1 surveying body of knowledge – preparing professional surveyors for the 21st century by joshua...

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Surveying Body of Knowledge – Surveying Body of Knowledge – Preparing Preparing ProfessionalProfessional SurveyorsSurveyors

for the 21st Centuryfor the 21st Century

ByByJoshua Greenfeld, PhDJoshua Greenfeld, PhD

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The body of knowledge committeeThe body of knowledge committee

Members:Members:• Josh Greenfeld, PhD, LS – Committee chairJosh Greenfeld, PhD, LS – Committee chair• Bob Burtch, PLS, PE – Ferris State UniversityBob Burtch, PLS, PE – Ferris State University• Earl Burkholder, PS, PE – NM State UniversityEarl Burkholder, PS, PE – NM State University• Bob Dahn, PLS – Private practiceBob Dahn, PLS – Private practice• Wendy Lathrop, PLS – Private practiceWendy Lathrop, PLS – Private practice• Joe Paiva, PhD, PLS – Geomatics ConsultantJoe Paiva, PhD, PLS – Geomatics Consultant

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OutlineOutline

• What is a profession?What is a profession?

• Why a “body of knowledge”?Why a “body of knowledge”?

• How is the body of knowledge being How is the body of knowledge being developeddeveloped

• Components of the body of knowledgeComponents of the body of knowledge– Macro and MicroMacro and Micro

• Where we go from hereWhere we go from here

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Why a “body of knowledge”?Why a “body of knowledge”?The definition of a professionThe definition of a profession::

A profession is an occupation, vocation or career A profession is an occupation, vocation or career where specialized knowledge of a subject, field, where specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science is applied. It is usually applied to or science is applied. It is usually applied to occupations that involve prolonged academic occupations that involve prolonged academic training and a formal qualification. It is axiomatic training and a formal qualification. It is axiomatic that that "professional activity involves systematic "professional activity involves systematic knowledge and proficiency."knowledge and proficiency." Professions are Professions are usually regulated by professional bodies that may usually regulated by professional bodies that may set examinations of competence, act as a set examinations of competence, act as a licensing authority for practitioners, and enforce licensing authority for practitioners, and enforce adherence to an ethical code of practice.adherence to an ethical code of practice.

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Why a “body of knowledge”?Why a “body of knowledge”?Professions enjoy a high social status, regard and Professions enjoy a high social status, regard and esteem conferred upon them by society. This high esteem conferred upon them by society. This high esteem arises primarily from the higher social esteem arises primarily from the higher social function of their work, which is regarded as vital to function of their work, which is regarded as vital to society as a whole and thus of having a special and society as a whole and thus of having a special and valuable nature. All professions involve technical, valuable nature. All professions involve technical, specialized and highly skilled work often referred to specialized and highly skilled work often referred to as as "professional expertise.""professional expertise." Training for this work Training for this work involves obtaining degrees and professional involves obtaining degrees and professional qualifications (Licensure) without which entry to the qualifications (Licensure) without which entry to the profession is barred (occupational closure). Training profession is barred (occupational closure). Training also requires regular updating of skills (continuing also requires regular updating of skills (continuing education).education).

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Why a “body of knowledge”?Why a “body of knowledge”?In summary:In summary:

• A profession is founded on knowledge skills and A profession is founded on knowledge skills and education. education.

• The respect for professionals arises from their The respect for professionals arises from their expertise, education, and the impact their work expertise, education, and the impact their work makes on society. makes on society.

• The acquisition of specialized knowledge, skills and The acquisition of specialized knowledge, skills and expertise justifies the special privilege bestowed on expertise justifies the special privilege bestowed on a licensed professional to practice his/her a licensed professional to practice his/her profession and bar everyone else from practicing profession and bar everyone else from practicing the same.the same.

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Why a “body of knowledge”?Why a “body of knowledge”?Internal reasons:Internal reasons:• To formulate the scope of the professionTo formulate the scope of the profession• To promote recognition for the need for college To promote recognition for the need for college

educationeducation• To help surveyors in business developmentTo help surveyors in business development• To develop surveying scholarshipTo develop surveying scholarship

External reasons:External reasons:• To help promote the professionTo help promote the profession• To define the distinctiveness of the professionTo define the distinctiveness of the profession

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Why a “body of knowledge” for Why a “body of knowledge” for surveying?surveying?

A bill to loosen licensing requirements for A bill to loosen licensing requirements for surveying in rural areas of Alabama was surveying in rural areas of Alabama was introduced in the Alabama legislature. In an introduced in the Alabama legislature. In an article on the bill that appeared in the article on the bill that appeared in the Mobile Press Register, the following Mobile Press Register, the following justification for the bill was given:justification for the bill was given:

"PVC pipe made everyone a plumber; "PVC pipe made everyone a plumber; the wire welder made everybody a the wire welder made everybody a welder. GPS made everyone a welder. GPS made everyone a surveyor."surveyor."

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Surveying 25 years ago vs. todaySurveying 25 years ago vs. todayTotal Station (robotic), Total Station (robotic), GPS (RTK)GPS (RTK)

Tapes and Tapes and Transits/TheodolitesTransits/Theodolites

Polar measurementsPolar measurementsMeasurements with Measurements with abscissa and offsetsabscissa and offsets

3D Scanner3D ScannerTopo measurements Topo measurements with Stadiawith Stadia

CAD, GISCAD, GISManual drafting with ink Manual drafting with ink on Mylaron Mylar

NSRS NSRS (national spatial reference system)(national spatial reference system)Assumed coordinatesAssumed coordinates

1 person crew1 person crew3 person surveying crew3 person surveying crew

Rigorous computations Rigorous computations methodsmethods

Approximate Approximate computation methodscomputation methods

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What will surveyors do What will surveyors do 25 years from now?25 years from now?

““It's tough to make predictions, especially about It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” the future.” (Yogi Berra)(Yogi Berra)

However it is safe to predict that:However it is safe to predict that:• Surveyors will use different tools and technologySurveyors will use different tools and technology• Field work will become a smaller component of a Field work will become a smaller component of a

projectproject• Clients and deliverables will changeClients and deliverables will change• Professional surveyors will have to be able to Professional surveyors will have to be able to

adopt new and somewhat different skillsadopt new and somewhat different skills

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SurveyingSurveyingThen Then NowNow

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Knowledge vs. SkillsKnowledge vs. Skills

• SkillSkill is about knowing is about knowing how how and being usefuland being useful

• it’s it’s onlyonly about being able to do things about being able to do things

• it isn’t about knowing it isn’t about knowing whywhy things are as they are things are as they are or or whatwhat exactly they are. It’s just that you can do exactly they are. It’s just that you can do it it

• You don’t have to know how it is you know how to You don’t have to know how it is you know how to do it, eitherdo it, either

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Approaches to developing a body Approaches to developing a body of knowledge of knowledge

• Macro levelMacro level

• Micro levelMicro level

• Technology centeredTechnology centered

• Theory and science centeredTheory and science centered

• Knowledge vs. skillsKnowledge vs. skills

• A combination of the aboveA combination of the above

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Knowledge vs. SkillsKnowledge vs. Skills• KnowledgeKnowledge is knowing is knowing whatwhat, and , and whywhy. . • It’s about knowing the concepts, the terminology. It’s about knowing the concepts, the terminology. • It’s about being able to use concepts from one field to It’s about being able to use concepts from one field to

another, to spot patterns between things. another, to spot patterns between things. • It’s being able to discuss your field with a peer, or read It’s being able to discuss your field with a peer, or read

technical papers about it. technical papers about it. • SkillSkill is about knowing is about knowing how how and being usefuland being useful• it’s it’s onlyonly about being able to do things about being able to do things• it isn’t about knowing it isn’t about knowing whywhy things are as they are or things are as they are or whatwhat

exactly they are. It’s just that you can do it exactly they are. It’s just that you can do it • You don’t have to know how it is you know how to do it, eitherYou don’t have to know how it is you know how to do it, either

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Resources for Body of Knowledge Resources for Body of Knowledge (BoK )(BoK )

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The Macro Level The Macro Level

SurveyingSurveying

Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

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Definitions of Level of CompetenceDefinitions of Level of Competence • Level 1 (Level 1 (RecognitionRecognition) represents a reasonable ) represents a reasonable

level of familiarity with a concept but lacks the level of familiarity with a concept but lacks the knowledge to specify and procure solutions knowledge to specify and procure solutions without additional expertise. without additional expertise.

