !ay be used either for the collection of #ater#ithout consideration of pressure, or for storing #ater under airpressure or under a s tati c head for future d is tr ibut ion bypneu!atic or gra"ity !eans& Materials are P=(, G&I&, reinforcedconcrete, stainless steel or plain steel&

66& ' SUCTION TANK is a tan. constructed of ri"eted or #elded

steel p late 3 the larger tan.s o ften being d i" ided into t#oco!part!ents& +hey should be large enough to contain at leastone dayFs supply for the entire bui lding in case the city !ain iste!porarily shut off& +he pipe fro! the pu!p to the tan. shouldbe across connected to the city !ain so that the #ater !ay bepu!ped directly fro! the !ain in case of f ire& +hese tan.s areused so that the pneu!atic tan. or other pu!ps suc. the #aterfro! this tan. and not fro! the public !ain, so that it #il l notdepri"e the neighbors of #ater due to pressure&

6& PNEUMATIC TANK < ' tan. using air pressure fro! a suction

tan. to distribute #ater for tall buildings #hich cannot be reachedby nor!al pressure&

67& UPFEED SYSTEM & >ater is distributed fro! the nor!al #aterpressure co!ing fro! the pub lic #ater !a in, for lo# risebuildings&

68& DOWNFEED SYSTEM& By gra"ity, #ater is distributed fro!o"erhead #ater tan.s and is supported either by structural fra!esor on the roof dec.s& ixtures are belo# the gra"ity tan.& +heseele"ated tan.s are installed #hen nor!al #ater supply fro! !ain

public ser"ice pipes is not frequent and #hen nor!al pressurefro! city !ain is not enough to force the #ater to the highestfixtures&

6@& +he pipe fro! the public #ater !ain or source of #ater supplyto the building ser"ed is called4 SERVICE PIPE &

6E& +he "ertical supply pipe #hich extends up#ard fro! one floorto the next is cal led a RISER and the hori$ontal pipes that ser"ethe faucets are called BRANCHES&

B. WATER SUPPLY

6& WATER MAIN refers to the public #ater syste! la idunderground along the streets #here the house ser"ice isconnected&

& GOOSENECK & 1ne end is K&7KM and the other end is K&JKMlong& +his pre"ents the pipe fro! snapping #hen the soi lsettles& HU-shaped



7& CORPORATION COCK & ' stop "al"e in a ser"ice pipe closeto its connection #ith a #ater !ain&

8& BUSHING & ' .ind of G&I & f it ting used as a reducer fro! abigger dia!eter to a lesser dia!eter&

@& UNION& ' G&I& fitting #hich is used #hen a pipe has already

been installed but dis!antling is difficult&

E& )xcessi"e pressure produces a ru!bl ing sound cal led theWATER HAMMER& +his occurs #hen a "al"e is suddenlyturned off and causes the #ater to stop, forcing the pipes tosha.e and to reduce this, an addit ional 0.30m to 0.90m!"#t$ o% &'&! is added to the r iser to gi"e air pressure#hich absorb it&

9& STREET ELBOW o( TEE & ' .ind of G&I& f i tt ing that has oneend external threads, #hi le the other end has internal

threads&

:& +o insure no lea.age, a G&I& pipe #hen threaded has to uselead liquid or TEFLON tape around the thread beforetightening the fittings&

J& uP=( !eans4 UNPLASTICI)ED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE pipe &

6K& GATE VALVES& +his consists of a #edge-shaped plug#hich is scre#ed do#n to seat bet#een t#o brass r ingssurrounding the inlet pipe so that a double seal is obtained&

+he inlet and outlet are in a straight line& +his "al"e is used#hen a nor!al ful ly open or c losed posit ion is desired&)ither end !ay be used as inlet&

66& CHECK VALVES & +hese "al"es are used #hen i t i sdes ired that the f lo# through a p ipe be a l#ays in onedirection and there is a possibil i ty of a f lo# ta.ing place inthe opposite direction& 1ne type has a pi"oted flap #hich isreadily pushed open by the pressure of #ater fro! one sidebut is tightly closed by the force of a re"erse flo#&

6& CASING & ' !aterial used as a co"ering, such as a pipebigger than the !ain pipe of a deep #ell so that the !ainpipe can be pulled out for repair&

67& OVERHEAD HEIGHT & +his is the "ertical distance fro!the higher source of #ater or o"erhead tan. to the outlet5faucets, sho#er head% and is distributed by gra"ity&

68& WATER TABLE& 0ubsurface conditions of ground #aterand roc. !ust be .no#n& 0ites #ith subsurface #hich are



about 6&:K! to &8K! belo# grade can cause proble!s #ithexca"ations, foundations, util ity place!ent and landscaping& +his is described as a le"el underground in #hich the soil issituated #ith #ater&

6@& PIPE CHASE& 'n opening or space to acco!!odate agroup of pipes&

6E& >hen the #ater supply of a "ery tall building isdesigned as a unit, the required capacities or tan.s, pu!psand pipingFs beco!e unduly large and excessi"e pressuresare de"eloped in lo#er portions of the do#nfeed risers& +hebuildings therefore are di"ided into hori$ontal sections orGROUPING , and to design the hot and cold #ater supplysyste!s separately for each&

C. FIRE PROTECTION* STORM WATER

6& STANDPIPES + HOSES #ith separate #ater reser"e or upfeed pu!ping are extre!ely "aluable in any buildings butbeco!e highly essential in tal l buildings& +his syste!,intended for use by building personnel until the fire enginesarri"e and therea fter by the tra ined s ta ff of the f iredepart!ent&

& 'uto!at ic SPRINKLER syste!s consist of hori$ontal patternof pipes placed near the cei lings of industrial bui ldings,#arehouses, stores, theatres and other structures #here thefire ha$ard requires their use& +hese pipes are pro"ided #ith

outlets and heads so constructed that te!peratures of @@-9Kdegree (elsius #il l cause the! to open auto!atical ly ande!it a series of ti!e #ater sprays&

