12/03/14 materials: notebook pencil/pen seed dispersal ws agenda bell work seed dispersal notes...

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12/03/14 Materials: Notebook Pencil/pen Seed dispersal WS Agenda Bell work Seed dispersal notes Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will discuss the mechanisms for seed dispersal No Gum Please! Daily Question: What is one thing you learned yesterday about whale migration?

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Page 1: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

12/03/14Materials: Notebook Pencil/pen Seed dispersal

WS

Agenda

Bell workSeed dispersal

notesBrain pop/video clip

Objective:Today we will discuss the mechanisms for seed dispersal

No Gum Please!

Daily Question: What is one thing you learned yesterday about whale migration?

Page 2: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Mechanisms of Seed Dispersal:

Pacific Union College (2007). Pacific Union College. Retrieved January 23, 2007, from Botany Glossary Web site: http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosw.htm

Animals, Wind, Water, & Other

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Mature Seed:Consists of an embryo that is frequently

surrounded by a food reserve and a protective coating.

Is capable of germinating under the proper conditions and forming a mature plant.

D. Seeds. Retrieved January 23, 2007, from Dierdra's Home Page Web site: http://students.usm.maine.edu/deidre.rice/student3.html

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Seed Dispersal:

Adaptive mechanism of plants that ensures seeds will be:separated from the

parent plants.distributed over as

large an area as possible to ensure the germination and survival of some of the seeds to adult plants.

http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/306/306990.jpg

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Dispersal by Animals:

Overview.net.Ltd (1995). Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Microscopy-UK Web site: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgoct00/pjgb3.jpg

Most flowering plants use animals to carry seeds.

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Dispersal by Animals cont’d

(Jan 26,2007). Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Oeisoux.net Web site: http://www.oiseaux.net/oiseaux/piciformes/images/toucan.de.swainson.thbe.3g.jpg

Toucan eating fruit from a tree.Some flowering

plants produce edible fruits.

These juicy, tasty, sweet, colorful fruits often have seeds that are animal dispersed.

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When the seeds of the plant become mature, the surrounding fruit becomes softer and its sugar content increases.

Some fruits become fragrant and brightly colored to advertise their ripeness to animals.

M. (April 16, 2004). Our Florida Garden. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Welcome to Mimi's HomePage Web site: http://www.mchristi.wso.net/new_garden.html

Ripened and unripened banana fruits on banana tree

Dispersal by Animals cont’d

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Interactions with animals have helped flowering plants become the most successful plants on earth.

Brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) snarling while eating fruit.

Butler, R. (2007). World Travel Photos. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Tropical Rainforest Conservation Web site: http://www.mongabay.com/images/peru/tambopata/Tambopata_1028_4366a.jpg

Dispersal by Animals cont’d

Page 9: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Animals eat fruits and defecate: When the animal ingests the fruit the

animal digests the fleshy part. The seed coat usually prevents the digestion

of the seeds. Many such fruits contain laxatives to help

the process along. The tough seeds usually pass unharmed

through the digestive tract.

Dispersal by Animals cont’d

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Seed dispersal by animal ingestion,

Blue Jay scat contains Rosa seeds and others

© Wally Eberhart / Visuals Unlimited

The animal deposits the seeds, along with a fertilizer supply, miles from the parent plant where the fruit was eaten.

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Note: One of the most common colors of fruits is red, a color insects cannot see very well; therefore, most of the fruit is saved for animals large enough to disperse the seeds.

(May 17, 2002). Black Cherries. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Seed Dispersal Web site: http://www.units.muohio.edu/dragonfly/itb/index.htmlx

Baskauf, S. (Jan. 22, 2007). Plant Features. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Bioimages Web site: http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/biohires/m/hmoru2-frcloseup11062.jpg

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Seeds traveling on animals:

Some flowering plants have fruits modified as burrs that cling to animal fur or the clothes of humans.

Cocklebur seeds on fur, seed dispersal

Cavagnaro, D. (2007). Cockleburr on Fur. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Visuals Unlimited Stock Photography Web site: http://www.visualsunlimited.com/browse/vu300/vu300400.html

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Animals bury seeds Small animals collect seeds and bury

them as food stores for a later date when food is scarcer. Occasionally, these animals do not return to collect these seeds, and they leave them planted in the ground.

Page 14: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Animals bury seeds cont’dSquirrels bury oak acorns and sometimes

forget where they buried them, thus planting a tree far away from the parent plant.

natzoo.si.edu/Animals/.../UrbanNatureWatch/Watches

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Animals bury seeds cont’d Blue Jays also bury acorns. They usually

remember where they bury them, but at times they bury more than they need. This leaves some acorns in the ground, which may eventually sprout.