• Level 2 (Level 2 (UnderstandingUnderstanding) implies a thorough ) implies a thorough mental grasp and comprehension of a concept mental grasp and comprehension of a concept or topic. Understanding typically requires more or topic. Understanding typically requires more than abstract knowledge. than abstract knowledge.

• Level 3 (Level 3 (AbilityAbility) is a capability to perform with ) is a capability to perform with competence. As one grows professionally, competence. As one grows professionally, his/her abilities also develop so that more his/her abilities also develop so that more challenging and difficult problems can be solved.challenging and difficult problems can be solved.

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The 15 BoK OutcomesThe 15 BoK Outcomes

11 ABET outcomes (a-k)A depth outcome

(specialized technical area)

3 Breadth outcomes(Supervision and project

management; business and public policy and administration

leadership)

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The 21The 21stst Century surveyor Century surveyor must demonstrate:must demonstrate:

1.1. an ability to apply knowledge of an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, mathematics, science and engineering/applied science/ science and engineering/applied science/ technology.technology. (ABET (a))(ABET (a))

Commentary: Commentary: • A technical core of knowledge in mathematics, science, A technical core of knowledge in mathematics, science,

and technologyand technology• In imparting the common technical core, students should In imparting the common technical core, students should

understand the fundamentals of several recognized understand the fundamentals of several recognized major surveying areas.major surveying areas.

• Knowledge includes most of the following: mathematics Knowledge includes most of the following: mathematics through linear algebra, probability, statistics and through linear algebra, probability, statistics and statistical testing, physics, economics, geo-spatial statistical testing, physics, economics, geo-spatial representation, and information technology. representation, and information technology.

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2.2. an ability to design and conduct an ability to design and conduct experiments, experiments, as as well as well as analyze analyze and and interpret interpret data. (ABET (b))data. (ABET (b))

Commentary: Commentary: • Surveyors commonly design and conduct field work, Surveyors commonly design and conduct field work,

gather data, process observations, and then analyze gather data, process observations, and then analyze and interpret the results. and interpret the results.

• Professional surveyors should be able to do this in at Professional surveyors should be able to do this in at least one of the current major surveying areas such as: least one of the current major surveying areas such as: geodetic control, field based mapping, imagery based geodetic control, field based mapping, imagery based mapping, boundary surveys, GIS, etc. mapping, boundary surveys, GIS, etc.

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3.3. an ability to an ability to design design a system, component, or a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. (ABET (c))process to meet desired needs. (ABET (c))

Commentary: Commentary: • Design methodology and process elements include Design methodology and process elements include

problem definition, scope, methodology, means, problem definition, scope, methodology, means, analysis, creativity, synthesizing alternatives, iteration, analysis, creativity, synthesizing alternatives, iteration, regulations, codes and safety. regulations, codes and safety.

• Other design elements are bidding on projects, Other design elements are bidding on projects, estimating costs; interaction between planning, design estimating costs; interaction between planning, design and execution. and execution.

• Understanding large-scale systems including the need Understanding large-scale systems including the need to integrate information, organizations, people, to integrate information, organizations, people, processes, and technology. processes, and technology.

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4.4. an ability to function on an ability to function on multi-disciplinary multi-disciplinary teams. teams. (ABET (d))(ABET (d))

Commentary: Commentary: • A professional surveyor should be able to lead a team A professional surveyor should be able to lead a team

as well as participate as a member of a team. as well as participate as a member of a team. • This requires understanding of team formation and This requires understanding of team formation and

evolution, personality profiles, team dynamics, evolution, personality profiles, team dynamics, collaboration among diverse disciplines, problem collaboration among diverse disciplines, problem solving, and time management and being able to foster solving, and time management and being able to foster and integrate diversity of perspectives, knowledge, and and integrate diversity of perspectives, knowledge, and experiences. experiences.

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5.5. an ability to identify, formulate and solve an ability to identify, formulate and solve SurveyingSurveying problems. problems. (ABET e)(ABET e)

Commentary: Commentary: • A professional surveyor should be able to assess A professional surveyor should be able to assess

situations in order to identify surveying problems, situations in order to identify surveying problems, formulate alternatives, and recommend feasible formulate alternatives, and recommend feasible solutionssolutions

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6.6. an understanding of an understanding of professional and ethical professional and ethical responsibility. responsibility. (ABET (f))(ABET (f))

Commentary: Commentary: • The professional surveyor is to hold paramount the The professional surveyor is to hold paramount the

welfare of the public. welfare of the public. • A thoughtful and careful weighing of alternatives when A thoughtful and careful weighing of alternatives when

values conflict is crucial to the responsible conduct of values conflict is crucial to the responsible conduct of surveying. surveying.

• Therefore, a professional surveyor needs to Therefore, a professional surveyor needs to demonstrate an understanding of and a commitment to demonstrate an understanding of and a commitment to practice according to the fundamental principles of practice according to the fundamental principles of ethics and the codes of professional conduct. ethics and the codes of professional conduct.

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7.7. an ability to an ability to communicate communicate effectively. (ABET (g))effectively. (ABET (g))

Commentary: Commentary: • Effective communication includes listening, observing, Effective communication includes listening, observing,

reading, speaking, and writing, and requires reading, speaking, and writing, and requires understanding of the fundamentals of interacting understanding of the fundamentals of interacting effectively with technical and non-technical, individuals effectively with technical and non-technical, individuals or audiences, in a variety of settings. or audiences, in a variety of settings.

• A professional surveyor needs to be versatile with A professional surveyor needs to be versatile with communication and presentation tools such as word communication and presentation tools such as word processing, spreadsheets, slide presentations, processing, spreadsheets, slide presentations, graphics, visualization, the worldwide web and other. graphics, visualization, the worldwide web and other.

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8.8. a broad education necessary to understand the a broad education necessary to understand the impact of Surveying solutions impact of Surveying solutions in a global and in a global and societal context. (ABET (h))societal context. (ABET (h))

Commentary: Commentary: • A professional surveyor needs to appreciate, from A professional surveyor needs to appreciate, from

historical and contemporary perspectives, culture, historical and contemporary perspectives, culture, human and organizational behavior and their impacts human and organizational behavior and their impacts on society, as well as the history of land ownership on society, as well as the history of land ownership and the heritage of the surveying profession. and the heritage of the surveying profession.

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9.9. a recognition of the need for, and an ability to a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in, engage in, life-long learning. life-long learning. (ABET (i))(ABET (i))

Commentary: Commentary: • Life-long learning encompasses Professional Life-long learning encompasses Professional

development and Personal development development and Personal development • Life-long learning options include additional formal Life-long learning options include additional formal

education, continuing education, professional practice education, continuing education, professional practice experience, active involvement in professional experience, active involvement in professional societies, community service, coaching, mentoring, and societies, community service, coaching, mentoring, and other learning and growth activities. other learning and growth activities.

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10.10. a knowledge of a knowledge of contemporary issues. contemporary issues. (ABET (j))(ABET (j))

Commentary: Commentary: • To be effective, professional surveyors should To be effective, professional surveyors should

appreciate the relationship of surveying to critical appreciate the relationship of surveying to critical contemporary issues such as multicultural contemporary issues such as multicultural globalization of surveying practice; raising the quality globalization of surveying practice; raising the quality of life around the globe; the growing diversity of of life around the globe; the growing diversity of society; and the technical, environmental, societal, society; and the technical, environmental, societal, political, legal, economic, and financial implications political, legal, economic, and financial implications of surveying and spatial information projects. of surveying and spatial information projects.