7& WET PIPE SYSTEM & ' syste! of sprin.lers #ith its pipesconstantly filling both !ains and distribution pipes&

8& DRY PIPE SYSTEM& Genera lly confined to unheatedbuildings, there is no #ater in the distribution pipes exceptduring a fire& *e!ote "al"es !ay be adequate by sensiti"eele!ents to ad!it #ater to sprin.ler heads&

@& SIAMESE TWIN& 'n inlet placed outside a building close toground le"el, ha"ing t#o openings so that f ire engines canpu!p #ater to the dry stand pipes and sprin.ler syste! ofthe building&

E& 0prin.ler heads are the quart$oidF bulb type& +he bulb istransparent and contains a colored l iquid& 't 7EK degreesahrenheit, the bulb brea.s and releases a #ater strea!&1ne is called UPRIGHT #hen used abo"e piping #hen piping



is exposed but #hen it is hidden inside cei l ings that sho#only the bulb it is called PENDENT &

9& +he portion of the plu!bing syste! #hich con"eys rain#aterto a suitable ter!inal& +his is usual ly discharged into astreet gutter con"eyed by a publ ic STORM DRAIN syste!and carried to so!e drainage ter!inal such as la.es or

ri"ers&

:& PEFORATED PIPE& >hen the soi l is not per!eable, and ittouches a concrete or hol lo# bloc. #al l of a base!ent,rain#ater #ill seep on it and !ay flood& +he gra"el is placedall around this #all K&7K! #ide and about K&7K! belo# thebase!ent f loor ra in#ater f ro! the gra"el to#ards thedrainage ter!inal&

;& 0'NI+'*2 ;*'IN'G) 020+)M0

6& BLACK WATER & >ater plus hu!an #aste, sol id and l iquid,urine that is flushed out of toilets and urinals&

& SOIL STACK PIPE & ' "ert ical soi l pipe containing fecal!atter and liquid #aste&

7& WASTE PIPES & ' pipe #hich con"eys only liquid #astes freeof fecal !atter&

8& VENT& ' pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of

air in a plu!bing syste! and for reducing the pressureexerted on trap seals&

@& CLEANOUT FERRULE & ' !etall ic slee"e cal.ed 5to fi l l thegaps, to seal or to #aterproof% or other#ise, oined to anopening in a pipe, into #hich a plug is scre#ed that can bere!o"ed for the purpose of c leaning or exa!in ing theinterior of the pipe&

E& TRAP& ' fitting or de"ice so constructed as to pre"ent thepassage of a ir , gas and !ater ia lly affecting the f lo# of

se#age or #aste #ater through it&

9& HOUSE DRAIN& +he part of the lo#est hori$ontal piping of aplu!bing syste! #hich recei"es the discharge fro! soi l,#aste and other drainage pipes ins ide of a bui ld ing andcon"eys it to the house se#er& It should ha"e a slope of atleast D to a foot or E!! for e"ery 7KK!!or &



:& UNDERGROUND PIT 5#hy not su!p pits% & ' pit orreceptacle at a lo# point to #hich the l iquid #astes aredrained&

J& SHAFT& ' "ertical opening though a building for ele"ators,du!b#aiters, light, "entilation and others&

6K& SLEEVE& ' sheet !etal placed #hen concrete is pouredto acco!!odate plu!ping pipes 5through the hole !ade%&

66& CAULKING & Lugging an opening around pipe oints #ithoa.u! 5he!p soa.ed #ith oi l% lead or other !aterials l i.eepoxy adhesi"e on "inyl that are pounded place&

6& GRADES OF HORI)ONTAL PIPING& 'll hori$ontalpiping shall run in practical align!ent and at a unifor! gradeof not less than and shall be supported or anchored atinter"als not exceeding 7&KKM length 56K feet%& 'll stac.s

shall be properly supported at their bases and all pipes arerigidly hundred 56KK inches% length&

67& GREASE TRAP & +his . ind of t rap !ust be installed#here"er oily, lard contained #astes fro! hotels,restaurants, club houses or si!ilar public eating places aredischarged into the se#er or septic "ault& 0and traps shallbe placed as near as possible to the f ixture fro! #hich i trecei"es the discharge and shal l ha"e an air -t ight co"er,easily re!o"able to per!it its cleaning&

68& TRAP SEAL & +his is the "ertical distance bet#een thedip and the cro#n #eir 5an e!ban.!ent or le"ee% bui lt tohold #ater in its course or to di"ert it to a ne# course of a p-trap& 'lso it is the #ater in the trap bet#een the dip and thecro#n #eir to pre"ent unpleasant and odorous gases to enterthe roo! through the fixtures&

6@& SIPHONAGE & +he result of a !inus pressure in thedrainage syste!& 5Pressure is a force required to !o"e gasor liquid% #hen a large a!ount of the trap 5seal% is absolutelydischarged& >hen the seal is lost, bac. flo# of gases fro!

the se#er l ine #i l l pass into the trap, f inds i ts #ay to thefixture drain outlet and spread into the roo!&

6E& Upon the co!pletion of the entire #ater distributionsyste! including connections to apprentices, de"ices, tan.s,or f ixtures, i t shal l be tested and inspected by !eans ofWATER + AIR TEST &

E. SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM* REFUSE HANDLING



6& SEPTIC TANK & ' receptacle or #ater t ight "ault used tocol lect organic #aste discharge fro! the house se#er anddesigned and constructed so as to separate solids fro! thel iquid , d igest the organic !atter through a period ofdetention, and allo# the effluent to discharge a stor! drain&

