1

What have we What have we done this year?done this year?

Well, since Christmas Well, since Christmas anywayanyway

2

There have been 3 main areasThere have been 3 main areas

1. The physical world(a) What is the structure of the earth, the types of plates, the causes of plate movements and the processes that happen along their margins (volcanoes and earthquakes)?What is the structure of a composite volcano + the names of the other types of volcano?What is given out by volcanoes – e.g. ash cloud, lava etc? A case study of one named volcano: its name location and type + 3 other facts about it.(b) What are the processes by which the land’s surface is changed – erosion, transportation, deposition and weathering (this one in detail)?Glaciation – How and what the glaciated features are in an upland area?

3

There have been 3 main areasThere have been 3 main areas

2.The working world(a) Classification of economic activity into primary, secondary …etc. and their broad meanings and examples. Be able to distinguish between pie charts for LICs, MICs and HICs and explain why(b) For one industry (even your proposed one!), explain where it is and give 3 reasons why that is a good place for it to be.For either S Wales or Korea, what has happened to their industry and why? [ Go for 5 key ideas]

3.Fragile environments - Antarctica(a) What are the main aims of the Antarctic Treaty? What is permitted to be done there as a result?(b) Why is Antarctica so cold?(c) What are the pros and cons of Antarctic tourism

4

You have an exam in 2 weeksYou have an exam in 2 weeks

There will be 7 questions:Question 1will be about knowing where some of the countries in the world are – you will get 10 -15 minutes each week to go and play some quizzes and make sure you know the main countries in the world. Practice continent by continent – but I will give you a list of the most important ones.Question 2Keywords 10 -15 of the type What E means wearing away the soil? So the answer is Erosion.

5

You have an exam in 2 weeksYou have an exam in 2 weeks

Question 3 & 4will be about the physical worldQuestion 5 & 6Will be about the working worldQuestion 7Will be about Antarctica

6

So today we will So today we will remind ourselves remind ourselves

about the about the physical worldphysical world

Any question I ask will have the answers in the

‘notes’ section under the slide if you open it

up to see.

7

The Structure of the The Structure of the EarthEarth

A thin crust - 10-100km thick and not very dense

A mantle – extends almost halfway to the centre, hot and dense

A core – made of molten MICkel and iron. Outer part is liquid and inner part is solid. Gets hot due to radioactive decay.

The Earth is believed to be 4500 million years old

8

The convection currents in the The convection currents in the mantle force the plates to movemantle force the plates to move

9

10

Plate Margins Plate Margins

For each one, explain what is happening, and why it has its name.The 4 examples we talked about were the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the Himalayas, the San Andreas Fault and the Andes.Which of these places go with each types of plate margins?

You find earthquakes where ever there are earth movements. But along which plates do you find volcanoes?

11

Main Vent

Crater

Secondary cone

Magma chamber

Composite volcanoComposite volcano

12

Composite VolcanoesComposite Volcanoes

Most are located adjacent to the Pacific Ocean (e.g., Fujiyama, Mt. St. Helens)Large, classic-shaped volcano (1000’s of ft. high & several miles wide at base) with a small craterComposed of layers of lava flows with layer of cinder and ash in between May have very explosive eruptions

13

Shield VolcanoesShield Volcanoes

Broad, slightly domed-shapedMade of layers of frozen lavaMay be 100s of km across and have a large craterProduced by mild eruptions of large volumes of lavaNon-explosive eruptionsMauna Loa on Hawaii is a good example

14

Cinder Cone VolcanoesCinder Cone Volcanoes

Made of loose grainy cinders and no lavaSteep slope angleRather small size about 1 km across with a small craterFrequently occur in groups

Moderately explosiveExample: Paricutin (Mexico)

15

An example of a volcanoAn example of a volcano

Many have your own very good ones stored away – so please look them up and use them.I have one that is very recent. It was on a RED alert on June 4th It is called Puyehue-Cordón Caulle VolcanoIt is in Central ChileIt is a composite volcanoSince June 4th there have been nearly 2000 small earthquakes in the area.People have been evacuated10 km high ash cloud, closed roads and airports.

16

More than 4000 people were evacuatedAsh clouds closed airports in Australia and New Zealand which is over 10,000 km away

17

What is given out by volcanoes?What is given out by volcanoes?

Lava, that can be runny (pahoehoe) and quickly moving, or can be much thicker and more slowly moving (aa)

18

What is given out by volcanoes?What is given out by volcanoes?

Also steam, sulphur (this is often a warning of things to come) and ashThen there is cinderAnd lahars, hot mudflows that are a mixture of water mixed with ash that can go a very fast – up 60km per hour. Pyroclastic flows are clouds of hot volcanic gases, ash and volcanic bombs that can sweep down the volcano's sides and other steep hills at speeds over 100 mph (160km/hr). Often evacuation is the only solution.