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11.11. an ability to use the techniques, skills, and an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern modern SurveyingSurveying tools tools necessary for necessary for surveying practice. (ABET (k))surveying practice. (ABET (k))

Commentary: Commentary: • This includes the role and use of appropriate This includes the role and use of appropriate

positioning and information technologies, contemporary positioning and information technologies, contemporary analysis and design methods, and applicable analysis and design methods, and applicable standards, as practical problem-solving tools to standards, as practical problem-solving tools to complement knowledge of fundamental concepts. complement knowledge of fundamental concepts.

• The ability to select the appropriate tools for solving The ability to select the appropriate tools for solving different types and levels of problems. different types and levels of problems.

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12.12. an ability to apply knowledge in a an ability to apply knowledge in a specialized specialized area related to Surveyingarea related to Surveying

Commentary: Commentary: • For a professional surveyor, specialized technical For a professional surveyor, specialized technical

coursework (or the equivalent) is expected for this outcome. coursework (or the equivalent) is expected for this outcome. • Examples of specialized technical areas are:Examples of specialized technical areas are:

– legal aspects of surveying, mapping (field or image legal aspects of surveying, mapping (field or image based), visualization, GIS, high order surveying and based), visualization, GIS, high order surveying and Geodesy. Geodesy.

• Specializations could be in non-traditional fields such as Specializations could be in non-traditional fields such as computer science, geography and spatial representation, computer science, geography and spatial representation, and statistics.and statistics.

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Commentary: Commentary: • Professional surveyors often supervise and carry out Professional surveyors often supervise and carry out

projects. projects.

• Project management essentials include project Project management essentials include project manager responsibilities, defining and meeting client manager responsibilities, defining and meeting client requirements, contract negotiation, project work plans, requirements, contract negotiation, project work plans, scope and deliverables, budget and schedule scope and deliverables, budget and schedule preparation and monitoring, equipment, safety, preparation and monitoring, equipment, safety, interaction among professionals from various interaction among professionals from various disciplines, quality assurance and quality control, and disciplines, quality assurance and quality control, and dispute resolution processes. dispute resolution processes.

13.13. an understanding of the elements of an understanding of the elements of supervision and project managementsupervision and project management

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14.14. an understanding of an understanding of business and public business and public policy and administration fundamentalspolicy and administration fundamentals

Commentary: Commentary: • The professional surveyor typically functions within The professional surveyor typically functions within

the private sector but also within the public sector. the private sector but also within the public sector. • This requires at least an understanding of business, This requires at least an understanding of business,

public policy, and public administration fundamentals. public policy, and public administration fundamentals. • Business fundamentals topics in the private sector Business fundamentals topics in the private sector

include legal forms of ownership, organizational include legal forms of ownership, organizational structure and design, income statements, balance structure and design, income statements, balance sheets, economic decisions, finance, marketing and sheets, economic decisions, finance, marketing and sales, billable time, overhead, and profit. sales, billable time, overhead, and profit.

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14.14. an understanding of an understanding of business and public business and public policy and administration fundamentalspolicy and administration fundamentals

Commentary (cont’): Commentary (cont’):

• Essential public policy and administration Essential public policy and administration fundamentals include the political process, public fundamentals include the political process, public policy, laws and regulations, funding mechanisms, policy, laws and regulations, funding mechanisms, public education and involvement, government-public education and involvement, government-business interaction, and the public service business interaction, and the public service responsibility of professionals. responsibility of professionals.

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15.15. an understanding of the an understanding of the role of the role of the leader leader and and leadership principlesleadership principles

Commentary: Commentary: • Leading, in the private and public arena, which Leading, in the private and public arena, which

differs from and complements managing, requires differs from and complements managing, requires broad motivation, direction, and communication broad motivation, direction, and communication knowledge and skills. knowledge and skills.

• Attitudes generally accepted as being conducive to Attitudes generally accepted as being conducive to leadership include commitment, confidence, leadership include commitment, confidence, curiosity, entrepreneurship, integrity, judgment, curiosity, entrepreneurship, integrity, judgment, persistence, positiveness and sensitivity. persistence, positiveness and sensitivity.

• Desirable behaviors of leaders, which can be Desirable behaviors of leaders, which can be taught. taught.

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The 21The 21stst Century surveyor must Century surveyor must demonstrate:demonstrate:

ProfessionalOutcomes 4, 7, 13-15

PracticeOutcomes 6, 8-10

TechnicalOutcomes 1-3, 5, 11-12

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HOWHOW SHOULD IT BE TAUGHT SHOULD IT BE TAUGHT AND LEARNED?AND LEARNED?

The The howhow has two main components: has two main components:

• Undergraduate study leading to a Undergraduate study leading to a baccalaureate baccalaureate degree in surveyingdegree in surveying;;

• Post-BS surveying Post-BS surveying experienceexperience prior to prior to licensure.licensure.

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Formal education and experience Formal education and experience needed to fulfill outcomesneeded to fulfill outcomes

Post licensure Education and Experience

Ability Experience

Understanding Experience

Recognition

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The Micro Level The Micro Level

SurveyingSurveying

Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

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FIG Definition of the Functions FIG Definition of the Functions of the Surveyor of the Surveyor

1.1. The determination of the size and shape of the earth The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurement of all data needed to define the and the measurement of all data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitoring any change therein. and monitoring any change therein.

2.2. The positioning of objects in space and time as well as The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of physical features, the positioning and monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth.surface of the earth.

3.3. The development, testing and calibration of sensors, The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems for the above-mentioned instruments and systems for the above-mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes.purposes and for other surveying purposes.

POSITIONING

POSITIONING

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4.4. The acquisition and use of spatial information from close The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite imagery and the automation of range, aerial and satellite imagery and the automation of these processes.these processes. IMAGINGIMAGING

5.5. The determination of the position of the boundaries of public The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including national and international or private land, including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriate authorities.appropriate authorities.

LAWLAW

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6.6. The design, establishment and administration of geographic The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, information systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.

7.7. The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, including the visualisation objects and phenomena in GIS, including the visualisation and communication of such data in maps, models and and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digital devices.mobile digital devices.

GISGIS

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8.8. The study of the natural and social environment, the The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine resources and the use of measurement of land and marine resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and regional areas.and regional areas.

9.9. The planning, development and redevelopment of property, The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.

10.10. The assessment of value and the management of property, The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.

11.11. The planning, measurement and management of The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the estimation of costs. construction works, including the estimation of costs.

Land DevelopmentLand Development

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Surveying Professional PathsSurveying Professional Paths

GPSApplicationsPhotogrammetry

Career 1Career 1 Career 2Career 2

Business &Management

Core

ResearchSoftware

Development

GISApplications

BoundaryCadastre Special

Surveys

Academia

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Surveying body of knowledgeSurveying body of knowledge

humanities

Law

Business &Management

Core

Engineering

Computer &Information Sciences

Math & Statistics

Communication &Leadership

PhysicalScienceSocial Science GIS

PositioningLand

Development

Imagery Law

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Definitions of Levels of Definitions of Levels of knowledgeknowledge

Level 1: a basic level that is so general that everyone Level 1: a basic level that is so general that everyone in the surveying profession should have.in the surveying profession should have.

Level 2: a depth of knowledge that is required to Level 2: a depth of knowledge that is required to perform activities within this knowledge area if perform activities within this knowledge area if the professional is to have a specialization or the professional is to have a specialization or some other kind of expertise that stands above a some other kind of expertise that stands above a background or general knowledge required for background or general knowledge required for the professional.the professional.

Level 3: a depth of knowledge that enables Level 3: a depth of knowledge that enables performance of research, development and performance of research, development and professional leadership in that knowledge area.professional leadership in that knowledge area.