& CATCH BASIN& ' receptacle in #hich liquids are retained for

a sufficient period of ti!e to depos it settleableF !aterials&

7& PUBLIC SEWER MAIN & ' publ ic sanitary #aste disposalsyste! consisting of a treat!ent unit #hich con"eys the ra##aste to the disposal syste!&

8& ' co!!on #ay of dispos ing solids is by INCINERATION & +his is a controlled burning of co!bustible #aste& +his canbe an effecti"e #aste reduction !ethod for 9K percent of all!unicipal #astes& If this is operated properly, it can reducebul. by JK to J@ percent& 'sh left o"er is generally disposed

off in a landfill&

@& 'nother !ethod of disposing !unicipal sol id #astes is bydu!ping of refuse at a pre-planned site, co!pacted andco"ered #ith a layer of earth& +his !ethod is cal led aSANITARY LANDFILL &

E& >hen garbage fro! different f loors of a high-rise building isdisposed off f ro! an opening and is d irectly led to thebase!ent garbage bin& +his is called the RUBBISH CHUTES &

9& GARBAGE DISPOSER & +his is a contraption in"erted todispose lefto"ers straight fro! the .itchen sin.& 0i!ply turnon the faucet, fl ic. the po#er s#itch and place the lefto"erssuch as bones, fruit pits, rotten "egetables, spoiled bonesand #ashed do#n the drain pipes&

:& 'fter the ground preparation, a LINER should be laid out onthe area enclosed for sanitary landfil l & +he !ain purpose isto pre"ent the seepage of leachate 5dirty #ater, to causeliquid to percolate% deep do#n to the ground #ater strata& +his consists of soil or co!posite !aterial such as synthetic

plastic or asphalt sheets&

J& TRENCH METHOD & ' !ethod of landfi l l #herein a tractordigs a trench #ith a bul ldo$er blade and truc.s du!p therefuse to it& +hen the tractor co!pacts the refuse thoroughlyand co"ers i t #i th earth that #as dug up ear lier & +his!ethod is pri!arily used on ground le"el&

6K& AREA METHOD & +his !ethod of landfil l is generallyused on rol l ing terrain #here the existing slope of the land



can be used as a basin& In this !ethod, truc.s deposit refuseo"er the selected area& Auge, hea"y tractors #ith specialco!pacting #heels press do#n the refuse& +hen the refuseis co"ered #ith earth hauled in fro! else#here&

66& (ollection of hu!an #astes is done by elaboratesyste!s to carry !ost l iquid se#age to WATER TREATMENT

PLANTS , #here the se#age undergoes a series of treat!entsteps to re!o"e polluting !aterials, biological and che!icalconta!inants that can har! hu!an health or ecologicalsyste!s& +he f irst stage is the trapping or screening ofcoarse suspended !atter into a grit cha!ber & +hen the useof aerobic !icroorganis!s to brea. do#n the organic !atterleft in the se#age called the biological oxidation & +hen thethird phase, che!ical treat!ents used to re!o"e undesirableconstituents that re!ain& >hat results is drin.ing quality#ater&

6& BIDET& ' fixture that appears li.e a #ater closet, sincea person sits do#n on it& But it is designed as a co!binationla"atory #hich can plug the drain and col lect hot O cold#ater, #ith an in"erted #ater sprayer to c lear the !ostdelicate and #ell-guarded parts of the body&

& MI0()LL'N)1U0 U)0+I1N0

6& >hat deter!ines the si$e of a leaching field PERCOLATIONTEST

& >hat i s an i!portant concern in pri"ate #ater supplyHARDNESS.

7& >hat part of #ater supply design is affected by bui ld ingheight STATIC HEAD

8& 0tate!ents4

a& (orrectQ;ry pipe sprin.ler syste!s are !ore eff ic ient than #et pipesyste!s&

Q+he ha$ard classif ication does not necessarily affect sprin.lerlayout&

@& +he pressure in a city #ater !ain is 5K&7J97 MPa%& If thepressure loss through piping, f itt ings, and the #ater !eterhas been ca lculated as 76 psi 5o&6@:89 MPa% and thehighest f ixture requires 6 psi 5K&K:E: MPa% to operate,#hat is the !axi!u! height the f ixture can be abo"e the#ater !ain @K ))+ 56@M%



E& 2ou ha"e been retained by a c lient to design a house in asuburban locat ion& +he nearest #ater !ain is one bloc.a#ay 5about 6KKKM% and the city has no plans to extend thel ine in the near future& ( ity and county regulations doper!it the drilling of #ells& >hat should you reco!!end youclient regarding #ater supply

)0+IM'+) +A) (10+ 1 )/+)N;ING +A) MUNI(IP'L LIN), 0IN() +A) >'+)* U'LI+2 I0 ?N1>N 'N; I+ >1UL; )N0U*) ' L1NG- +)*M 0UPPL2& (1N0UL+ >I+A N)'*B2 P*1P)*+2 1>N)*0 >A1PL'N +1 BUIL; IN +A) '*)' +1 0)) I +A)2 >1UL; B) >ILLING +1 0A'*) +A) (10+ 1 )/+)N;ING +A) LIN)&

9& >hich state!ents about drainage are correcta& (orrect

Q=ents help pre"ent the drainage of #ater fro! trapsQ+he house drain cannot also be called the building se#erQ(leanouts are al#ays a necessary part of a drainage syste!

