10.2 Islam Expands10.2 Islam ExpandsIn spite of internal In spite of internal

conflicts, the conflicts, the Muslims create a Muslims create a huge empire that huge empire that includes land on includes land on three continents.three continents.

VocabularyVocabulary Caliph Highest political and religious

leader in a Muslim government Umayyads Dynasty that ruled the

Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 to 750 Sunni Branch of Islam whose

members believe the first four caliphs are the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shi’a Branch of Islam whose members believe Ali and his descendants are the rightful successors of Muhammad

VocabularyVocabulary Sufi Muslim who tries to achieve

direct contact with God Abbasids Dynasty that ruled much

of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258

al-Andalus Muslim-ruled area in what is now Spain

Fatimid Member of a Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter Fatima

Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

A New LeaderA New Leader• In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect

Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.• Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means

“successor” or “deputy.“successor” or “deputy.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

““Rightly Guided” CaliphsRightly Guided” Caliphs• The first four caliphs are guided by the The first four caliphs are guided by the

Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.• Jihad—an armed struggle against Jihad—an armed struggle against

unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.• Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies

conquer Syria and lower Egypt.conquer Syria and lower Egypt.• By 750, the Muslim empire stretches By 750, the Muslim empire stretches

from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus River.River.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success• Muslim armies are well disciplined and Muslim armies are well disciplined and

expertly commanded.expertly commanded.• Byzantine and Sassanid empires are Byzantine and Sassanid empires are

weak from previous conflict.weak from previous conflict.• Persecuted citizens of these empires Persecuted citizens of these empires

welcome Islam.welcome Islam.• People are attracted to Islam’s offer of People are attracted to Islam’s offer of

equality and hope.equality and hope.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread IslamMuhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Treatment of Conquered PeoplesTreatment of Conquered Peoples• Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.• Christians and Jews receive special Christians and Jews receive special

consideration as “people of the book.”consideration as “people of the book.”

From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on camels were successful in conquering lands in the name of Allah.

Internal Conflict Creates a CrisisInternal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Rise of the UmayyadsRise of the Umayyads• Struggles for power end the elective Struggles for power end the elective

system of choosing a caliphsystem of choosing a caliph• A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take

power and move the capital to power and move the capital to Damascus.Damascus.

Internal Conflict Creates a CrisisInternal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Sunni—Shi’a SplitSunni—Shi’a Split• Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph

should be a descendant of Muhammad.should be a descendant of Muhammad.• Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s

example—supported the Umayyads.example—supported the Umayyads.• Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and

spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.• In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—

topple the Umayyads.topple the Umayyads.

Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents

Fall of the UmayyadsFall of the Umayyads• Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one

prince escapes, Abd al-Rahmanprince escapes, Abd al-Rahman• He flees to Spain and establishes the He flees to Spain and establishes the

Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.• al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern

Spain settled by North Africans.Spain settled by North Africans.

Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents

Abbasids Consolidate PowerAbbasids Consolidate Power• In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital

from Damascus to Bagdad.from Damascus to Bagdad.• Location provides access to trade goods, Location provides access to trade goods,

gold, and information.gold, and information.• Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy

to manage empire.to manage empire.

Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents

Rival Groups Divide Muslim LandsRival Groups Divide Muslim Lands• Independent Muslim states spring up; Independent Muslim states spring up;

Shi’a Muslims form new caliphateShi’a Muslims form new caliphate• Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from

Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.• The Fatimid caliphate begins in North The Fatimid caliphate begins in North

Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.western Arabia, and Syria.

Control Extends Over Three-ContinentsControl Extends Over Three-Continents

Muslim Trade NetworkMuslim Trade Network• Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia

and Europeand Europe• Muslim merchants use Arabic, single Muslim merchants use Arabic, single

currency, and checks.currency, and checks.• Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling

center of Muslim cutlure.center of Muslim cutlure.