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The positioning The positioning Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

ByBy

Earl BurkholderEarl Burkholder

andand

Joseph PaivaJoseph Paiva

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Fundamental Concepts of PositioningFundamental Concepts of PositioningA first-level breakdown of positioning includes A first-level breakdown of positioning includes

knowledge of:knowledge of:• MeasurementsMeasurements (both equipment and processes) of (both equipment and processes) of

physical quantities in various combinations: physical quantities in various combinations: distances, angles, time, temperature, current, distances, angles, time, temperature, current, pressures, and mass. pressures, and mass.

• Physical lawsPhysical laws that govern how measured quantities that govern how measured quantities are reduced to their geometrical components.are reduced to their geometrical components.

• Solid geometry and other mathematical toolsSolid geometry and other mathematical tools used to used to describe the spatial relationships of points, lines, describe the spatial relationships of points, lines, surfaces, and objects in the context of coordinate surfaces, and objects in the context of coordinate systems and datums.systems and datums.

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Fundamental Concepts of Fundamental Concepts of PositioningPositioning

• Computer toolsComputer tools (both hardware and software) used (both hardware and software) used to manipulate 3-D digital spatial data.to manipulate 3-D digital spatial data.

• Error propagation, least squares adjustmentError propagation, least squares adjustment and and other tools required to determine, monitor, and other tools required to determine, monitor, and evaluate spatial data accuracy.evaluate spatial data accuracy.

• Standards and specificationsStandards and specifications used throughout the used throughout the spatial data user community for evaluating, spatial data user community for evaluating, assessing, and categorizing spatial data to assessing, and categorizing spatial data to determine suitability for given applications.determine suitability for given applications.

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Fundamental Concepts of Fundamental Concepts of PositioningPositioning

• Information managementInformation management as related to as related to establishing and preserving the value of spatial establishing and preserving the value of spatial data. data.

• Communication principlesCommunication principles within the context of within the context of personal and business relationships as well as personal and business relationships as well as professional interactions within a discipline and professional interactions within a discipline and between disciplines. between disciplines.

• Economic, business, and legalEconomic, business, and legal (sans boundary) (sans boundary) conceptsconcepts as related to successful participation in as related to successful participation in a successful organization or enterprise. a successful organization or enterprise.

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MeasurementsMeasurementsKnowledge AreaKnowledge Area Issues and activitiesIssues and activities

1.1. Knowledge of how to evaluate a Knowledge of how to evaluate a situation to determine what situation to determine what measurements need to be made measurements need to be made using principles of surveying pre-using principles of surveying pre-analysisanalysis

Geometries; terrain; Geometries; terrain; field conditions; field conditions; reconnaissance; reconnaissance; cost and time cost and time budgetsbudgets

2.2. Select appropriate technology Select appropriate technology and field procedure based on and field procedure based on analysis of the situation and an analysis of the situation and an understanding of the technical understanding of the technical differences between technologies differences between technologies that may be applied, to make the that may be applied, to make the measurements requiredmeasurements required

Includes peripheral Includes peripheral devices; devices; consideration of consideration of capabilities of capabilities of technicians who technicians who will make will make measurementsmeasurements

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3.3. Make the required measurements Make the required measurements accounting for systematic errors accounting for systematic errors as required for the results desired, as required for the results desired, and being cognizant of the and being cognizant of the techniques to attain accuracy and techniques to attain accuracy and precisionprecision

Field conditions; Field conditions; natural, instrument, natural, instrument, and personal error and personal error sources; design of sources; design of appropriate appropriate proceduresprocedures

4.4. Ability to identify the appropriate Ability to identify the appropriate mathematical models to use in a mathematical models to use in a given situation to best represent given situation to best represent the features and the area being the features and the area being surveyedsurveyed

Projections; datums, Projections; datums, ellipsoids, ellipsoids, coordinate systemscoordinate systems

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5.5. Establish control as requiredEstablish control as required Design or follow control Design or follow control survey specifications survey specifications as appropriateas appropriate

6.6. Perform surveyPerform survey Follow survey design, Follow survey design, make ad hoc changes make ad hoc changes to design due to to design due to unanticipated unanticipated conditions or factorsconditions or factors

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Data Analysis and ManagementData Analysis and ManagementKnowledge AreaKnowledge Area Issues and activitiesIssues and activities

1.1. Examine data for completenessExamine data for completeness Blunder detection; Blunder detection;

2.2. Post-process to remove Post-process to remove systematic errors remaining; systematic errors remaining; evaluate random errorevaluate random error

3.3. Analyze data for precision; draw Analyze data for precision; draw conclusions about accuracyconclusions about accuracy

Positional accuracyPositional accuracy

4.4. Determine if additional Determine if additional measurements are requiredmeasurements are required

Re-measurements of Re-measurements of initial data not up to initial data not up to specifications; or that specifications; or that are missing to are missing to accomplish survey accomplish survey requirementsrequirements

54

Data Analysis and ManagementData Analysis and ManagementKnowledge AreaKnowledge Area Issues and activitiesIssues and activities

5.5. Integrate data from various Integrate data from various sensor into a homogenous sensor into a homogenous databasedatabase

Metadata managementMetadata management

55

AdjustmentsAdjustments

Knowledge AreaKnowledge Area Issues and activitiesIssues and activities

1.1. Apply statistical and Apply statistical and adjustment tools to adjustment tools to improve quality of improve quality of information being reportedinformation being reported

Traverse calculations and Traverse calculations and adjustment, level loop adjustment, level loop adjustments, remove adjustments, remove aberrant dataaberrant data

2.2. Calculate integrity of Calculate integrity of networks and other networks and other geometriesgeometries

Strength of figureStrength of figure

3.3. Apply principles of Apply principles of geodesygeodesy

56

Coordinate GeometryCoordinate Geometry Knowledge AreaKnowledge Area Issues and Issues and

activitiesactivities

1.1. Apply 2-D and 3-D transformationsApply 2-D and 3-D transformations

2.2. Determine projected coordinatesDetermine projected coordinates

3.3. Determine geodetic coordinatesDetermine geodetic coordinates

4.4. Determine positions of surveyed Determine positions of surveyed pointspoints

Accuracy Accuracy estimatesestimates

5.5. Determine position or configuration Determine position or configuration of designed points, lines, surfaces of designed points, lines, surfaces and volumesand volumes

6.6. Determine areas and volumesDetermine areas and volumes

57

Information ExtractionInformation Extraction

Knowledge AreaKnowledge Area Issues and Issues and activitiesactivities

1.1. Report positions, lines, surfaces Report positions, lines, surfaces and volumesand volumes

Level of confidenceLevel of confidence

2.2. Report conclusions, deductions Report conclusions, deductions and inductionsand inductions

Abstract thinking, Abstract thinking, designdesign

3.3. Create maps and reports that are Create maps and reports that are project and “consumer-specific”project and “consumer-specific”

Creative designCreative design

4.4. Use CAD to generate user Use CAD to generate user productsproducts

58

The Imaging The Imaging Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

ByBy

Robert BurtchRobert Burtch

59

The definition of imageryThe definition of imageryPhotogrammetry:Photogrammetry:

““The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording, measuring, and through processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena” phenomena” ASPRS ASPRS

Photogrammetry includes additional tools garnered from Photogrammetry includes additional tools garnered from other disciplines, including:other disciplines, including:

Image processing, compression, enhancement, Image processing, compression, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, primitives, pattern recognition, restoration, segmentation, primitives, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, image understanding, and computer artificial intelligence, image understanding, and computer vision, just to mention a few. vision, just to mention a few. Mikhail Mikhail

60

The definition of imageryThe definition of imageryRemote sensing:Remote sensing: Lillesand and Kiefer Lillesand and Kiefer

““The science and art of obtaining information about an The science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation”object, area, or phenomenon under investigation”

A broader definition of imagery could include:A broader definition of imagery could include:

Other types of data collection, such as laser scanning, Other types of data collection, such as laser scanning, echo sounding and sonar and more.echo sounding and sonar and more.