:& >ater ha!!er !ost often occurs #hen4>'+)* 0U;;)NL2 0+1P0 >A)N L1> I0 +U*N); 1&

J& 1ne co!ponent of a plu!bing syste! that e"ery building hasis a 4 0+'(? =)N+

6K& 0elect the incorrect state!ents4

a& (orrectQ0e"eral types of plastic can be used for cold #ater piping, but

only P=;( is used for hot #ater supply #here al lo#ed by localcodes&Q0teel pipe is !ore labor intensi"e and requires !ore space thancopper pipes in plu!bing chases&Q'B0 is suitable for #ater supply&

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM,SANITARY DRAINAGE-

6& A1U0) 0)>)* 1* BUIL;ING 0)>)* - +hat hori$ontal run ofpipe, starting fro! @F outside the bui lding #hich recei"es these#age fro! the house drain or building and con"eys the sa!e tothe se#er !ain or appro"ed point of disposal& & A1U0) ;*'IN 1* BUIL;ING ;*'IN -+he lo#est hori$ontal run ofpipe inside the building #hich recei"es the discharge fro! fixturesand other branches and con"eys the sa!e to the house or buildingse#er&



7& P*IM'*2 B*'N(A -+he Pri!ary Brach of a building drain is thesingle sloping drain fro! the base of a stac. up to i ts unct ion#ith the !ain building drain or #ith other branches& +he pri!arybranch is a lso called a Lateral & 8& 0)(1N;'*2 B*'N(A -+hat hori$ontal run of pipe e!anatingfro! a f ixture or group of f ixtures up to i ts unct ion #ith the

pri!ary branch& @& A1*IR1N+'L B*'N(A -+hat t hor i$ontal run of pipe, #hichrecei"es the distance fro! fixture and con"ey the sa!e to thestac.& E& B*'N(A IN+)*='L -+hat length of pipe of a stac. no less thaneight feet #hich recei"es the discharge fro! the hor i$ontalbranch&

9& 01IL 0+'(? -+he "ertical run of pipe, #hich recei"es discharge

fro! fixture #ithout fecal !atter&

:& >'0+) 0+'(? -+hat "ertical !atter run of pipe, #hich recei"esdischarge fro! fixtures #ithout fecal !atter&

J& L'+)*'L - In la tera l p lu!bing - a secondary p ipe l ine& Inse#erage < a co!!on se#er to #hich no other co!!on se#er istributary& It recei"es se#age only fro! building se#er&

6K& I/+U*) ;*'IN -+he drain fro! the trap of the fixture tothe unction of the fixture to the drain of the pipe&

66& 0P)(I'L >'0+) 1* IN;I*)(+ >'0+) PIP) - >aste #ater pipefro! fixtures or appliances #hich is al lo#ed to discharge into aproperly "ented fixture and #ith no direct connection #ith thedrainage syste!&

PLUMBING CODE DEFINITION OF TERMS

'LL)2 - any public space, Public Par. or thoroughfare less than

three 57% !eters but not less than t#o 5% !eters in #idth #hichhas been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use&

'L+)* 1* 'L+)*'+I1N - any change, addit ion or !odification inconstruction or occupancy& 5(hange or repair%

'PP*1=); - accepted or acceptable under an applicablespecification stated or cited in this (ode, or accepted as suitablefor the proposed use under procedures and po#ers at theauthority&



'U+A1*I+2 - 'uthority in this (ode is !ean to be the indi"idualofficial, board, depart!ent or agency established an authori$ed bythe off ice of the President 5*&'& No&679:% to ad!inister andenforce the pro"isions of this National Plu!bing (ode as adaptedor a!ended& 5Prof& 0anitary )ngineering% < Plans andspecs, 5Master Plu!ber%

B'(?L1> - +he flo# of #ater into a #ater supply syste! fro!source other than its regular source& Bac. siphonage is one typeof bac.flo#&

B'(? P*)00U*) - 'ir pressure in drainage pipes greater thanat!ospheric pressure&

B'(? =)N+ PIP) - the part of a "ent l ine #hich connects directly#ith an indi"idual trap underneath or behind the f ixture andextends to the branch or !ain, soi l , or #aste pipe at any point

higher than the fixture or fixture trap it ser"es& +his is so!eti!escalled an indi"idual "ent&

B'LL (1(? - ' faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ballfloating on the surface of #ater&

B'LL S1IN+ - ' connection in #hich a ball is held in a cupli.e shellthat allo#s !o"e!ent in e"ery direction&

B'++)*2 1 I/+U*)0 - Battery of fixtures is any of t#o or !ores i!ilar adacent fixtures #h ich discharge into a co!!on

hori$ontal soil branch&

B)LL 1* AUB - +hat portion of a pipe #hich for a short distance, issufficiently enlarged to recei"e the end of another pipe of thesa!e dia!eter for the purpose of !a.ing a oint&

B)N;ING P IN 51* I*1N% - ' tool used for straightening orexpanding lead pipe&

BIBB - 0ynony!ous #ith faucet is p referred& aucet or 0pigot&

BI;)+ - ' plu!bing fixture used for #ashing the !iddle part ofthe body, specially thegenitals& 'lso a sit$ bath 5Used to #ash posterior parts of thebody%&

BL'N? L'NG) - ' flange that is not drilled&

BLIN; L'NG) - ' flange that closes the end of a pipe& +here is noopening for the passage of #ater& 5Used for blac. iron pipes%&



BL1> 1 - ' controlled outlet on a pipe line used too discharge#ater or detritus& 5In0anitary house trap%&

B*'N(A - ' branch is any part of a piping syste! other than the!ain, riser or stac.&

M>00 - Installation of national local #ater #or.s&;P>A - or installation O exca"ationN'MP'P < National Master Plu!bers 'ssociation of the Philippines'0+M < '!erican 0tandard +esting MaterialsI'PM1 < International 'ssociation of Plu!bing and Mechanical1fficial

B*'N(A IN+)*='L - ' length of soil or #aste stac. correspondingin general to a story height, but in no case less than eight 5:%feet, #ithin #hich the hori$ontal branches fro! one floor or story

of a building are connected to the stac.&

B*'N(A =)N+ - ' "ent p ipe connect ing fro! a branch of thedrainage syste! to a "ent stac.&

