1 the challenges of sustainable development part 2 dr. kazi f. jalal faculty harvard extension...

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The Challenges of The Challenges of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development

Part 2Part 2

Dr. Kazi F. JalalDr. Kazi F. Jalal

FacultyFaculty

Harvard Extension SchoolHarvard Extension School

ENVR: E115ENVR: E11509/08/0909/08/09

LectureLecture #2 #2

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Outline of Lecture 3Outline of Lecture 3

1. Determinants of Sustainable Development• Consumption• Production• Distribution

2. Global Scenarios & critique

3. Case Examples of Sustainable Development• Rainwater harvesting• Improved cooking stoves• Corporate synergy systems• Lessons learned

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Determinants of Sustainable Determinants of Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

• CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION beyond reasonable limits set by naturebeyond reasonable limits set by nature

• PRODUCTIONPRODUCTIONcharacterized by gross inefficiencies and characterized by gross inefficiencies and mismanagement in the use of water, energy, and mismanagement in the use of water, energy, and mineralsminerals

• DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTIONwhich is grossly inequitablewhich is grossly inequitable

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CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION““the selection, adoption, use ,disposal and recycling of goods and the selection, adoption, use ,disposal and recycling of goods and

services” - Wikipediaservices” - Wikipedia

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Reasons to Look at Consumption Reasons to Look at Consumption PatternsPatterns

1 Eco-efficiency alone can not meet the Eco-efficiency alone can not meet the natural resource appetite following current natural resource appetite following current consumption patterns.consumption patterns.

2 Focus on consumption enables us to look 2 Focus on consumption enables us to look at what is being consumed and how at what is being consumed and how consonant is it in meeting the basic needs consonant is it in meeting the basic needs of peopleof people

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Some Reasons to Look at Some Reasons to Look at Consumption PatternsConsumption Patterns

3 Close look at consumption pattern will illustrate 3 Close look at consumption pattern will illustrate vividly that poor not only consume less but also vividly that poor not only consume less but also pollute littlepollute little

4 Investigation about consumption can tell a great 4 Investigation about consumption can tell a great deal about problematic relationship between deal about problematic relationship between economic growth and satisfaction of basic needs economic growth and satisfaction of basic needs and human aspirations.and human aspirations.

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Religious Revolt Against Religious Revolt Against ConsumerismConsumerism

• ChristianityChristianity““Watch out! Be on your guard against all kinds of Watch out! Be on your guard against all kinds of

greed; a person’s life does not consist in the greed; a person’s life does not consist in the abundance of possessions.”abundance of possessions.”

• ConfucianismConfucianism““Excess and deficiency are equally at fault.”Excess and deficiency are equally at fault.”

• BuddhismBuddhism““By the thirst for the riches, the foolish man destroys By the thirst for the riches, the foolish man destroys

himself as if he were his own enemy.”himself as if he were his own enemy.”

Source: UNDP, 1998

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• HinduismHinduism““When you have the golden gift of commitment you When you have the golden gift of commitment you

have everythinghave everything.”

• IslamIslam““It is difficult for a person laden with riches to climb It is difficult for a person laden with riches to climb

the steep path that leads to bliss.”the steep path that leads to bliss.”

• TaoismTaoism““One who knows he has enough is rich.”One who knows he has enough is rich.”

Religious Revolt Against Religious Revolt Against ConsumerismConsumerism

Source: UNDP, 1998

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ProductDeveloped world share [%]

Developing world share [%]

Per capita consumption: United States/India

Cereals 48 52 6

Milk 72 28 4

Meat 64 36 52

Sawn wood 78 22 18

Paper 81 19 115

Fertilizer 60 40 6

Cement 52 48 7

Copper 86 14 245

Iron and Steel 80 20 22

Aluminum 86 14 85

Inorganic chemicals 87 13 5

Organic chemicals 85 15 28

Cars 92 8 320

Commercial vehicles 85 15 102

Population 24 76 0.28

Total energy 75 25 35

Electricity 79 21 40

Who Consumes?