61

Imagery Body of KnowledgeImagery Body of Knowledge

Knowledge areaKnowledge area TopicsTopics

Cameras and otherCameras and otherSensorsSensors

Metric versus non-metric camerasMetric versus non-metric cameras

Sensor characteristicsSensor characteristics

Calibration methodsCalibration methods

ResolutionResolution

Scanners and other sensorsScanners and other sensors

62



Photography andPhotography andImagingImaging

Principles of opticsPrinciples of optics

Aperture and shutter relationshipAperture and shutter relationship

Films and digital imagesFilms and digital images

Characteristic curve, Fall-offCharacteristic curve, Fall-off

Electromagnetic spectrum (including Electromagnetic spectrum (including Planck’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Law, Planck’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Law, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Wien’s Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Wien’s Displacement Law)Displacement Law)

Interactions with atmosphere and Interactions with atmosphere and surfacessurfaces

63



PhotoPhotomeasurementsmeasurements

Coordinate system for imageCoordinate system for image

Methods for measuring image Methods for measuring image positionspositions

Distortions to measurements (film Distortions to measurements (film deformation, lens distortion, deformation, lens distortion, atmospheric refraction, earth atmospheric refraction, earth curvature)curvature)

64



Geometry ofGeometry ofPhotographPhotograph

Determination of scaleDetermination of scale

Relief displacementRelief displacement

Tilt displacementTilt displacement

Determination of ground Determination of ground distance/coordinatesdistance/coordinates

Determination of exterior orientationDetermination of exterior orientation

Digital DataDigital DataMethods of depicting resolutionMethods of depicting resolution

Data formatsData formats

65

Imagery Body of KnowledgeImagery Body of KnowledgeKnowledge areaKnowledge area TopicsTopics

Stereoscopy andStereoscopy andParallaxParallax

Depth perceptionDepth perception

Use of stereoscopeUse of stereoscope

Y-parallax causes and solutionsY-parallax causes and solutions

Flight-line axis systemFlight-line axis system

Parallax measurementsParallax measurements

AnalyticalAnalyticalPhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry

Collinearity and coplanarity Collinearity and coplanarity conditionsconditions

Space resection and intersectionSpace resection and intersection

Analytical stereomodelAnalytical stereomodel

Analytical aerotriangulation principlesAnalytical aerotriangulation principles

Simultaneous bundle adjustmentSimultaneous bundle adjustment

66


StereoplottersStereoplottersBasic principles of designBasic principles of design

Analytical and digital plottersAnalytical and digital plotters

Mapping PrinciplesMapping Principles

Compilation of planimetric featuresCompilation of planimetric features

Contour generationContour generation

DEM principlesDEM principles

Mapping and GISMapping and GIS

Digital ImageDigital ImageProcessingProcessing

Digital image modelDigital image model

Contrast enhancementContrast enhancement

Spectral transformationSpectral transformation

Resampling strategies (nearest Resampling strategies (nearest neighbor, bilinear, bicubic)neighbor, bilinear, bicubic)

67



DigitalDigitalPhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry

Image measurementsImage measurements

Epipolar geometryEpipolar geometry

Image matching strategiesImage matching strategies

Automation methods (aerotriangulation, Automation methods (aerotriangulation, DEM, orthophtographs)DEM, orthophtographs)

Project PlanningProject Planning

Determination of end lap and side lapDetermination of end lap and side lap

Determination of flying height (C-factor)Determination of flying height (C-factor)

Creation of flight mapCreation of flight map

Conditions affecting flight performanceConditions affecting flight performance

68



Close-RangeClose-RangePhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry

Use of metric and non-metric Use of metric and non-metric camerascameras

Determination of camera calibrationDetermination of camera calibration

Oblique terrestrial photographyOblique terrestrial photography

SurveyingSurveyingPrinciples forPrinciples forImageryImagery

Field data collection methodologiesField data collection methodologies

Principles of GPS, IMUPrinciples of GPS, IMU

Coordinate transformation between Coordinate transformation between sensor framessensor frames

Ground control and targettingGround control and targetting

69


Land ObservingLand ObservingSatellitesSatellites

Landsat system, CORONA, SPOT, Landsat system, CORONA, SPOT, IKONOS, etcIKONOS, etc

Large, medium, small resolution Large, medium, small resolution systemssystems

Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages and disadvantages

Microsatellite sensor systems UAVsMicrosatellite sensor systems UAVs

Active MicrowaveActive MicrowaveSystemsSystems

Geometry of radar and wavelengthGeometry of radar and wavelength

Penetration of signalPenetration of signal

Real aperture and synthetic aperture Real aperture and synthetic aperture systemssystems

Radar interferometry, IFSARRadar interferometry, IFSAR

RadargrammetryRadargrammetry

70



Laser ScanningLaser Scanning

Lidar signals characteristicsLidar signals characteristics

Fusion of sensors and dataFusion of sensors and data

Geometry between framesGeometry between frames

Processing terrestrial and airborne dataProcessing terrestrial and airborne data

Topographic versus bathymetric versus Topographic versus bathymetric versus terrestrialterrestrial

71



DEMDEMTechnologiesTechnologies

Enabling technologies in data collectionEnabling technologies in data collection

Sampling strategiesSampling strategies

Types of sonar, principles of sonar Types of sonar, principles of sonar systemssystems

Delaunay triangulation, grid structureDelaunay triangulation, grid structure

Capabilities and limitation of Capabilities and limitation of technologiestechnologies

Accuracy assessment/standardsAccuracy assessment/standards

72

The Legal The Legal Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

ByBy

Wendy LathropWendy Lathrop

andand

Robert DahnRobert Dahn

73

The need for legal knowledgeThe need for legal knowledge

• The practice of every design professional The practice of every design professional is intimately tied to the law is intimately tied to the law

• Surveyors are involved in a legal bond Surveyors are involved in a legal bond between themselves and their client – between themselves and their client – known as the contract known as the contract

• Surveyors may be called to court as Surveyors may be called to court as defendants, professional witnesses, or defendants, professional witnesses, or expert witnesses expert witnesses

Why know the law: Why know the law: “surveyor” defined “surveyor” defined

• “…“…educated in the principles of mathematics, educated in the principles of mathematics, the related physical and applied sciences, and the related physical and applied sciences, and the relevant requirements of lawthe relevant requirements of law…” …”

(New Jersey)(New Jersey)

• “…“…special knowledge of the principles of special knowledge of the principles of mathematics, the related physical and applied mathematics, the related physical and applied sciences, and sciences, and the relevant requirements of the relevant requirements of lawlaw for adequate evidence of the act of for adequate evidence of the act of measuring and locating land…” (Alaska)measuring and locating land…” (Alaska)

74

75

The (legal) practice of surveyingThe (legal) practice of surveyingWhat may be permitted under one surveying What may be permitted under one surveying license may not be permitted in anotherlicense may not be permitted in another– Maryland allows (and expects) licensed professional Maryland allows (and expects) licensed professional

land surveyors to prepare and design plans that land surveyors to prepare and design plans that include “road and street grades; sediment and include “road and street grades; sediment and erosion control measures; nonpressurized closed erosion control measures; nonpressurized closed storm drainage and stormwater management storm drainage and stormwater management systems; and open conduit storm drainage and systems; and open conduit storm drainage and stormwater management systems” when such work stormwater management systems” when such work is “undertaken in conjunction with site development is “undertaken in conjunction with site development or subdivision”or subdivision”

– In nearby New Jersey such design work is In nearby New Jersey such design work is “unlawful” for PLS“unlawful” for PLS

76

Surveying and the LawSurveying and the Law

• While a surveyor is not to make legal While a surveyor is not to make legal determinations (unless also admitted to the bar), determinations (unless also admitted to the bar), the professional must be familiar with how the the professional must be familiar with how the law treats determinations of fact, which both the law treats determinations of fact, which both the surveyor and the jury must weigh. surveyor and the jury must weigh.

• The legal body of knowledge provides a firm The legal body of knowledge provides a firm basis for the surveyor’s career-long pursuit of basis for the surveyor’s career-long pursuit of the broadest possible array of legal information the broadest possible array of legal information to be applied in the determination of that fact. to be applied in the determination of that fact.