BUIL;ING - any structure built, erected and fra!ed of co!ponentstructural parts designed for the housing, shelter, enclosure orsupport of persons, ani!als, or property of any .ind&

BUIL;ING 0UB;*'IN -+hat portion of a drainage syste! #hichcannot drain by gra"ity into the building se#er& 5 'ny piping

syste! #hich needed to be ele"ated fro! base!ent to the N&G&L &% ('UL?ING - P lugging an opening #ith oa.u!, lead or other!aterials that are pounded into place& 'lso, the !aterial that ispounded into the opening& ('P - ' f i t t ing into #hich the end of a pipe is scre#ed for thepurpose of closing the end of the pipe& ('+(A B'0IN - ' receptacle in #hich l iquids are retained for asufficient period to deposit settle able !aterial

()00P11L - ' pit for the reception or detention of se#age& (A)(? ='L=) - ' "al"e that auto!atically closes to pre"ent theflo# of #ater in re"erse direction& 5Pre"ents re"erse flo#% (I*(UI+ =)N+ - ' group "ent extending fro! in front of the lastfixture connection on a hori$ontal branch to the "ent stac.& 0eealso loop "ent& 5Loop "ent, Branch "ent%



(1N;U(+1*, L)';)*, 1* ;1>N0P1U+ - ' "ert ical p ipe tocon"ey rain #ater& (1N+INU1U0 =)N+ - a "ertical "ent that is a continuation of thedrain, to #hich the "ent connects & 5or =0+*% (1*P1*'+I1N (1(? - ' stop "al"e placed in a ser"ice pipe close

to its connection#ith a #ater !ain& (1U*+ - an open, unoccupied space bounded on t#o 5% or !oresides by the#alls of the buildings& 'n inner court is a court entirely #ithin theexterior #alls of a building& 'll other courts a re outer courts& (*100 (1NN)(+I1N - 'ny physical connection or arrange!ent ofpipes bet#een t#oother#ise separate bui ld ing #ater -supply pipes or a syste!

through #hich or by!eans of #hich #ater supply !ay flo# fro! one syste! to theother, the directionof f lo# depending on the pressure differential bet#een the t#osyste!s& ;)'; )N; - +he extended portion of a pipe that is closed at oneend to #hich no connections are !ade on the extended portion,thus per!itt ing the stagnation of #ater or air therein& 5>aterha!!er arrester or air gap or air cha!ber%&

;)=)L1PM)N+ L)NG+A -+he length along the center l ine of thepipe and the fittings& ;I'M)+)* - C;ia!eterD of a pipe or tube shall !ean the no!inalinternal dia!eter 5 I&;&% of such pipe3 except brass and coppertubing #herein the ter! shall !ean the outside dia!eter 51&;&% oftubing&

;1M)0+I( 0)>'G) - 0ee sanitary se#age&

;1UBL)-B)N; I++ING - ' pipe fitting shaped li.e the letter C0D&

;1UBL) 10)+ - +#o offsets in succession or in series in thesa!e line&

;1>N0P1U+ - +he "ertical portion of a rain#ater conductor&

;*'IN - ' se#er or other pipe or conduit used for con"eyingground #ater, surface #ater, stor! #ater, or se#age&



;*'IN'G) 020+)M -+he drainage pipes of a plu!bing syste!ta.e the #ater fro! the plu!bing fixtures and deli"er it to these#er or so!e other outlet& +he drainage pipes !ust be gas-light,and #ater- light& +he passage of air , odors or " ita!in fro! these#er into the building !ust be pre"ented&

;*2 =)N+ - ' "ent that does not carry #ater or #ater- borne

#astes&

;U'L =)N+ - 0ee unit "ent&

)/I0+ING >1*? - +he ter! Cexisting #or.D shall apply to thoseportions of p lu!bing syste! #hich ha"e been installed andappro"ed prior to the conte!plated additions, col lect ions, orcorrections&

'MIL2 - a!ily is one person li"ing alone or a group of t#o 5% or!ore persons l i"ing together, #hether related to each other by

birth or not&

'U()+ - ' "al"e on a #ater pipe by !eans of #hich #ater can bedra#n fro! or held #ithin the pipe& +he "al"e is placed on the endof the pipe&

)**UL) - ' !etal lic slee"e, cal led or other#ise, oined to anopening in a pipe, into #hich a plug is scre#ed that can bere!o"ed for the purpose of cleaning or exa!ining the interior ofthe pipe&

I/+U*) - ' receptacle attached to a plu!bing syste! other thana trap in #hich #ater or #astes !ay be collected or retained forulti!ate discharge into the plu!bing syste!&

I/+U*) B*'N(A - +he supply pipe bet#een the fixture and the#ater distributing pipe&

I/+U*) ;*'IN - +he drain f ro! the t rap of a f ix ture to the unction of the drain #ith any other drain pipe&

I/+U*) UNI+ - 1ne fixture unit is equi"alent to a flo# rate of one

56% cubic foot of #ater per !inute or se"en and a hal f 596%gallons of #ater per !inute&

L'0AING - ' piece of sheet !etal fitted under another piece offlat !etal or #ood o"er #hich #ater is expected to run&

L11; L)=)L - +he le"el in a f ixture at #hich #ater begins too"erflo# the top or ri! of the fixture&



L11* '*)' - +he area included #ithin surrounding #alls of abuilding 5or portion thereof%, exclusi"e of "ent shafts and courts&

LU0A ='L=) - ' "al"e used for flushing a fixture by using #aterdirectly f ro! the #ater supply pipes or in connect ion #ith aspecial flush tan.&

G'+) ='L=) - ' "al"e in #hich the f lo# of #ater is cut off by!eans of a circular dis., fitting against !achine-s!oothed faces,at r ight angles to the direction of f lo#& +he dis. is raised orlo#ered by !eans of a threaded ste! connected to the handle ofthe "al"e& +he opening in the "al"e is usually as large as the fullbore of the pipe&

