1.1 manuele margni

Behind the Water Footprint Stream - Metrics and InitiativesOverview of available metrics to asses potential impacts of water use and current initiatives integrating them within LCA

Manuele Margni, Ph.D.Scientific coordinator, CIRAIGEcole Polytechnique Montré[email protected]

(Incl. material provided by Quantis)

CIRAIG Factsheet

Founded in 2000Multidisciplinary world-renowned research centre 135+ professors, researchers and students10 universities, 7 Chairs, 5 research unitsMember of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNumerous collaborations (Canada, USA, Europe)120+ applied research projects (industry and gov.)Official spin-offExpertise:

Carbon and Water footprintLCACompany-based LCA and sustainability dashboardEcodesignEnvironmental communication

www.quantis-intl.com

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The Water Footprint Stream: Initiatives and timeline

Source: WBCSD 3

Which Footprint Is Correct?

• There is currently little consistency in the scope of water footprint and what is measured

• There is nearly no consistency in how to evaluate impact

Chapagain and Hoekstra

2007

Humbert et al 2009 (1)

Humbert et al 2009 (2)

140 L per serving

29 L per serving

4 L per serving

Includes “green” water

Includes irrigation

Includes neither

But what water is important?

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Problem Statement

• To know what water is important, we must know what type of water use occurs and where

• To know the impact of water use, we must know the impact of each use type in each geography

• The method must be operational for companies to apply in decision making

But what water is important?

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Accounting vs. Impact Assessment vs. Communication

Impact Assessment Framework in LCA

Water Scarcity Assessment

(«Screening assessment » using Water stress index, WSI)

Water Scarcity vs. Full Assessment

Turbined water

DE CH DE CH DE CH

• Importance to check the (range/scope of) validity of the results

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Why Expanding the Scope of Water Footprint to LCA?

Climate change Ecosystems Natural

resources Human healthWaterfootprint

To avoid burden shifting from an impact category to another

Framework for Freshwater use In LCA (UNEP-SETAC LC Initiative)

FUTURE GENERATIONS

Water deprivation for future generations

ECOSYSTEMS

Water Use

Water deprivation for ecosystems

Water deprivation for human uses

Human Health

Ecosystems Quality

Natural resources

EndpointMidpointInventoryAll Impact Categories

Backup Technology

Areas of Protection

Mod

ifica

tion

of w

ater

av

aila

bilit

y fo

r…Water Use

HUMAN USES

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Human Health Impacts from production of board in Hanoi for different scenarios

0.E+00

1.E-04

2.E-04

3.E-04

4.E-04

5.E-04

6.E-04

7.E-04

Well-treated effluent

(S2a)

Average effluent

(S3a)

All water consumed

(No effluent)

HHIm

pact

s, bo

ard

prod

uctio

n, H

anoi

(DAL

Y/to

n)

Remaining substances

Arsenic, to air

Arsenic, to water

Dioxins

Ammonia

Hydrocarbons, aromatic

Zinc, to soil

Sulfur dioxide

Particulates, < 2.5 um

Nitrogen oxides

WATER

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... Avoid Taking the Wrong Decision

(Source: Nunez Montserrat, SETAC EU 2010)

Spatial variation of blue water consumption bioenergycrop production within Spain at two different levels:

Impact Assessment Inventory accounting

UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

International initiative for LCAReview and characterization of existing

accounting and Impact assessment methods

Recommendations (end 2010) for:SciencePractitioners (incl. industry)

Contact: Manuele Margni, CIRAIGSebastien Humbert, Quantis

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Towards an International Standard for Water Footprinting

“Water Footprint: Principles, Requirements and Guidances”

International standard for water footprintingThis International Standard specifies requirements and guidelines to assess and report water footprint based on LCA

• Terminology, communication• Important stages to consider• Consistency with carbon footprinting and other LCA impact

categories◦ Scope, system boundary

• Review/Validation• Reporting

Began 2009, end 2011Towards industry and practitioners

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Manuele MargniCIRAIG – École Polytechnique de Montréal

[email protected]

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“Scope 1” Analogous Tools – Direct Usage

“Scope 3” Analogous Tools – Total Footprint

WBCSD Water Tool Water Footprint Network (WFN)

(Planning update to consider “Scope 2”)

LCA-based footprint Product / CompanyGEMI Tools

From Lack of Methods to Methods Overload?