77

Legal Knowledge in a typical Legal Knowledge in a typical land development projectland development project

• Limit of professional services by statuteLimit of professional services by statute

• Appropriate contractual languageAppropriate contractual language

• Standards of accuracy requiredStandards of accuracy required

• Basis of orientationBasis of orientation

• Deeded land use restrictionsDeeded land use restrictions

• Environmental land use restrictionsEnvironmental land use restrictions

• Water district restrictions, Coastal Management AreasWater district restrictions, Coastal Management Areas

• Solar easement setbacksSolar easement setbacks

78

Legal Knowledge in a typical Legal Knowledge in a typical land development projectland development project

• Road access - existing and reserved rightsRoad access - existing and reserved rights

• Zoning, lot size, building and use restraintsZoning, lot size, building and use restraints

• Permit and variance proceduresPermit and variance procedures

• Format of final deliverables for approvalFormat of final deliverables for approval

• Other regulatory issues affecting what the professional Other regulatory issues affecting what the professional is required to do both legally and ethically.is required to do both legally and ethically.

79

Legal guidance for surveyorsLegal guidance for surveyors

• ProfessionalismProfessionalism

• Business practiceBusiness practice

• Technical practiceTechnical practice

80

Types of legal materials with which Types of legal materials with which surveyors should be familiar surveyors should be familiar

IssuingIssuingbranch ofbranch of

governmentgovernment

Materials Materials IncludedIncluded

Areas of Areas of surveying surveying

affectedaffected

LegislativeLegislative • Local ordinancesLocal ordinances• State statutesState statutes• Federal statutesFederal statutes

• ProfessionalismProfessionalism• Business practiceBusiness practice• Technical practiceTechnical practice

81

Legislative material provides:Legislative material provides:

• Definition of termsDefinition of terms

• Definition of legal practiceDefinition of legal practice

• Standards of practiceStandards of practice

• Elements of contractsElements of contracts

• Legislative intentLegislative intent

• Business standardsBusiness standards

82


IssuingIssuingbranch ofbranch of




affectedaffected

AdministrativeAdministrative • State regulationsState regulations• Federal Federal

regulationsregulations

• ProfessionalismProfessionalism• Business practiceBusiness practice• Technical practiceTechnical practice

83

Administrative resources guide:Administrative resources guide:

• Standards of practiceStandards of practice

• Business standardsBusiness standards

• Environmental practiceEnvironmental practice

• Land useLand use

84


Issuing Issuing branch ofbranch of




affectedaffected

JudicialJudicial • Rules of evidenceRules of evidence• County court actionsCounty court actions• Probate court actionsProbate court actions• State court actionsState court actions• Federal court actionsFederal court actions

• ProfessionalismProfessionalism• Business practiceBusiness practice

85

Judicial resources supply:Judicial resources supply:

• Rules of evidenceRules of evidence

• Explanation of termsExplanation of terms

• Explanation of what laws mean Explanation of what laws mean (interpretation by application to (interpretation by application to certain fact scenarios)certain fact scenarios)

86


Issuing Issuing branch ofbranch of




affectedaffected

ExecutiveExecutive • Executive orders Executive orders (issued by President (issued by President and governors) and governors)

• Business practiceBusiness practice• Technical practiceTechnical practice

87

Definitions of Levels of Legal Definitions of Levels of Legal knowledgeknowledge

• Level 1Level 1

– Familiarity with topics and practical applications Familiarity with topics and practical applications of the knowledge to fulfill the needs of clients.of the knowledge to fulfill the needs of clients.

– Enough knowledge to know the limits of what the Enough knowledge to know the limits of what the surveyor does or does not knowsurveyor does or does not know

88


• Level 2Level 2

– Specialization within a particular area within the Specialization within a particular area within the realm of surveying. realm of surveying.

• Researching ancient written documentsResearching ancient written documents

• Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues

89


• Level 3Level 3

– Delve even more deeply into the details of a Delve even more deeply into the details of a specific areaspecific area

• Conducting researchConducting research

• Providing innovation in methodology, writing, Providing innovation in methodology, writing, and teachingand teaching

90

The GIS The GIS Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

ByBy

Joshua GreenfeldJoshua Greenfeld

91

The definition of GIS based on The definition of GIS based on Chrisman (Chrisman 2002) Chrisman (Chrisman 2002)

The organized activity by which people:The organized activity by which people:

• measuremeasure aspects of geographic phenomena and aspects of geographic phenomena and processes; processes;

• representrepresent these measurements, usually in the form these measurements, usually in the form of a computer database, to emphasize spatial of a computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entities, and relationships; themes, entities, and relationships;

• operateoperate upon these representations upon these representations to produce to produce more measurementsmore measurements and to discover new and to discover new relationships by integrating disparate sources; and relationships by integrating disparate sources; and

• transformtransform these representations to conform these representations to conform to other to other frameworksframeworks of entities and relationships. of entities and relationships.

92

The definition of GIS based on The definition of GIS based on Chrisman (Chrisman 2002) Chrisman (Chrisman 2002)

Social and Cultural ContextSocial and Cultural Context

Institutional ContextInstitutional Context

TransformationsTransformations

OperationsOperations

RepresentationRepresentation

MeasurementMeasurement

EvaluateEvaluateInside GoalsInside Goals

EvaluateEvaluateInside GoalsInside Goals

Data Quality:Data Quality:Verify Against WorldVerify Against World

Data Quality:Data Quality:Verify Against WorldVerify Against World

ContextContextOrganizes ViewsOrganizes Views

ContextContextProvides GoalsProvides Goals

93

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 1: Analytical Methods (AM)Knowledge Area 1: Analytical Methods (AM)

Objective: Operations to derive analytical results from geospatial dataObjective: Operations to derive analytical results from geospatial data• Query operations and query languagesQuery operations and query languages (Set theory, SQL…)(Set theory, SQL…)

• Geometric measuresGeometric measures ( (Dist, Shape, Proximity, Adjacency and connectivity)Dist, Shape, Proximity, Adjacency and connectivity)

• Basic analytical operationsBasic analytical operations ( (Buffers, Overlay, Neighborhoods, Map algebra)Buffers, Overlay, Neighborhoods, Map algebra)

• Basic Analytical MethodsBasic Analytical Methods ((pattern, Spatial interaction,Multi-criteria evaluation)pattern, Spatial interaction,Multi-criteria evaluation)

• Analysis of surfacesAnalysis of surfaces• Spatial statisticsSpatial statistics (Testing of hypotheses about the nature of spatial pattern, dependency, (Testing of hypotheses about the nature of spatial pattern, dependency,

and heterogeneity)and heterogeneity)

• Geostatistics, Geostatistics, ((Spatial sampling, Semi-variogram modeling, kriging)Spatial sampling, Semi-variogram modeling, kriging)

• Spatial regression and econometricsSpatial regression and econometrics• Data miningData mining• Network AnalysisNetwork Analysis• Optimization and location - allocation modelingOptimization and location - allocation modeling

94

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 2: Conceptual Foundations (CF)Knowledge Area 2: Conceptual Foundations (CF)

Objective: To recognize, identify, and appreciate the explicit Objective: To recognize, identify, and appreciate the explicit spatial, spatio-temporal and semantic components of the spatial, spatio-temporal and semantic components of the geographic environment.geographic environment.

• Philosophical foundationsPhilosophical foundations• Cognitive and social foundationsCognitive and social foundations• Domains of geographic informationDomains of geographic information (Space, Time, Properties)(Space, Time, Properties)

• Elements of geographic, informationElements of geographic, information (Discrete entities, Events, Fields…)(Discrete entities, Events, Fields…)

• RelationshipsRelationships (Topological Metrical Spatial distribution)(Topological Metrical Spatial distribution)

• Imperfections in Geographic informationImperfections in Geographic information (Vagueness Fuzzy sets (Vagueness Fuzzy sets Error-based uncertainty)Error-based uncertainty)

95

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 3: Cartography and Visualization (CV)Knowledge Area 3: Cartography and Visualization (CV)

Visual display of geographic information.Visual display of geographic information.