GL1B) ='L=) - ' "al"e in #hich the flo# of #ater is cut off by!eans of a circular dis. that fits against the "al"e seat& +he planeof !o"e!ent of the dis. is parallel to the nor!al direction of flo#of #ater, #hich is turned through a tortuous passage to direct the

flo# nor!al to the face of the dis. &

G110) N)(? - ' return bend of s!all-si$ed pipe one end of #hichis about one 56% foot long and the other end is about three 57%inches long& It is co!!only used as a faucet for a pantry sin.&'lso, the lead connection bet#een a ser"ice pipe and a #ater!ain&

G*';) - +he s lope or fal l of a l ine of p ipe in reference to ahori$ontal plane usually expressed in percent&

G*1UN; >'+)* - +he #ater that is standing in or passing throughthe ground&

G*1UP =)N+ - ' branch "ent that perfor!s its function for t#o 5%or !ore traps&

A)IGA+ 1 BUIL;ING - +he "ertical distance fro! the CGrade LineDto the highest point of the coping of a flat roof or to the dec. lineof a !ansard roof or to the a"erage height of the highest gable ofa pitch or hip-roof&

A1*IR1N+'L B*'N(A - ' branch drain extending lateral ly fro!soil or #aste stac., #ith or #ithout "ertical sections or branches,that recei"es the discharge fro! one or !ore fixture drains andconducts it to the soil or #aste s tac. or to the building drain&

A1U0) ;*'IN - part of the lo#est hori$ontal piping of a plu!bingsyste! #hich recei"es the discharge fro! soil, #aste, and otherdrainage pipes inside of a buildings con"eys it to the house se#er&



A1U0) 0+1*M 0)>)* - ' house stor! se#er is the pipeline fro!the building to the public stor! se#er syste!&

IN;I*)(+ >'0+) P IP) - ' #aste pipe that does not connectdirectly #ith the building drainage syste! but discharges into isthrough a properly trapped fixture or receptacle&

IN;I=I;U'L =)N+ - 0ee bac. "ent&

IN;U0+*I'L >'0+)0 - Industrial #aste are liquid #aste resultingfro! the processes e!ployed in industrial establish!ents and arefree fro! fecal !atter&

IN0'NI+'*2 - (ontrary to sanitary principles or inurious to health&

IN+)*()P+1* - ' receptac le des igned and const ructed tointercept or separate, and pre"ent the passage of oil , grease,sand, or other !aterials into the drainage syste! to #hich it is

directly or indirectly connected&

IN=)*+ - +he lo#est portion of the inside of any pipe conduit thatis not "ertical&

L'+)*'L - In p lu!bing, a secondary pipe l ine& In a"erage, aco!!on se#er to #hich no other co!!on se#er is tributaryrecei"es se#age only fro! building se#ers&

L'+*IN) - ' #ater c loset consist ing of a continuous thoughcontaining #ater& +he

trough extends under t#o 5% or !ore adacent seats& Prohibitedby !ost authoritiesfor per!anent installations&

L'='+1*2 - ' fixture designed for the #ashing of the hands orface& 0o!eti!es calleda #ash basin&

L)'(AING ()00P11L - ' cesspool that is not #atertight&

L)NG+A 1 PIP) - +he length as !easured along&

L1('L =)N+ - ' pipe or shaft ser"ing to con"ey foul air fro!a plu!bing fixture or a roo! to the outer air&

L11P 1* (I*(UI+ =)N+ - ' continuation of a hor i$ontal soil or#aste pipe beyond the connection at #hich liquid #astes fro! afixture or f ixtures enter the #aste or soi l pipe& +he extension isusual ly "ertical i!!ediately beyond i ts connection to the soilor #aste pipe& +he base of the "ertical portion of the "ent !ay be



connected to the hor i$ontal port ion of the soi l or #aste stac.bet#een fixtures connected thereto&

M'IN - +he !ain o f any syste! of continuous p ip ing is theprincipa l artery o f the syste!, to #hich branches !ay beconnected&

M'NA1L) - 'n opening constructed in a se#er or any part of aplu!bing syste! of suf ficient s i$e for a !an to gain accessthereto&

M'0+)* PLUMB)* - ' person #ith .no#ledge of and experiencein plu!bing #ho e!ploys ourney!en plu!bers or #ho conducts aplu!bing business&

1'?UM - Ae!p or old he!p rope soa.ed in oil to !a.e it#aterproof&

1((UP'N(2 - 1ccupancy is the purpose for #hich a building isused or intended to be used& +he ter! shal l also include thebuilding or roo! housing such use& (hange of 1ccupancy is notintended to include change of tenants or proprietors&

P)*01N - ' natural person, his heirs, executors, ad!inistrators,i ts or the ir successor or ass igns, or the agent of any of theaforesaid&

PI+(A - 0ee grade&

PLUMBING - +he art and technique of instal ling in buildings thepipes, f ixtures, and other apparatuses for bringing in the #atersupply, liquids, substances or ingredients and re!o"ing the! andsuch #ater, l iquid, and other carried-#astes affecting health andsanitation and ha$ardous to l ife and property3 also the pipes andfixtures after they ha"e been installed, i&e& the plu!bing syste!&

PLUMBING I/+U*) - ' receptacle attached to a plu!bingsyste! other than a t rap in #hich #ater or #astes !ay becollected or retained for ulti!ate discharge into the plu!bingsyste!&