Page 16: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Wind Dispersal

Small, hard, dry fruits are often dispersed by wind. Some plants have seeds within fruits acting as kites or propellers that aid in wind dispersal.

Seed dispersal from the Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), North America.

Leroy Simon / Visuals Unlimited

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Wind Dispersal cont’d: Most of these plants

produce a large number of seeds, but most of the seeds will not produce mature plants.

Their large number and ability to disperse to new habitats ensure that at least some will grow and eventually produce seeds themselves.

www.painetworks.com/pagesrf/ii/ii0822.html

Overproduction

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Maple winged fruits

Some plants have seeds within fruits acting as kites or propellers that aid in wind dispersal.

www.oplin.lib.oh.us/tree/.../maple_hedge.html

Wind Dispersal cont’d:

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Wind Dispersal cont’d The entire tumbleweed plant dries up and

is blown across fields and roads, dispersing seeds as it tumbles.

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/tweed3b.jpg

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Pine cones use wind and fire to disperse their seeds: After one to three years of maturing, the pine

cone opens up and the winged seeds travel on the wind.

http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/pkenlan/HTML/Pinaceae/pinus_rigida.html

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Where natural fires are common, many seeds require intense heat to break dormancy.

Seedlings are therefore most abundant after fire has cleared away competing vegetation.

Ex: Pitch pine cone: during a fire the pitch pine cones will open in extreme heat.

http://www.campton.sau48.k12.nh.us/neflora/images/neflora/3-29_Pitch_Pine_Cone_small.JPG

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The process of seed production for pine trees to seeds.

http://www.karencarr.com/Images/Gallery/2004_gallery_gymnosperm_meiosis.jpg

Page 23: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Water Dispersal Some small, hard, dry

fruits are also dispersed by water. These plants have seeds that float and travel on the water until washed up on shore. Fruits such as the

large seeded pod of the 'Black bean' Castano-spermum australe (below) float well in water.

Water dispersal of seeds in the rainforest

http://rainforest-australia.com/Fruits_and_Seed_Dispersal.htm

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Water Dispersal cont’d• Some plants produce a moderate number of very large seeds with a high amount of nutrients, which ensures the survival of most of the offspring.

Coconut Palm

http://www.ericandleandra.com/photos/cancun/images/1_coconut_tree.jpg

Page 25: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Box fruits, Barringtonia asiatica, are widespread drift fruits in the tropical Pacific, remaining buoyant for more than two years. They are common in the turquoise-blue waters of French Polynesia.

Water Dispersal cont’d

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pldec398.htm#crab

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Popping Seeds Some seeds have evolved a popping

mechanism for short distance dispersal. As the seed matures, the pod or husk dries

out and may start to shrink around the seeds. After it shrinks so far, it may “pop” and scatter

the seeds around.

http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/touchmenotseedpod.jpg

Touch-me-nots are aptly named. The seed capsules develop from mid summer through fall. If touched, picked or otherwise disturbed, they rupture like a broken spring; projecting their seeds several feet.

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http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/cockle6b.gif

Cockleburs stuck to shoe and sock of hiker.

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Forensic Science

http://media.popularmechanics.com/images/PMX0706FORENSICSHairSmall.jpg Presentation developed by T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/

Page 29: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Hair shape (round or oval) and texture (curly or straight) is influenced heavily by genes. The physical appearance of hair can be affected by nutritional status and intentional alteration (heat curling, perms, straightening, etc.).

Sources: http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/lesson.htm#t_hair & http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric1.htm#Index%20(Hairs)

Hair is composed of the protein keratin, which is also the primary component of finger and toe nails.

Hair is produced from a structure called the hair follicle. Humans develop hair follicles during fetal development, and no new follicles are produced after birth.

Hair color is mostly the result of pigments, which are chemical compounds that reflect certain wavelengths of visible light.

The body area (head, arm, leg, back, etc.) from which a hair originated can be determined by the sample’s length, shape, size, color, and other physical characteristics.

Biology of Hair

In order to test hair evidence for DNA, the root must be present.

Page 30: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Hair Structure

Hair is composed of three principal parts:

The structure of hair has been compared to that of a pencil with the medulla being the lead, the cortex being the wood and the cuticle being the paint on the outside.

http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/lesson.htm#t_hair

Cuticle – outer coating composed of overlapping scales

Cortex – protein-rich structure around the medulla that contains pigment

Medulla – central core(may be absent)

Page 31: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Characteristics of the cuticle may be important in distinguishing between hairs of different species but are often not useful in distinguishing between different people.