• History and trendHistory and trend• Data considerationsData considerations (Source materials, Data abstraction, Projections as a (Source materials, Data abstraction, Projections as a

map design issue)map design issue)

• Principles of map designPrinciples of map design (Map design, symbolization, Color, Typography)(Map design, symbolization, Color, Typography)

• Graphic representation techniques Graphic representation techniques (thematic mapping methods, (thematic mapping methods, Dynamic and interactive displays…)Dynamic and interactive displays…)

• Map productionMap production• Map use and evaluationMap use and evaluation (The power of maps, Map reading, interpretation, (The power of maps, Map reading, interpretation,

Map analysis, Impact of uncertainty)Map analysis, Impact of uncertainty)

96

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 4: Design Aspects (DA)Knowledge Area 4: Design Aspects (DA)

Objective: Design of applications and databases for a Objective: Design of applications and databases for a particular need. particular need.

• The scope of GIS&T system designThe scope of GIS&T system design• Project definitionProject definition• Resource planningResource planning• Database design Database design (Logical and physical models)(Logical and physical models)

• Analysis design Analysis design (derived by analysis vs. stored explicitly)(derived by analysis vs. stored explicitly)

• Application design Application design (Workflow, User interfaces, CASE tools(Workflow, User interfaces, CASE tools

• System implementation System implementation (planning, tasks, testing, deployment)(planning, tasks, testing, deployment)

97

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 5: Data Modeling (DM)Knowledge Area 5: Data Modeling (DM)

Objective: Representation of formalized spatial and spatio-Objective: Representation of formalized spatial and spatio-temporal reality through data models and the translation temporal reality through data models and the translation of these data models into data structures that are capable of these data models into data structures that are capable of being implemented within a computational environmentof being implemented within a computational environment

• Basic Storage and retrieval structureBasic Storage and retrieval structure• Database management systemsDatabase management systems (Relational DBMS, Object-oriented, (Relational DBMS, Object-oriented,

Extensions of the relational model)Extensions of the relational model)

• Tessellation data modelsTessellation data models (partitions a continuous surface into a set of non-(partitions a continuous surface into a set of non-overlapping polygons)overlapping polygons)

• Vector and object data modelsVector and object data models (spaghetti, topological, network model, (spaghetti, topological, network model, Object-based spatial databases)Object-based spatial databases)

• Modeling 3-D, Temporal and uncertain PhenomenaModeling 3-D, Temporal and uncertain Phenomena

98

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 6: Data Manipulation (DN)Knowledge Area 6: Data Manipulation (DN)

Three general classes of operation:Three general classes of operation:

1.1. TransformationTransformation into formats that facilitate subsequent into formats that facilitate subsequent analysis,analysis,

2.2. GeneralizationGeneralization and and aggregationaggregation

3.3. TransactionTransaction management (tracking of changes, management (tracking of changes, versioning, and updating.versioning, and updating.

• Representation transformationRepresentation transformation (of data structures, data models, (of data structures, data models, projections, and data representation)projections, and data representation)

• Generalization and aggregationGeneralization and aggregation • Transaction management of geospatial data Transaction management of geospatial data (Modeling (Modeling

database change, Reconciling database change, versioning)database change, Reconciling database change, versioning)

99

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 7: Geocomputation (GC)Knowledge Area 7: Geocomputation (GC)

Methods designed to simulate, model, analyze, and visualize a Methods designed to simulate, model, analyze, and visualize a range of highly complex, often non-deterministic, non-linear range of highly complex, often non-deterministic, non-linear problemsproblems

• Computational aspects and neurotomputingComputational aspects and neurotomputing• Cellular automata (CA) modelsCellular automata (CA) models (computational models in a cell-based space)(computational models in a cell-based space)

• HeuristicsHeuristics• Genetic algorithms (GA)Genetic algorithms (GA)• Agent-based modelsAgent-based models (actors that have hetero geneous characteristics and/or behaviors (actors that have hetero geneous characteristics and/or behaviors

and interact with a heterogeneous environment)and interact with a heterogeneous environment)

• Simulation modelingSimulation modeling• UncertaintyUncertainty• Fuzzy SetsFuzzy Sets

100

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 8: Geospatial Data (GD)Knowledge Area 8: Geospatial Data (GD)Objective: Measurements of locations and attributes of Objective: Measurements of locations and attributes of

phenomena at or near Earth's surface.phenomena at or near Earth's surface. • Earth GeometryEarth Geometry • Land pationing systemsLand pationing systems• Georeferencing systemsGeoreferencing systems (Geographic, Plane coordinate systems, (Geographic, Plane coordinate systems,

Tessellated, Linear referencing systems)Tessellated, Linear referencing systems)

• DatumsDatums ((Horizontal, Vertical datums)Horizontal, Vertical datums)

• Map projectionsMap projections • Data qualityData quality (Geometric, Thematic)(Geometric, Thematic)

• Land surveying and GPSLand surveying and GPS • DigitizingDigitizing• Field data collectionField data collection (Sample size Sample intervals Field data (Sample size Sample intervals Field data

technologies)technologies)

• Aerial imaging and photogrammetryAerial imaging and photogrammetry• Satellite and shipboard remote sensingSatellite and shipboard remote sensing • Metadata, standards and infrastructuresMetadata, standards and infrastructures

101

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 9: GIS&T and Society (GS)Knowledge Area 9: GIS&T and Society (GS)

Cost, political, ideological, legal, and personal issues Cost, political, ideological, legal, and personal issues associated with GIS venturesassociated with GIS ventures

• Legal aspectsLegal aspects• Economic aspectsEconomic aspects• Use of geospatial information in public sectorUse of geospatial information in public sector• Geospatial information as propertyGeospatial information as property• Dissemination of geospatial informationDissemination of geospatial information• Ethical aspects of geospatial information and Ethical aspects of geospatial information and

technologytechnology• Critical GIS Critical GIS (thinking critically about GIS)(thinking critically about GIS)

102

The GIS&T Body of KnowledgeThe GIS&T Body of KnowledgeKnowledge Area 10: Organizational and Institutional Knowledge Area 10: Organizational and Institutional

Aspects (OI)Aspects (OI)

Management of geographic information systems (GIS)-Management of geographic information systems (GIS)-including hardware, software, data, and workforce-including hardware, software, data, and workforce-within and among private and public organizationswithin and among private and public organizations

• Origins of GIS&TOrigins of GIS&T• Managing GIS operations and infrastructureManaging GIS operations and infrastructure• Organizational structures and ProceduresOrganizational structures and Procedures• GIS&T workforce themesGIS&T workforce themes• Institutional and inter-institutional aspectsInstitutional and inter-institutional aspects (Spatial data (Spatial data

infrastructures, standards, Technology transfer, sharing among organizations)infrastructures, standards, Technology transfer, sharing among organizations)

• Coordinating organizations (national and Coordinating organizations (national and international)international) (Federal agencies, State and regional coordinating bodies, (Federal agencies, State and regional coordinating bodies, Professional organizations, Publications) Professional organizations, Publications)

103

Marbles’ Six Roles Played by Marbles’ Six Roles Played by GIS&T Professionals GIS&T Professionals (Marble 1998)(Marble 1998)

• Basic spatial and computer understandingBasic spatial and computer understanding

• Routine use of basic GIS technologyRoutine use of basic GIS technology

• Higher level modeling applicationHigher level modeling application

• GIS application design and developmentGIS application design and development

• GIS system designGIS system design

• GIS research and software developmentGIS research and software development

• Basic spatial and computer understandingBasic spatial and computer understanding

• Routine use of basic GIS technologyRoutine use of basic GIS technology

• Higher level modeling applicationHigher level modeling application

• GIS application design and developmentGIS application design and development

• GIS system designGIS system design

• GIS research and software developmentGIS research and software development

104

GIS Education for surveyorsGIS Education for surveyors

Routine userRoutine user RR RR PP - -

SpecialistSpecialist RR RR RR PP

ScholarScholar RR PP PP RR

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105

The Land Development The Land Development Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

ByBy

Wendy LathropWendy Lathrop

106

Why a LD Body of Knowledge?Why a LD Body of Knowledge?• To understand the full scope of the proposed To understand the full scope of the proposed

projectproject• To respond appropriately to:To respond appropriately to:

– Requests for Qualifications (RFQs) and Requests for Qualifications (RFQs) and – Requests for Proposals (RFPs). Requests for Proposals (RFPs).