Humans(health and stress)


EcosystemsEcosystems ResourcesResources

Boulay

Maendly Humbert

Boesch(CExD)

Van Zelm

Endpoint (Damage)

Pfister

Motoshita

Pfister Pfister

Water Use Per Resource

Seckler

Scarcity indexes

Smakhtin

Falkenmark

Ohlsson

Alcamo

Sullivan

Pfister

Water Poverty Index

Gleick

Water ResourcesVulnerability Index

Raskin

Indexes

Ecoinvent

Global Water Tool Vince

BayartChapagain Hoekstra

Inventory (~accounting)

GaBi

Mila-I-Canals

EcosystemsEcosystemsHumans(heath and stress)

Humans(heath and stress)

Boulay

ResourcesResources

Pfister

Mila-I-CanalsMila-I-Canals

Chapagain Hoekstra

Frischnecht(Ecopoints)

Pfister

Midpoint (~benchmarking)

Pfister

What and How much (m3)

Potentialproblems?

Consequences/ damage

quantification?




Boulay

Maendly Humbert

Boesch(CExD)

Van Zelm

Endpoint (Damage)

Pfister

Motoshita

Pfister Pfister




Boulay

Maendly Humbert

Boesch(CExD)

Van Zelm

Endpoint (Damage)

Pfister

Motoshita

Pfister Pfister


Seckler

Scarcity indexes

Smakhtin

Falkenmark

Ohlsson

Alcamo

Sullivan

Pfister

Water Poverty Index

Gleick


Raskin

Indexes


Seckler

Scarcity indexes

Smakhtin

Falkenmark

Ohlsson

Alcamo

Sullivan

Pfister

Water Poverty Index

Gleick


Raskin

Indexes

Ecoinvent




GaBi

Mila-I-Canals

Ecoinvent




GaBi

Mila-I-Canals



Boulay

ResourcesResources

Pfister


Chapagain Hoekstra


Pfister


Pfister



Boulay

ResourcesResources

Pfister


Chapagain Hoekstra


Pfister


Pfister

What and How much (m3)

Potentialproblems?Potential

problems?


quantification?


quantification?

Inventory &

Categorize

Impact

Net Damage

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Risks to Business

Physical Risks Regulatory / Litigation Risks

Reputational Risks

Supply Chain

Interruptions of Productivity

Costs of Compliance

Public Perceptions and Brand Reputation

Production

Product Use

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Physical risks

Deficiency or CompensationScarcityQuality

T-shirt produced in India and Turkey

SIMPLIFIED RESULTS

Regionalization of impacts

Greenhouse gases emissions

Greenhouse gases emissions (from deforestation)

Water use (including “green water”)

Water impact (human health and ecosystems)

Risks associated with

water use:Water pollution

Risks associated with water use:

Water rightsWater pollution

Ground water over exploitation


Water pollutionGround water over

exploitationReduced availability for

nutrition


Water pollutionGround water over

exploitationRiver drying

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Geen Water LCI

(Source: Nunez Montserrat, SETAC EU 2010)

Implications of Water Shortages

• Ecosystem quality• Lakes and rivers drying• Disappearance of wetlands• Lack of water for wildlife

• Human health and welfare• Disease• Displacement• Conflict / warfare• Nutrition• Economic development

• Resources• Future development and response

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A Global Presence

Academic Partners

Diverse Clientele

About Quantis

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INVENTORY IN THE MODEL

HHimpact = Human health impacts in DalyCFi = Characterization factor for water type i for the impact

category Human Health (in Daly/m3 of water type i consumed) Vi = Volume of water type i – inventory value (in m3), positive value

for water withdrawn and negative value for released flows

)(HHimpact iiiVCF

The method assesses the impacts of the water withdrawal and credits the impacts of the water release

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INVENTORY

13 Water classes described by:- Source (surface, ground or rain)- Quality (34 parameters + organics)- Users it can be functional for

Class i

Source Quality Users it can serve

S1 Surface low microbial, low toxic All usersS2a Surface low microbial, medium

toxicAll except Domestic 1 and fisheries

… … … …G1 Ground

water Mediocre quality All offstream users

…Rain Rain All users

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i: Scarcity of water class i (dimensionless)

Di,j: User j distribution of water class i (dimensionless)

AC : Adaptation capacity (dimensionless)

E j: Effect factor for user j (DALY/m³)

DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

)1(CF ,i jjiij

EACD

FATE EXPOSURE EFFECT

Chara

cteris

ation

facto

r for

wate

r i

(DALY

/m3 )

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SURFACE WATER SCARCITY

)1(CF ,i jjiij

EACD

PROPOSED AS A MIDPOINT INDICATOR

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)1(CF ,i jjiij

EACD

DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – EFFECT FACTOR

Di,j = User’s distribution of water type i for activity j (no units)

• Assesses the proportion of the elementary flow affecting each user.