19

Processes at work Processes at work

Then we talked about what erodes, transports and deposits the material.Can you remember how we grouped all the things that did this? What are the different things within the this group

Erosion Transport Deposition

20

WeatheringWeathering

So-called because when they first worked it out, they thought that weather was the cause – and some times it is.Physical – freeze thaw – water gets into cracks, freezes and swells causing the crack to enlarge, eventually splitting the rockPhysical – onion skin (by daytime heating and night-time cooling, the outer layers of rocks peal away)Chemical weathering – acid rain dissolves away the rocksBiological weathering plant roots and animals dislodge or splits pieces of rock.

21

At present about 10% of the Earth's surface is ice covered, but about two million years ago the Planet's climate became much colder and as a result of this the polar ice caps extended into lower latitudes to cover over 30% of the Earth's surface at their maximum. This period of time is known as the ice age.

22

As snow layers built up year after year, the lowest layers were compacted into ice and this gradually moves down slope under the force of gravity. Masses of ice which covered large areas of a continent were called ice sheets whilst those which occupy mountain valleys were called valley glaciers.In many parts of Northern Europe, which are now free from ice, striking features of both glacial erosion and deposition can be seen.

23

GlaciationGlaciation

24

25

Revision part 2Revision part 2

26

What did we study?What did we study?

1. Economic activity – about job types2. Why are factories where they are? 3. Why are there so many new Factories in South Korea?4. What is appropriate technology?5. Why did industry in South Wales grow and then die? (this is the one I won’t be going into!)

27

How can we classify jobs – How can we classify jobs – why are the pictures in this order?why are the pictures in this order?

28

Changing employment in Britain Changing employment in Britain This This is just a reminder to explain the patternis just a reminder to explain the pattern

1800

primary75%

tertiary10%

secondary15%

primary secondary tertiary

29

Different countries at different Different countries at different stagesstages

30

IGCSE examination markingIGCSE examination markingOn longer non-factual questions

(the what is this? Type of question)E.g. Look at the pie chart of Burma’s economic activity. Use this to show whether it is an LIC.MIC or HICMarking is ‘levelled’ – Level 1 answer: Burma has 70% primary which means that 70% of the people are farmers or fishermen. So it is an LIC.Level 2 answer: Burma has 70% primary which means that 70% of the people are farmers or fishermen. This shows these jobs take a lot of people to do it and so there cannot be many machines. So it is an LIC.Level 3 answer: Burma has 70% primary which means that 70% of the people are working on the land. This shows farming takes a lot of people to do it and so there cannot be many machines. From this we can tell Burma is not well developed as they do not have the money to invest in machinery, so it is an LIC.That last answer is known as a ‘developed answer’

31

You may remember thisYou may remember this

This is some the things you need to think about when siting industry.Depending on the type of industry, some are more important than others and some don’t count at all

32

The location of one industryThe location of one industry

One assignment you had was to decided on a product to make locally, and then find an ideas site near you for it.Then to explain, why you were going to make that product in the area where you live, and then go to look at the chosen area and explain why that worked.You may use this as part of your exam revision if you wish.However, some of you were not here for that – so we are going to look at the development of the Port Talbot iron and steel works as an example from the real world for those people.

33

IntroductionIntroductionFrom 18th century, local coal + iron ore + limestone led to 100s of small iron works (red spots).Then coal began to be used in the factories of the Industrial Revolution. And being good quality, lots was mined and some was exported for railways throughout the world.But the iron ran out.So the ore needed to be brought into the docks – where are they?

And steel rather than iron ore was the main product, which needed more space that the tiny iron works in the hills, so…..

34

New steel industry were built at Port New steel industry were built at Port Talbot, Cardiff, Swansea and Talbot, Cardiff, Swansea and

NewportNewport

Can you explain why?

35

Why was Margam, Port Talbot Why was Margam, Port Talbot located where it was?located where it was?

Include what we have said already + think of the star diagram – which of those

apply?

36

Did we get all these?Did we get all these?

37

Newly industrialised countriesNewly industrialised countries

Are those like China, India and Brazil that have turned from being mostly primary producers (farmers and other raw material producers) the secondary producers of manufactured goods over the past 40 years. The 4 in the Far East who have done it quickest are known as Tiger EconomiesThese are Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and TaiwanThe best of all is South Korea which has just about caught up with Europe in about 20 years.

38

The causes of S Korea’s growthThe causes of S Korea’s growthHaving decided that they would never make it if they stayed as a primary producer, the government did several things:

They invested the big steel works at Pohang Iron and Steel corporation They encouraged foreign investment e.g. from the USA with tax breaks and loansThey created a market for their own goods by imposing high import taxes on those items from other countries. They instituted a high quality education program that means that their children are among the best in the world at maths and scienceThey developed their own research and development of hi-tech goodsThey provided a dedicated and substantial workforce that were used to low wages, low taxes that was willing to work long hours.

