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State Content Standards

Magna Carta

The Bill of Rights (1688 or 1689

Things seldom just-- “happen”. Usually, there is a long line of “incidents” and events, subtle changes in understanding and attitudes, that lead, seemingly inevitably, to a certain end point, that, in retrospect, seem to have been predestined.

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George Santayana (16 December 1863 in

Madrid, Spain – 26 September 1952 in Rome, Italy), was a philosopher, essayist poet and novelist.

Why we NEED history.Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.

Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. When change is absolute there remains no being to improve and no direction is set for possible improvement: and when experience is not retained, as among savages, infancy is perpetual. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. In the first stage of life the mind is frivolous and easily distracted, it misses progress by failing in consecutiveness and persistence. This is the condition of children and barbarians, in which instinct has learned nothing from experience.

George Santayana, The Life of Reason, Volume 1, 1905US (Spanish-born) philosopher (1863 - 1952)

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Road to RevolutionMagna Carta 1215

Enlightenment (1660-1789) scholars use the beginning of the eighteenth

century or the middle of the seventeenth century as a default date

Glorious Revolution 1688English Bill of Rights 1689Salutary Neglect Until 1763

Developing Sense of Rights in the ColoniesBritish Victory in the French and Indian War 1763

Growing Gap in Perceptions-- US vs. Them Mentality(Bungling politicians in England and radical agitators

in the colonies ie.Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams Thomas Paine)

Proclamation of 1763 (tightening control)

Boston Massacre March 5, 1770Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773

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“The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.” Thomas Jefferson

“If you love wealth better than liberty, the tranquility of servitude better than the animating contest of freedom, go home from us in peace. We ask not your counsels or arms. Crouch down and lick the hands which feed you. May your chains set lightly upon you and may posterity forget that ye were our country men.” Samuel Adams“A nation which can prefer disgrace to danger is prepared for

a master, and deserves one!” Alexander HamiltonThey that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.” Benjamin Franklin

“Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God, I know not what course others may take, but give me liberty or give me death!” Patrick Henry

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“The Revolution was effected before the War commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people; a change in their religious sentiments of their duties and obligations. This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people, was the real American Revolution.” John Adams

Massachusetts colony's Governor, Thomas Hutchinson, noted of Samuel Adams, “…the Grand Incendiary of the Province prepared a long report for a committee appointed by the town, in which, after many principles inferring independence were laid down, many resolves followed, all of them tending to sedition and mutiny, and some of them expressly denying Parliamentary authority."

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“The people of the colonies are descendants of Englishmen…They are therefore not only devoted to liberty according to English ideas, and on English principles. The temper and character which prevail in our colonies are, I am afraid, unalterable by any human art. We cannot, I fear, falsify the pedigree of this fierce people, and persuade them that they are not sprung from a nation in whose veins the blood of freedom circulates.”

Edmund Burke Edmund Burke PC (12 January 1729 1 – 9 July 1797) was an Irish

statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons. He is mainly remembered for his support of the American Revolutionaries, and his later opposition to the French Revolution. In March 1775 Burke gave a

speech (published in May 17 on reconciliation with America ; “…leave America, if she has taxable matter in her, to tax herself. I am not here going into the distinctions of rights, nor attempting to mark their boundaries. I do not enter into these metaphysical distinctions; I hate the very sound of them. Leave the Americans as they anciently stood, and these distinctions, born of our unhappy contest, will die along with it.... Be content to bind America by laws of trade; you have always done it.... Do not burthen them with taxes.... But if intemperately, unwisely, fatally, you sophisticate and poison the very source of government by urging subtle deductions, and consequences odious to those you govern, from the unlimited and illimitable nature of supreme sovereignty, you will teach them by these means to call that sovereignty itself in question.... If that sovereignty and their freedom cannot be reconciled, which will they take? They will cast your sovereignty in your face. No body of men will be argued into slavery. Sir, let the gentlemen on the other side...tell me, what one character of liberty the Americans have, and what one brand of slavery they are free from, if they are bound in their property and industry by all the restraints you can imagine on commerce, and at the same time are made pack-horses of every tax you choose to impose, without the least share in granting them. When they bear the burthens of unlimited monopoly, will you bring them to bear the burthens of unlimited revenue too? The Englishman in America will feel that this is slavery; that it is legal slavery, will be no compensation either to his feelings or to his understandings…”

“…you will teach them by these means to call that sovereignty itself in question.... If that sovereignty and their freedom cannot be reconciled, which will they take? They will cast your sovereignty in your face. No body of men will be argued into slavery.” `

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underlying causes of the American Revolution. 26:24

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The Enlightenment 18th-century Enlightenment thinkers represented a new way

of thinking about mankind and the environment. Known as philosophes, these thinkers were primarily men of letters - men like Voltaire, Locke, Diderot, Montesquieu and Rousseau - but their views stemmed from the scientific revolution of the previous century. The discoveries of Galileo, Kepler and Newton in physics and cosmology revealed a universe that was infinite, yet governed by universal laws that could be discovered by the human intelligence.