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1980 1995

USA 15 27

UK 7 16

Percentage of Population that is Obese Percentage of Population that is Obese (BMI > 30)(BMI > 30)

Source: Vital Signs (2001): The Worldwatch Institute

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Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.

BMI = w/h2

w = weight in kg h = height in meters

BMI CategoriesUnderweight < 18.5

Normal weight 18.5 – 24.9

Overweight 25 –29.9

Obese >30

http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi

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PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

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Current Industrial Production Current Industrial Production Patterns: Patterns: 5 Basic Problems5 Basic Problems

1 Using materials & processes causing Using materials & processes causing environmental degradation and health environmental degradation and health hazardshazards

2 Inefficiency of production causing system Inefficiency of production causing system loss and environmental degradationloss and environmental degradation

3 Failure to reflect negative externalities in Failure to reflect negative externalities in product costproduct cost

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Current Industrial Production Current Industrial Production Patterns: Patterns: 5 Basic Problems5 Basic Problems

4 Subsidies of energy, water, & fertilizers Subsidies of energy, water, & fertilizers which mostly benefit the non-poorwhich mostly benefit the non-poor

5 Transaction costs are significantly higher Transaction costs are significantly higher for the poorfor the poor

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New Agricultural Revolution New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)*(Green 2 Revolution)*

1 Redistributive policies that favor access Redistributive policies that favor access of the poor to land and modern inputsof the poor to land and modern inputs

2 Increased public expenditure in less Increased public expenditure in less favored agricultural landfavored agricultural land

3 Increased attention to the needs of small Increased attention to the needs of small holder farms and landless laborers holder farms and landless laborers including creditsincluding credits

* All elements have significant impact on poverty reduction

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New Agricultural Revolution New Agricultural Revolution (Green 2 Revolution)*(Green 2 Revolution)*

4 Increased investment in rain-fed Increased investment in rain-fed agricultural areasagricultural areas

5 Decentralized agricultural research, Decentralized agricultural research, development, and extension system development, and extension system focusing on soil and water managementfocusing on soil and water management

* All elements have significant impact on poverty reduction

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DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCESRESOURCES

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World Development Report, 2006: Equity & Development

• Inequality of distribution of resources results in poverty & weakens development

• To correct the situation WB recommends ensuring more equitable access by the poor to health care, education, credit, land tenure and justice system, among others

• Increase the level of development assistance which is more effective

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Civil Society’s Role in Sustainable Civil Society’s Role in Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

Demand rights to life and healthDemand rights to life and health Demand access to land, water, and other services Demand access to land, water, and other services

when threatened by large infrastructure projects or when threatened by large infrastructure projects or privatization of what used to be common property privatization of what used to be common property resources. resources.

Form user groups to sustainably manage common Form user groups to sustainably manage common property resourcesproperty resources

Mobilize & Organize individuals, households, and Mobilize & Organize individuals, households, and community resources for environmental community resources for environmental improvementimprovement

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Civil Society’s Role in Sustainable Civil Society’s Role in Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

Share information and resources with other groups Share information and resources with other groups about common environmental and political about common environmental and political concerns concerns

Pressure industries to clean up and hold Pressure industries to clean up and hold businesses accountablebusinesses accountable

Increase group empowerment Increase group empowerment Pressure government and developers to take Pressure government and developers to take

seriously the rights and needs of marginalized seriously the rights and needs of marginalized peoplepeople, in particular, in particular

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SCENARIOS FOR GLOBAL SCENARIOS FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

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Recent Studies on Future Scenarios for Recent Studies on Future Scenarios for Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

“Which World? Scenarios for the 21st Century: Global Destinies, Regional Choices” -Allen Hammond of the World Resources Institute, 1998

“Bending the Curve: Toward Global Sustainability” -Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute, 1998

“Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead” -Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute, 2002