Info: http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/lesson.htm#t_hair Image: http://www.hairdressersus.com/micro/Image5b.jpg

Hair Structure

CuticleThe cuticle varies in:

• Its scales, How many there are per centimeter, How much they overlap, Their overall shape, and How much they protrude from the surface

• Its thickness, and • Whether or not it contains pigment.

Page 32: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Cortex

The cortex varies in:• Thickness• Texture• Color

• Distribution of the cortex is perhaps the most important component in determining from which individual a human hair may have come.

• Microscopic examination can also reveal the condition and shape of the root and tip.

Info: http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/lesson.htm#t_hair Image: http://www.extrapersonality.com/hair.html

Hair Structure

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MedullaThe medulla may vary in:

• Thickness• Continuity - one continuous structure

or broken into pieces• Opacity - how much light is able to

pass through it

• It may also be absent in some species.

http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/lesson.htm#t_hair

Like the cuticle, the medulla can be important for distinguishing between hairs of different species, but often does not lend much important information to the differentiation between hairs from different people.

Hair Structure

http://www.bfro.net/images/whatis/figures/Fig.%203%20with%20caption.jpg

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Fiber Evidence

A fiber is the smallest unit of a textile material that has a length many times greater than its diameter. A fiber can be spun with other fibers to form a yarn that can be woven or knitted to form a fabric.

The type and length of fiber used, the type of spinning method, and the type of fabric construction all affect the transfer of fibers and the significance of fiber associations. This becomes very important when there is a possibility of fiber transfer between a suspect and a victim during the commission of a crime.

http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric3.htm#Fiber%20Evidence

Matching unique fibers on the clothing of a victim to fibers on a suspect’s clothing can be very helpful to an investigation, whereas the matching of common fibers such as white cotton or blue denim fibers would be less helpful.

The discovery of cross transfers and multiple fiber transfers between the suspect's clothing and the victim's clothing dramatically increases the likelihood that these two individuals had physical contact.

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Many different natural fibers that come from plants and animals are used in the production of fabric.

http://www.fireflydiapers.com/articles/diaperarticle_naturalfibersabsorb.htm

Cotton fibers are the plant fibers most commonly used in textile materials

The animal fiber most frequently used in the production of textile materials is wool, and the most common wool fibers originate from sheep.

Natural Fibers

Page 36: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

Images: http://www.trashforteaching.org/phpstore/product_images/YarnWS.JPG http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric3.htm#Fiber%20Evidence

http://www.jivepuppi.com/images/fiber_evidence.jpg

More than half of all fibers used in the production of textile materials are synthetic or man-made.

Nylon, rayon, and polyester are all examples of synthetic fibers.

Cross-section of a man-made fiber

Synthetic Fibers

Fibers under a microscope

Page 37: 12/03/14 Materials:  Notebook  Pencil/pen  Seed dispersal WS Agenda  Bell work  Seed dispersal notes  Brain pop/video clip Objective: Today we will

It’s time to examine some hairs and fibers!

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/polarized/gallery/images/humansmall.jpg

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Directions:

Your team will need to use a microscope to document all the hairs and fibers in your set.

Write the name of the hair or fiber on the line and then draw what you see under medium or high power. Be sure to indicate the power of magnification!

Add a description that highlights the unique characteristics of each hair and fiber sample.

Pay attention to details to help you identify samples during the Hair & Fiber Challenge activity.

Hair & Fiber Identification Lab

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Can you identify the animal hairs shown?

A B C D

E F

G

IHThink About It …

(1) In which samples are we viewing the cuticle? How do they compare?

(2) In which samples are we viewing the medulla? How do they compare?

(3) What characteristics can be used to identify hair samples?

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Can you identify the types of fibers shown?

Think About It …

(1) Which samples are natural fibers?

(2) Which samples are synthetic fibers?

(3) What characteristics can be used to identify fiber samples?

A B C

D E F

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Answer Keys

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/polarized/gallery/images/humansmall.jpg

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Types of Animal Hairs - Key

A B C D

E F

G

IH

Cat Horse Pig Human

Deer Dog RatRabbit Human

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Types of Fibers - KeyAcrylic Yarn Cotton Yarn Nylon Rope

Polyester Yarn Rayon Rope Wool Yarn

A B C

D E F