PLUMBING 020+)M - +he p lu!bing syste! of a building,insti tution,, factory or industrial establish!ent, includes the#ater-supply, l iquids, substances and or ingredients distributingpipes3 and those pipes re!o"ing the! and such #ater, l iquid,and other carried-#astes3 the fixtures and fixture traps3 the soil,#aste, and "ent pipes3 the house drain, the foundation drain, andthe house se#er3 the stor! #ater drainage3 drainage eectors, all#ith their de"ices, appurtenances, and connections #ithin or on abuilding, a factory, or an industry&



PLUMBING 1I(I'L - +he authority or the officer charged #iththe ad!inistrat ion and enforce!ent of the National P lu!bing(ode, or his regularly authori$ed deputy&

P1+'BL) >'+)* - Potable #ater is #ater #hich is satisfactory fordrin.ing, culinary, do!estic purposes and !eets the require!ents

of the health authority ha"ing urisdiction&

P*IM'*2 B*'N(A - ' pri!ary branch of the building drain is thesingle sloping drain fro! the base of a stac. to its unction #iththe !ain building drain or #ith another branch thereof&

P* I='+) 1* P* I='+) U0) - Pr i"ate applies to f ix tures in aresidence #here the fixtures are intended for the use of a fa!ilyor an indi"idual&

P*I='+) 0)>)* - a se#er pri"ate ly o#ned and not d irectly

controlled by public authority&

P*I=2 - 'n outhouse or structure used for the deposit ion ofexcre!ent&

P*I=2 ='UL+ - ' pit beneath a pri"y in #hich excre!ent collects&

PUBLI( 1* PUBLI( U0) - In the classification of plu!bing fixtures,public applies to f ix tures in general toi let roo!s of schools ,gy!nasiu!s, hotels, rail road stat ions, public bui ldings, bars,public co!forts stations, or places to #hich the public is in"ited or

#hich are frequented by the public #ithout special per!ission orspecial in"itation, and other installations 5#hether pay or free%#here a nu!ber of f ix tures are installed so that the ir use issi!ilarly unrestricted& PUBLI( 0)>)* - a co!!on se#er directly control led by publicauthority to #hich all abutters ha"e equal rights of connections&

*)LI) =)N+ - a "ent the pri!ary function of #hich is to pro"idecirculation of air bet#een drainage and "ent syste!&

*)P'I* - +he reconstruction or rene#al of any part of an existingbuilding for the purpose of its !aintenance& +he #ord CrepairD orCrepairsD shall not apply to any change of construction&

*)+U*N B)N; - 'n open return bend, usually #ith inside threads,but applied also to a one hundred eighty 56:K degree% bend in apipe&

*)=)N+ PIP) - 0ee bac. "ent pipe&



*I0)* - ' #ater supply pipe that extends "ertically one full storyor !ore too con"ey #ater to branches or fixtures&

*1UGAING-IN - +he installation of all pipes in the plu!bing syste!that are in partitions and under floors& It includes the plu!bing#or. done before the setting of the fixtures, or finishing&

0'NI+'*2 0)>'G) - +he se#age containing hu!an excre!ent andliquid household #aste3 also called do!estic se#age& 0'NI+'*2 0)>)* - ' se#er intended to recei"e sanitary se#age#ith or #ithout industrial #astes and #ithout the ad!ixture ofsurface #ater, stor! #ater, or drainage&

+*'P 0)'L - +he "ertical distance bet#een the dip and the cro#n#eir of a trap& 'lso, the #ater in the trap bet#een the dip and thecro#n #eir&

0)(1N;'*2 B*'N(A - 'nd branch in a building drain other thanthe pri!ary branch&

0)P+I( +'N? - ' septic tan. is a #atertight receptacle, #hichrecei"es the discharge of a plu!bing syste! or part thereof, andis designed and constructed so as to separate solids fro! theliquid digest the organic !atter through a period of detention, andallo# the effluent to discharge into a stor! drain3 or directly tothe ground outside the tan. through a syste! of open oint orperforated piping&

0)*=I() PIP) - +he pipe fro! the #ater !ain or source of #atersupply to the building ser"ed&

0)>'G) - +he l iquid #astes conducted a#ay fro! residences,business buildings, institutions, industrial establish!ents3 and#ith such ground, surface, and stor! #ater as !ay be present&

0)>)* - ' pipe or conduit for carrying se#age and #aste liquids&

0)>)*'G), 1* 0)>)*'G) >1*?0 - ' co!prehensi"e ter!,including all construction for collection, transportation, pu!ping,

treat!ent and final disposition of se#age&

0A'+ - ' "ertical opening through a building for e le"ators,du!b-#aiter, "entilation or si!ilar purpose&

0A'LL - 's used in this (ode, is !andatory&

0I'M)0) (1NN)(+I1N - ' #ye connection used on fire l ines sothat t#o lines of hose !ay be connected to hydrant or to the sa!eno$$le&



0IPA1N'G) - ' suction by the flo# of l iquids in pipes& ' pressureless than at!ospheric&

01IL PIP) - ' soil pipe is any pipe #hich con"eys the discharge of#ater closets, urinals, or fixtures ha"ing si!ilar functions& 'lso, acast- i ron pipe, #ith bel l and spigot ends, used in plu!bing to

con"ey fecal !atter or liquid #astes&

01IL 0+'(? PIP) - ' "ertical soil pipe con"eying fecal !atter andliquid #aste&

0PIG1+ - +he end of a pipe, #hich fi ts into a bell& 'lso a #ord usedsynony!ously #ith faucet&

0+'(? - ' general ter! used for any "ertical line of soil, #aste, or"ent piping&

0+'(? =)N+ - ' stac. "ent is the extension of a soi l or #astestac. abo"e the highest hori$ontal drain connected to the stac.&

0+'N;PIP) - ' "ertical pipe usually used for the storage of #ater,frequently under pressure&

0+1*M >'+)* - 0tor! #ater is that portion of the rainfall or otherprecipitation, #hich runs off o"er the surface after the stor! andfor such a short period follo#ing a stor! as the flo# exceeds thenor!al runoff&