39

So among South Korea’ So among South Korea’ achievements are …achievements are …

… becoming the world's largest shipbuilder, the world's fifth largest carmaker, and has created major global multinationals (TNCs) such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai-Kia.Consequences - The advantages

More jobs were available, helping to reduce unemployment The rise in income has made more money available and therefore a bigger market for its own goods.More money was also available for leisure time (greater disposable income), resulting in a growth in the countries service sector.More money was invested in the infrastructure, improving road networks and airportsSouth Korea became the leading producer of shipbuilding (due to low labour costs / modern ship building yards)The South Korean car industry flourished, with companies such as Hyndai and Kia linking with industries in the USA / Japan and the companies have also invested in LIC countries.

40

Consequences – the Disadvantages to S Consequences – the Disadvantages to S KoreaKorea

SOCIAL PROBLEMSUnequal pay (women and immigrants paid only 50-75% the wages paid to men), sweat shop working conditions for some and an increase in child labourWorking very long hours (an average of 52 hours a week)Increased rural-urban migration (the most innovative began moving away from the countryside into the nearby cities for work)

41

Consequences – the Disadvantages to S Consequences – the Disadvantages to S KoreaKoreaENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

noise, air and water pollution increased due to the rapid industrialisationthe increase in factories led to smog over citiesincreased traffic volumes led to taxes on road use in the capital, Seoulin some areas which experienced an increase in population, services such as sewage treatment were not able to copeNot all building and development was to a high standardECONOMIC PROBLEMSWhen there was a downturn in World Trade in 1997, many S Korean banks faced huge debts / bankruptcy.They are again faced with an industrial slowdown, as the US and Europe cut back on imports – this is major danger for any country that is highly dependent on exports.

42

The last section The last section of revisionof revision

The AntarcticThe Antarctic

43

Revising Antarctica

44

The Treaty from 1961The Treaty from 1961

The Main point: to keep politics and economic development out of AntarcticaKey ideas – any country can carry out scientific researchAll testing of nuclear weapons and the dumping of radioactive waste is forbidden in AntarcticaNo military activities are allowed in Antarctica – the continent must be used for peaceful purposes onlyClaims to slices of Antarctica by individual countries are set aside so long as the Treaty exists

45

The Treaty from 1961The Treaty from 1961In addition, there have been modifications that protect the flora and fauna of AntarcticaIn particular the Antarctic seals - both Ross and Antarctic fur seals are fully protected – the killing of other seals is tightly controlled – no hunting for skins of any type.Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1982) controls the amount of fishing that is allowed in Antarctic waters by giving licences to fish up to a certain agreed limit (a quota).

46

Many countries have bases in Many countries have bases in AntarcticaAntarctica

As we know the only real justification is for scientific researchWhat kind of things to you think they research? Besides researchers what other jobs are people needed for in Antarctica?If you were on a base, can you think of the problems that might arise, especially if you stay over the winter?

47

Why is the Antarctic so cold?Why is the Antarctic so cold?

The angle of the sun in the

sky

The albedo of snow is about

90%

Then air is clean

So why do all these make it colder then?

48

Why are the pole so cold?Why are the pole so cold?

First, Earth is a sphere. Light and heat from the Sun strike the surface at the Equator straight-on, but the polar regions, where the Earth curves most, get that same light and heat at an angle. In other words, because of the curve of the Earth's surface, light hitting the North and South polar regions spreads across a larger area; this energy strikes the surface at a lower angle.

The North and South poles only get about 60% of light and warmth that reaches the Equator!

49

Another reason it is coldAnother reason it is coldAnother reason for Antarctica's extremely cold temperatures is its high albedo, the amount of solar radiation reflected from a surface. Antarctica is covered with snow and ice; the ice surface is very reflective. Most of the sunlight hitting Antarctica is reflected right back out; very little radiation, or heat, is absorbed into the surface. Albedo = 0% , no radiation is reflected and all is absorbed. Albedo = 100% , all radiation is reflected. Ocean surfaces usually are dark; they have an albedo of about 10-15%. The Antarctic ice sheets, which are white, act like a mirror; the surface albedo can be as high as 90%!

50

What is the ozone layer?What is the ozone layer?Ozone is 3 atoms of oxygen joined

together

The ozone layer is a layer high above the

earth containing ozone

The ozone layer protects the earth from UV light from the Sun getting through - UV

damages living tissue

Why are CFCs so

important?

So what are CFCs?

What is so bad about UV light?

Will it ever get better?

51

What are the issues of human What are the issues of human impact on Antarctica?impact on Antarctica?

There are a lot of natural resources but so far no-one has shown interest in mining etc as it just too difficult. There is commercial fishing and there are pirates who are not obeying the rules Flotsam is an issue as it is hurting the wildlifeBut waste/rubbish/oil are all tightly controlledHowever tourism is a growing issue as more people want to visit.So sticking with tourism – what are the concerns?

52

The pros and cons of tourismThe pros and cons of tourism

What are the controls that attempt to make it safe?What are the dangers?