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1995 2050

WORST CASE

MIDRANGE CASE

BEST CASE

Industrial Regions North America 26,357 52,013 62,053 77,934 Europe 19,157 50,082 64,549 84,875 Japan 22,120 57,604 76,515 101,988 Transitional Regions Russia 4,493 20,375 29,645 40,490 Eastern Europe 4,461 18,153 26,302 37,577 Developing Regions Latin America 5,684 8,028 22,140 46,862 China 2,920 6,000 15,579 33,477 Southeast Asia 4,362 6,559 17,878 37,786 South Asia 1,513 2,066 5,602 11,678 Sub-Saharan Africa 1,319 1,100 2,876 5,732 North Africa and

Middle East 4,974 5,532 14,626 29,976

Plausible Range of Economic Development by 2050 (per Plausible Range of Economic Development by 2050 (per capita GNP, constant 1995 U.S. dollars)capita GNP, constant 1995 U.S. dollars)

Adapted from Hammond, 1998

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Sustainable Development 2050Sustainable Development 2050

Scenarios Essential Characteristics

Constructed from various sources

1. MARKET WORLD •GDP growth•Technological innovation•Global economic integration•Market-based instruments for environmental protection

2. FORTRESS WORLD

3. TRANSFORMED WORLD

•Government control against social wrong-doings and unconstrained markets•Meeting basic needs for all

•Fundamental change in social values and cultural norms•New coalition for power sharing and working from grassroots up•Market force still remains effective tool for economic growth—not a substitute but a supplement to the following•Economic, environmental and social choices determined by people in a participatory and democratic manner•Promote and maintain solidarity, peace and justice in the world

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Sustainable Development-a critique

• SD is more about establishing global peace and democracy than intergenerational equity

• The World is not going to run out of natural resources

• The real state of the world is better than what the environmentalists think

• SD can be damaging for the poor• Ineffective development assistance can not make

development sustainable

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Current preferences of IFIs

High/middle Income

countries

Low income countries

Hard sector XXXX XX

Soft sector XXX X

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Definition of EHMs

• “Economic hit men (EHMs) are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillion dollars. They funnel money from the World Bank, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and other foreign “aid” organizations into the coffers of huge corporations and the pockets of a few wealthy families who control the planet’s natural resources…”

-John Perkins, 2004

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TOR of EHMs

• “Claudine told me that there were two primary objectives of my work. First, I was to justify huge international loans that would funnel money back to MAIN and other U.S. companies (such as Bechtel, Halliburton, Stone & Webster, and Brown & Root) through massive engineering and construction projects. Second, I would work to bankrupt the countries that received these loans (after they had paid MAIN and the other US contractors, of course) so that they would be forever beholden to their creditors, and so they would present easy targets when we need favours, including military bases, UN votes, or access to oil and other natural resources.”

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CASECASE STUDIESSTUDIES

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Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, IndiaRajasthan, India

““largest mobilization of people for environmental largest mobilization of people for environmental regeneration”regeneration”

ProblemProblem::

Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a low water Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a low water tabletable

Project: Project:

In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local voluntary In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local voluntary organization, assisted a village in building 3 small rain water organization, assisted a village in building 3 small rain water harvesting structures called check dams. Check dams store harvesting structures called check dams. Check dams store monsoon rains, irrigate fields, and allow water to percolate monsoon rains, irrigate fields, and allow water to percolate through the ground to increase water table. through the ground to increase water table.

Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

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ProgressProgress:: Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650 villages.Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650 villages. Villagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 mVillagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 m2 2 of land.of land. Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on average.Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on average. Forest cover increased by 33%Forest cover increased by 33% 5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially Agriculture is more productive and self-sustainingAgriculture is more productive and self-sustaining Average annual per capita income increased by $19.78Average annual per capita income increased by $19.78 For every dollar invested in check dams, economic For every dollar invested in check dams, economic

production in villages increased by $4.20.production in villages increased by $4.20.


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Social ImpactSocial Impact::

Project has helped reverse some of the negative social impacts Project has helped reverse some of the negative social impacts associated with environmental degradation. As a result, there isassociated with environmental degradation. As a result, there is:

reduced migrationreduced migrationincreased attendance in schoolsincreased attendance in schoolsreduced crime ratesreduced crime ratesincreased participation of women in village decisionsincreased participation of women in village decisions


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Improved Cook-stoves Program in Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of Chinathe People’s Republic of China

BackgroundBackground::

Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76% of rural Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76% of rural households after 15 years of implementation without any households after 15 years of implementation without any direct government subsidy.direct government subsidy.