• To allow the surveyor to: To allow the surveyor to: – Play an active role in formulating the contract Play an active role in formulating the contract – Understand the technical and legal ramifications of the Understand the technical and legal ramifications of the

services to be providedservices to be provided– Define division of responsibilities between surveyor and Define division of responsibilities between surveyor and

client to keep project running on time, on budget, and client to keep project running on time, on budget, and without increased liability. without increased liability.

107

Land Development Land Development Body of KnowledgeBody of Knowledge

Communication and writing skills Communication and writing skills

Knowledge areaKnowledge area Issues and activitiesIssues and activities

RFQ and RFP RFQ and RFP documentsdocuments

Evaluate and assess required Evaluate and assess required datadata

Contractual languageContractual language Define scope of services, Define scope of services, responsibilitiesresponsibilities

Verbal and written Verbal and written communication skillscommunication skills

Respond to inquiries, updating Respond to inquiries, updating clientclient

Negotiation skillsNegotiation skills Verbal and written responsesVerbal and written responses

108


Legal knowledge relating to business practiceLegal knowledge relating to business practice


Contractual lawContractual law Protection of both surveyor and Protection of both surveyor and clientclient

Rules of EvidenceRules of Evidence Business record keepingBusiness record keeping

Professional liabilityProfessional liability Contract language, actions, Contract language, actions, insuranceinsurance

Surveying regulationsSurveying regulations State-specified allowed practiceState-specified allowed practice

109


Legal and regulatory constraints and processesLegal and regulatory constraints and processes


Zoning ordinancesZoning ordinances Compliance, variances, Compliance, variances, comparison to proposed comparison to proposed development for suitabilitydevelopment for suitability

Site plan regulationsSite plan regulations SameSame

Building codes and Building codes and permitting processpermitting process

SameSame

Subdivision ordinances Subdivision ordinances and processand process

SameSame

110


Legal and regulatory constraints and processesLegal and regulatory constraints and processes Knowledge areaKnowledge area Issues and activitiesIssues and activities

Certificates of Certificates of Occupancy Occupancy requirements requirements

Compliance with regulatory Compliance with regulatory requirements, understand requirements, understand approval processapproval process

Floodplain, wetland, Floodplain, wetland, riparian, and other riparian, and other environmental reviews environmental reviews or permitting processesor permitting processes

Understand natural and Understand natural and regulatory land use regulatory land use restrictions; assess suitability restrictions; assess suitability of site. of site. Understand compliance and Understand compliance and variance processes.variance processes.

111




Steep slopesSteep slopes Understand natural land use Understand natural land use restrictions, regulatory land restrictions, regulatory land use restrictions; assess use restrictions; assess suitability of sitesuitability of site

Mineral deposits or Mineral deposits or formations formations (karst/limestone, (karst/limestone, mines, etc.)mines, etc.)

Prohibitions, protections, Prohibitions, protections, prior claimsprior claims

112




Soil typesSoil types Percolation, stability: Natural Percolation, stability: Natural land use restrictions, land use restrictions, regulatory land use regulatory land use restrictions, assess suitability restrictions, assess suitability of siteof site

Smart GrowthSmart Growth How to make proposed How to make proposed development complydevelopment comply

113




LEED CertificationLEED Certification Understand levels of Understand levels of certification, compliance certification, compliance factorsfactors

Brownfield Brownfield redevelopmentredevelopment

Environmental safety, Environmental safety, regulatory issuesregulatory issues

Historic architectural Historic architectural and archaological and archaological protection and protection and preservationpreservation

Protective regulations, Protective regulations, private client requirements, private client requirements, compliance and compliance and documentation processesdocumentation processes

114


Understanding of required design for projectUnderstanding of required design for project


Development design, Development design, patterns, and principlespatterns, and principles

Single family, cluster, PUD, Single family, cluster, PUD, infill? infill? Social and physical Social and physical implications of projectimplications of project

Street designStreet design Geometry, length limits, Geometry, length limits, safety and traffic factors. safety and traffic factors. Effect on surrounding areasEffect on surrounding areas

115


Understanding of required designUnderstanding of required design


Storm drainage designStorm drainage design Understand effect on Understand effect on immediate site and immediate site and surroundings (cumulative surroundings (cumulative effects)effects)

Stormwater Stormwater management designmanagement design

SameSame

Grading and earthworkGrading and earthwork SameSame

Stream protection and Stream protection and restorationrestoration

SameSame

116




Wastewater and Wastewater and sewage collection and sewage collection and treatment (public and treatment (public and private)private)

Understand effect on Understand effect on immediate site and immediate site and surroundings (cumulative surroundings (cumulative effects)effects)

Water distribution Water distribution (public and private)(public and private)

SameSame

Utility installation and Utility installation and protectionprotection

SameSame

117




Siltation preventionSiltation prevention Understand effect on Understand effect on immediate site and immediate site and surroundings (cumulative surroundings (cumulative effects)effects)

Soil stability, Soil stability, permeabilitypermeability

Understand effect on Understand effect on immediate site and immediate site and surroundings (cumulative surroundings (cumulative effects), site suitabilityeffects), site suitability

118


Understanding Understanding technology and procedurestechnology and procedures


Cost estimatesCost estimates Understand all processes, time Understand all processes, time and materials required, time and materials required, time frames and scheduling frames and scheduling limitationslimitations

Local approval Local approval processesprocesses

Understand zoning and planning Understand zoning and planning board hearings and applications. board hearings and applications. Timing of submittals, and how Timing of submittals, and how many copies? How many public many copies? How many public hearings? Are other public hearings? Are other public notices required?notices required?

119




Boundary survey of Boundary survey of sitesite

New? Rely on one provided? New? Rely on one provided? Checking it? Reset missing Checking it? Reset missing corners? corners?

Select appropriate Select appropriate method to obtain site method to obtain site topographytopography

Level of accuracy needed, Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technology. assess appropriate technology. If using prior topo, assess its If using prior topo, assess its limitationslimitations

Control surveyControl survey Level of accuracy needed, Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technologyassess appropriate technology

120




Base map Base map preparationpreparation

Level of accuracy needed, Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technologyassess appropriate technology

Construction Construction stakeoutstakeout

Level of accuracy needed, Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technologyassess appropriate technology

Setting interior Setting interior monumentationmonumentation

Density and location of markers, Density and location of markers, acceptable materials. Where acceptable materials. Where required, monumentation required, monumentation records, bond releases, new records, bond releases, new drawings prepared.drawings prepared.

121




Record or “as built” Record or “as built” drawingsdrawings

Understand local Understand local requirements for acceptancerequirements for acceptance

Recording documentsRecording documents Understand local Understand local requirements for acceptancerequirements for acceptance

122

What’s next?What’s next?

• Receive feedback on the body of knowledge Receive feedback on the body of knowledge

findingsfindings

• Streamline all five parts of the body of Streamline all five parts of the body of

knowledge to a consistent documentknowledge to a consistent document

• Lobby national and state societies to adopt and Lobby national and state societies to adopt and

implement the body of knowledge. implement the body of knowledge.

1 surveying body of knowledge – preparing professional surveyors for the 21st century by joshua...

Documents

knowledge skills

body of knowledge macro

surveying body of knowledge

systematic knowledge

body of knowledgecomponents

professional expertise

phd slide

hisher profession