0+1*2 - 0tory is that portion of a building included bet#een theupper surface of any floor and the upper surface of the floor nextabo"e, except that the top!ost story shall be that portion of abuilding of a building included bet#een the upper surface of thetop!ost floor and the cei l ing or roof abo"e& If the finished floorle"el directly abo"e a base!ent or cellar is !ore than six 5E% feetabo"e grade such base!ent or cellar sha ll be considered a story&

0UB01IL ;*'IN - 0ubsoil drains are underground drain pipes thatrecei"es only sub-surface or seepage #ater and con"ey it to placeof disposal&

0UMP - ' pit or receptacle at a lo# point to #hich the l iquid#astes are drained&

0UPP1*+0 - 0upports, hangers, anchors, brac.ets, and cradles arede"ices for holding and securing pipes and f ixtures to #al ls,ceiling, floors, or structural !e!bers&

0U*'() >'+)* - portion of a rainfal l or other precipitation#hich runs off o"er the surface of the ground&



0>IMMING P11L - ' #ater receptacle used for s#i!!ing designedto acco!!odate !ore than one bather at t i!e and properlyconnected to a disposal syste!&

+'P); +)) - ' cast-iron bell-end tee #ith the branch tapped torecei"e a threaded pipe of fitting

+*'P - ' fitting or de"ice so constructed as to pre"ent thepassage of air, gas, and so!e "er!in through a pipe #ithout!aterially affecting the flo# of se#age or #aste #ater through it&

UNI+ =)N+ - 'n arrange!ent of "enting so installed that one "entpipe #ill ser"e t#o 5% traps&

='(UUM - 'n air pressure less than that at!ospher ic & ' lso,siphonage&

=)N+ - ' pipe or opening used to ensuring the circulation of air inplu!bing syste! and for reducing the pressure exerted on trapseals&

>)+ =)N+ - portion of a "ent pipe through #hich liquid #aste flo#&

>'0+) PIP) - a pipe #hich con"eys only l iquid #aste and free offecal !atter&

2'*; - ' yard is an open, unoccupied space, other than a court,unobstructed fro! the ground to the s.y, except #here

specifically pro"ide by this (ode, on the lot on #hich a building issituated&

0+'N;'*; (1MM)*(I'L 0IR) 1 GI PIP) 1* >'+)* 0UPPL24a% 6 ⅓ b% T c%8

L1('+I1N 1* (L)'N 1U+46& any hori$ontal #aste or soil pipe exceeding 6@!& at upper end of e"ery branch &@ O o"er

R)1LI+) - treat!ent of hard #ater

M'IN =)N+ - principal artery of "enting syste! to #hich "entbranch pipe !aybe connected

(1MM1N =)N+- single "ent that "entilates !ultiple traps of bac.to bac. fixture



'I* 1U+L)+ - air generated de"ice to open or close a da!per or"al"e

0)P+I( +'N?4 location and featuresa& 6@ !eters a#ay fro! potable #aterb& if thereFs a public se#er pipe, septic tan. is not allo#edc& no septic tan. under house

d& inlets O outlets are sub!ergee& botto! tan. should ha"e s lope of 646K !! to#ardscenter

f& top co"er K&6@ ! abo"e soilg& K&7K ! air spaceh& K&@K lo#er- inleti& K&K@ lo#er- outlet

=1LUM) 1 0)P+I( +'N? a& !in #idth- K&JKb& !in length- 6&@K

c& !in depth- 6&:Kd& for residential- K&68 to K&69 per persone& 6 persons- not !ore than &K cu!f& schools, industrial- K&K@9 cu! per person !ini!u!

K&:E cu! !axi!u!

M'+)*I'L0 1* PLUMBING IN0+'LL'+I1N06& gal"ani$ed iron- 5G&I% steel pipes

- 6@-K years life span- deteriorates fast #hen used for hot #ater

- corroded # al.aline and acid #ater- !ade out of !ild steel

& plastic or synthetic pipea& rigid

6& poly"inyl chloride 5P=(%& chlorinated poly"inyl chloride 5cP=(%

7& unplastesi$ed poly"inyl chloride 5uP=(%8& polypropylene 5PP%@& acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 5'B0%E& styrene rubber plastic 50*%

b& flexible

6& polyethylene 5P)%- coil for! at 7K !ts& polybutylene 5PB%- up to 6@K !ts long in coil for!

7& cast iron pipe- durable - use for less than @ storey because #ater lea. due to "ibration

types46& 0=- for building installations& /=- for underground installation

8& acid resistant cast iron pipe- !ade of alloy, cast iron O silicon



- installed in che!ical labs for acid #astedisposal@& asbestos pipe- !ade of asbestos fibers O Portland ce!ent

- suitable for e!bed!ent on concrete structuresE& bitu!inous fiber se#er pipe- cheapest and lightest

- for house se#er9& "itrified clay pipe- !ade of clay O # length of K&9@ ! threaded

# gla$ed co!pound& Aigh resistant to acid O suited inunderground installat ion& Bri tt le , crac.s easily #hen laid onunsuitable ground:& lead pipe- one of the oldest plu!bing !aterial & notreco!!ended to con"ey #ater for hu!an consu!ptionJ& gal"ani$ed #rought i ron pipes- better than steel pipes forplu!bing because it is !ore resistant to acid #aste6K& brass pipe- !ost expensi"e& Made of al loy of $inc O copper!ixed 6@ 4:@ highly suitable for #aste O #ater because of itss!ooth surface aside fro! its high resistance to acids66& copper pipes- durable !ater ial #c is extre!ely corrosi"e

resistance& )asiest to install +ype ?- hea"iest for underground installation L- lighter than ?, co!es in flexible O rigid type M- thinner O a"ailable only in rigid for!

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