• Based on 1) Quality of the water : its functionality 2) Geographical region :intensity of each activity in

that region

)1(CF ,i jjiij

EACD

DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – ADAPTATION CAPACITY

No compensation

Proportional adaptation

100% compensation

Proportional adaptation

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)1(CF ,i jjiij

EACD

DIRECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH – EFFECT FACTOR

Ej = Effect factor for user j (daly/m3)

Efish/agriculture =

(DALY/m3)

Health Burden by kcal malnutrition* (Daly/kcal)

Water requirement per kcal (m3/kcal)

Edomestic =

(DALY/m3)

Health Impacts from water related issues* (Daly/yr)

Water in deficit for domestic use* (m3/yr)

* Data by country, geometric average used

to produce resulting Effect factor

Effect factors Ej (DALY/m3)

Agriculture Fisheries Domestic6.64 x 10-5 2.05 x 10-5 3.11 x 10-3

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2 options:- Aggregated (as an indicator)- Desaggregated (by user) for modeling of

compensation by system expansion

CAD jij

i,icomp, IS

HOW MUCH WATER SHOULD BE COMPENSATED?

Water deprivation for human uses

Human Health

Ecosystems Quality

Natural resources

All Impact Categories

Backup Technology

HUMAN USES

Modification of water

availability for…

IScomp,i = Impact Score of compensation for water of class i (m³to be compensated/m³water class i)

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USING GIS FOR COMBINING SCALE

208 countriesAdaptation capacitySome quality dataSome statistical data

227 Main WatershedsSome quality data

808 Resulting cellsAll data

0.5° x 0.5° gridWater consumptionWater availability

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RESULTS – HUMAN HEALTH CF

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RESULTS – COMPENSATION

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APPLICATION

• Board production from recycled fibers

Parameter DescriptionInfluent 17.4 m3/ton Quality S2a (average surface water)Effluent 16.4 m3/ton Quality scenario 1 S2a (well treated) Quality scenario 2 S3a (partially treated) Scenario 3 No effluent (all water consumed)

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HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS FROM PRODUCTION OF BOARD IN HANOI FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS

0.E+00

1.E-04

2.E-04

3.E-04

4.E-04

5.E-04

6.E-04

7.E-04

Well-treated effluent

(S2a)

Average effluent

(S3a)

All water consumed

(No effluent)

HHIm

pact

s, bo

ard

prod

uctio

n, H

anoi

(DAL

Y/to

n)

Remaining substances

Arsenic, to air

Arsenic, to water

Dioxins

Ammonia

Hydrocarbons, aromatic

Zinc, to soil

Sulfur dioxide

Particulates, < 2.5 um

Nitrogen oxides

WATER

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NORMALIZED HUMAN HEALTH (HH) IMPACTS AND COMPENSATION VOLUME (COMP) FOR THE PRODUCTION

OF 1 TON OF BOARD

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

HH Cape Town

Comp Cape Town

HH Cologne

Comp Cologne

HH Hanoi

Comp Hanoi

water

process

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DISCUSSIONOnly methodology to

Use adaptation capacityConsider quality of water withdrawn and releasedEvaluate scarcity based on consumed waterEvaluate scarcity for different water qualities Include and differentiate instream/offstream usersIncludes all water types: ground, surface, sea, rain, wastewater, etc...

LimitsUnreliable regional quality dataCases of over/under estimation of impacts due to water categoriesTemporal adaptation of CFUser’s distribution for transport and recreation not evaluatedImpacts from compensation are not evaluatedDoes not include impacts on future generations or ecosystems

FUTURE WORK

Evaluate impacts based on functionalities instead of water classes and compare results

Evaluate fraction of water used by transport and recreation

Identify default compensation scenarios and their impacts

Modeling of the resource depletion aspect of water use