Convinced that all creation was similarly rational, so that it was possible for man to uncover laws which regulated society, politics, the economy, and even morality. Once understood these laws would teach mankind not only what we are, but what we ought to be and do.

For the philosophes, much of Western Christian civilization was incompatible with such a rational order. The absolute monarchy, the aristocratic society which dated from the Middle Ages, the established church, all came under their scrutiny. 'Despotism, feudalism, clericalism' became the objects of their criticism and satire.

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John Locke (August 1632 – 28 October 1704)

The human mind is blank at birth, as such everyone is good. Society shapes their mind and corrupts. God established divine laws in which the universe conforms

around and there is no changing these laws, only acting within the constraints of them. The Law of Nature, which is on Locke’s view the basis of all morality, and given to us by God, commands that we not harm others with regards to their "life, health, liberty, or possessions“. So, the State of Nature is a state of liberty where persons are free to pursue their own interests and plans, free from interference, and, because of the Law of Nature and the restrictions that it imposes upon persons, it is relatively peaceful.

The Law of Nature allows them to defend their own lives, they may then kill those who would bring force against them. Since the State of Nature lacks civil authority, once war begins it is likely to continue. And this is one of the strongest reasons that men have to abandon the State of Nature by contracting together to form civil government.

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More on Locke… Given that the end of "men's uniting into common-

wealths"( par. 124) is the preservation of their wealth, and preserving their lives, liberty, and well-being in general, Locke can easily imagine the conditions under which the compact with government is destroyed, and men are justified in resisting the authority of a civil government, such as a King. When the executive power of a government devolves into tyranny, such as by dissolving the legislature and therefore denying the people the ability to make laws for their own preservation, then the resulting tyrant puts himself …into a state of war with the people, and they then have the same right to self-defense as they had before making a compact to establish society in the first place.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712  –2 July 1778) The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right

(1762) Social contract describes a broad class of theories that

try to explain the ways in which people form states and/or maintain social order. The notion of the social contract implies that the people give up some rights to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order.

From this common starting point, the various proponents of social contract theory attempt to explain, in different ways, why it is in an individual’s rational self-interest to voluntarily give up the freedom one has in the state of nature in order to obtain the benefits of political order.

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Rousseau…1. The law, inasmuch as it is voted by the

people's representatives, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but its expression; and enforcement of law, including criminal law, is not a restriction on individual liberty, as the individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained. Because laws represent the restraints of civil freedom, they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. In this sense, the law is a civilizing force, and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character.

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Baron de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755) The Baron de Montesquieu's central ideas expressed in

The Spirit of Laws were that of:

Separation of powers within the government; The government should be formed based on the area in which they operate.

Montesquieu advocates constitutionalism and the separation of powers, the abolition of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the rule of law, and the idea that political and legal institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical character of each particular community.

Deity; The Church should still influence people's lives and they way that they are schooled and raised.

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Denis Diderot (October , 1713 – July 31, 1784) The essayist and philosopher Denis Diderot was one

of the originators and interpreters of the Age of Enlightenment. This 18th-century movement was based on the belief that right reason, or rationalism, could find true knowledge and lead mankind to progress and happiness. He was the chief editor of its leading testament, the 'Encyclopedie'.

LIFE: "To be born in imbecility, in the midst of pain and crisis to be the plaything of ignorance, error, need, sickness, wickedness, and passions; to return step by step to imbecility, from the time of lisping to that of doting; to live among knaves and charlatans of all kinds; to die between one man who takes your pulse and another who troubles your head; never to know where you come from, why you come and where you are going! That is what is called the most important gift of our parents and nature. Life."