StrategiesStrategies Work began in areas where people showed desire for Work began in areas where people showed desire for

improved cook-stoves.improved cook-stoves. Research and development were geared toward designing Research and development were geared toward designing

stoves to match local conditions of fuel, cooking, and stoves to match local conditions of fuel, cooking, and heating needs. heating needs.

Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

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Improved Cook-stoves Program in Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of Chinathe People’s Republic of China

StrategiesStrategies Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring and Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring and

evaluation have been an integral part of the program since evaluation have been an integral part of the program since its inception.its inception.

Government contributions are small (about 15%) and Government contributions are small (about 15%) and restricted to training, administration, and promotionrestricted to training, administration, and promotion

Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is minimal.Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is minimal. Production of the critical parts of the combustion chamber Production of the critical parts of the combustion chamber

is centralized to ensure long-term, high-efficiency stove is centralized to ensure long-term, high-efficiency stove performance.performance.

Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

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Corporate Synergy Systems in Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, ChinaTaipei, China

ObjectiveObjective::

To promote clean production in supply chains consisting of To promote clean production in supply chains consisting of small and medium-sized enterprises using the corporate small and medium-sized enterprises using the corporate synergy system management approach.synergy system management approach.

Corporate synergy systems are initiated under leadership Corporate synergy systems are initiated under leadership of large companies, where upstream suppliers and of large companies, where upstream suppliers and downstream buyers are organized to achieve common downstream buyers are organized to achieve common goals. Central firms of a CSS rank and reward the goals. Central firms of a CSS rank and reward the suppliers in the chain.suppliers in the chain.

Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994

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CSS in ActionCSS in Action:: Cheng-Loong Paper Manufacturing Company organized Cheng-Loong Paper Manufacturing Company organized

CSS program with:CSS program with: 2 Central Firms2 Central Firms 10 upstream suppliers that provide waste paper, machinery, 10 upstream suppliers that provide waste paper, machinery,

chemicals, energy, transportation serviceschemicals, energy, transportation services 3 downstream buyers who are suppliers3 downstream buyers who are suppliers

90% of participating firms were small and medium-sized 90% of participating firms were small and medium-sized enterprisesenterprises


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ResultsResults::

Cheng-Loong system implemented 868 clean production Cheng-Loong system implemented 868 clean production options in 13 months.options in 13 months.

Participating firms invested $991,000 in clean production Participating firms invested $991,000 in clean production measures, measures, resulting in annual benefit of $3.5 million.resulting in annual benefit of $3.5 million.


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Case StudiesCase Studies: Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY of of DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT are:

• Well targeted programs (in terms of area & population)Well targeted programs (in terms of area & population)• Minimum bureaucracyMinimum bureaucracy• Supportive role of the governmentSupportive role of the government• Active role of the community, NGO, and private sectorActive role of the community, NGO, and private sector• Stakeholders responsibility and sense of ownershipStakeholders responsibility and sense of ownership• Strategy for commercializationStrategy for commercialization• Replication of success storiesReplication of success stories

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Case StudiesCase Studies: : Results AchievedResults Achieved

• People (particularly the marginalized groups) derived People (particularly the marginalized groups) derived economic and environmental benefitseconomic and environmental benefits

• Investments are paid off over a short period of timeInvestments are paid off over a short period of time• Occupational hazards were minimizedOccupational hazards were minimized• Cooperation and understanding between affected Cooperation and understanding between affected

communities, NGOs, and private sector increasedcommunities, NGOs, and private sector increased• Market and policy failures were minimizedMarket and policy failures were minimized• Development became meaningful and sustainable.Development became meaningful and sustainable.

1 the challenges of sustainable development part 2 dr. kazi f. jalal faculty harvard extension...

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