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Voltaire ( 1694  – 30 May 1778) François-Marie Arouet better known by the pen name Voltaire

wrote defenses of civil liberties, including both freedom of religion and free trade

To Voltaire, only an enlightened monarch or an enlightened absolutist, advised by philosophers like himself, could bring about change as it was in the king's rational interest to improve the power and wealth of his subjects and kingdom. Voltaire essentially believed enlightened despotism to be the key to progress and change

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2009 OAT Test Question

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Quick Review 1 Why did King George issue the Proclamation of 1763? A. To force the colonists to help pay for Britain’s

war debts. B. To prevent the colonists from fighting with

Native Americans. C. To show the colonists that he did not view

them as British citizens D. To punish the colonists for not fighting in the

French and Indian War

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2007 Oat QuestionThe British Parliament’s decision to tax the American colonists caused conflict between the colonies and Britain. Read the following quotations from a British newspaper and a Massachusetts colonists.

“The Colonies were acquired with no other view than to be a convenience to us, and therefore it can never be imagined that we are to consult their interest” The London Chronicle, 1764

“If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce…in short, everything we possess? They tax us without having legal representation.” --Samuel Adams 1765

In your Answer Document compare how these two authors differ in their opinions about taxing the colonies. (2 Points)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The London Chronicle’s view is that the Colonies were originally

established as mere sources of raw material and revenue for England

and therefore their views and interests do not need to be taken into account.

Adams argues that as English men across the sea they have the same rights as all Englishmen no matter where they live and therefore need to be

taken into consideration when Parliament makes laws—especially laws regarding taxation—otherwise they will lose all control over their lives and lands.

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I. Relations With Britain (Pages 732- 734)

Feeling of distrust between the colonists and Britain grew due to

British soldiers stationed in the colonies and on the frontier

Proclamation of 1763 passing of trade laws and the Sugar Act (which would

actually be enforced!)

George Grenville, the British finance minister, began to watch colonial trading more closely in order to catch colonists who were involved in smuggling.

George III on Grenville:

“his opinions are seldom formed from any other motives than such as may be expected to originate in the mind of a clerk in a counting house.”

George III on Grenville:

“When he has wearied me for two hours he looks at his watch to see if he may tire me for one hour more.”

American colonials saw Grenville’s program as against the English Bill of RightsGrenville:

“A wise government knows how to enforce with temper, or conciliate with dignity…but a weak one is odious in the former and contemptible in the later.

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British mistakes created conflicts with both Native Americans and the colonials 3:43

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Chapter 5 The Road to Independence Did You Know? In

1764 Britain issued a complete ban on paper money to all the colonies except for military purposes. Benjamin Franklin tried to convince Parliament that paper money was needed, but he did not succeed. The struggle over the right to issue paper money was a major factor of the American Revolution.

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I. Continued Parliament passed the Sugar Act in 1764

to stop the molasses smuggling between the colonies and the French West Indies.The act lowered the tax on imported

molasses.The British hoped that by lowering the tax,

the colonists would be encouraged to pay the duty on foreign molasses.

The Sugar Act also allowed special courts that had judges (vice admiralty courts), not juries, to hear smuggling cases.

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As a colonist would you have been upset with the laws that Britain passed after 1763? Why?

Answers vary. Answers should include reasons for or against being upset. Most

students will probably say that they would be upset by losing their freedoms and by having to pay taxes to Britain

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II. The Stamp Act (Page 734)

The Stamp Act (1765) taxed almost all printed material in the colonies.

The colonists protested this act. In Virginia, Patrick Henry, although accused of treason “If

this be treason…” by his opponents, persuaded the burgesses to take action against the Stamp Act.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=448501

The Sons of Liberty, (patriots or terrorists?) originally organized in Boston by Samuel Adams, protested by burning effigies, raiding and destroying houses of British officials.

Boycotts against importing British and European goods occurred. .

In October, Congress petitioned the king and Parliament saying that only their own assemblies could tax the colonies. In March 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

Parliament passed another act, the Declaratory Act of 1766, on the same day it repealed the Stamp Act.

Patrick Henry’s famous “Treason” speech, made in the House of Burgesses in May, 1765, when he had introduced his resolutions against the Stamp Act, only a fragment has come down to us. We are told that in the

midst of the debate he exclaimed, in a voice of thunder and with the look of a god, “Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third ——.” At this point the speaker of the House cried “treason,” and the word “treason” was echoed back from many parts of the House. Henry “faltered not for an instant, but rising to a loftier attitude and fixing on the speaker an eye of the most determined fire, finished his sentence with the firmest emphasis on the words, “may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” [back]

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Why did the British Parliament pass the Declaratory Act of 17667

Britain wanted to maintain control of its colonies. It was a statement of their absolute power in regards to governance of their colonies-- also, it also did not want to give up the revenue that it received from the colonies.

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II. New Taxes (Page 735)

Parliament passed the Townshend,Acts in 1767, which taxed imported goods at the port of entry.

Another boycott occurred in hopes of showing Britain that only the colonies' representatives had the right to tax them.

Charles Townshend  “Champagne Charlie”

William PittThe Elder

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2009 OAT Test Question

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What were the effects of the Townshend Acts of 1777

Colonists were outraged that Britain was taxing them. An effective boycott against British goods took place as Americans began to use products that they themselves produced.

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Did You Know? There were two Boston Tea

Parties. The first one, staged by the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks, occurred on December 16, 1773, when they dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. They were protesting the 3 cents per pound tax on tea. The second one repeated the protest on March 7, 1774. Both tea parties cost the British, in present-day currency, around $3 million.

One of the actual chestsDumped into the harbor

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I. Trouble in Boston (Pages 136-137)

Parliament sent two regiments of troops (often referred to as redcoats) to Boston.

The Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, was a result of the heated tension between the redcoats and the Bostonians. Paul Revere. Crispus Attucks was the first African American killed in the Revolutionary War.

The Boston Massacre led colonists to call for stronger boycotts of British goods.

Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts except the tax on tea.

Some colonial leaders still called for resistance to British rule. In 1772 Samuel Adams revived the committee of correspondence in Boston to circulate colonists' grievances against Britain.

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The Boston Massacre and Escalating Anger in the Colonies 3:21

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II. A Crisis Over Tea (Pages 138-139)

Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 to save the British East India Company from going under.

Because its tea was sold directly to the shopkeepers at a low price and bypassed colonial merchants, the tea from the East India Company was cheaper than any other tea.

The Daughters of Liberty marched through town and burned the East India Company's tea. Colonists in Boston and Philadelphia planned to stop the company's ships from unloading. (letters of Abigail Adams suggesting increased rights for women p. 149 )

In Boston Harbor in December 1773, the royal governor ordered the tea unloaded. At midnight on December 16, the Boston Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks boarded the ships and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This became known as the Boston Tea Party.

As a result of the Tea Party, Prime Minister Lord North said, "Whatever may be the consequence, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over.” Coercive Acts were the result.

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It often boils down to who is telling the story. VIEW POINT! VIEW POINT! VIEW POINT!

We are here at the end of the World, and Europe may bee turned topsy turvy ere wee can hear a word of it.

-Virginia planter William Byrd, 1690 http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring03/journalism.cfm

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A rebel,… a Son of Liberty,… member of Committee of Correspondence?

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I. Continued The king and Parliament vowed to punish Boston

and the people of Massachusetts for using the Boston Tea Party to resist British rule. They passed the Coercive Acts.

These acts closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the ruined tea. Closing the harbor prevented Bostonians from receiving food and other supplies.

The laws also banned town meetings and forced Bostonians to house British soldiers in their homes.

The colonists renamed these acts the Intolerable Acts.

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I. The Continental Congress (Pages 141-142)

The Continental Congress met on September 5, 1774 to establish a political group that would fight for American interests and challenge British rule.

The delegates worked together to draft a statement of grievances. They called for repeal of the 13 acts of Parliament. They voted to boycott all British goods and trade.

They also passed a resolution to form militias.

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Did You Know?

After Paul Revere reached Lexington on his famous April 1775 ride to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams that the British were coming, he rode to Concord, where he was captured by the British. After being interrogated, they left him horseless and stranded.

Longfellow poem

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Paul Revere's famous ride, explains what the phrase 'One if by land, two if by sea' meant, and describes how both Lexington and Concord, were warned of the arrival British 4:36

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How did the Continental Congress represent

political leadership and achieve its goals

Representatives from (1.) all the colonies attended the Continental Congress. They (2.) worked together even though they differed on how to achieve their goal of standing against British rule. Their (3.) list of grievances, the boycott against British goods, and the formation of militias all helped to show Britain that the colonies had had enough and were willing to take step to protect their rights.

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II.The First Battles (Pages 142-144) The British also prepared themselves for battle.

British General Sir Thomas Gage had 3,000 soldiers in and around Boston.

Paul Revere and William Dawes rode to Lexington, a town near Concord ,bridge to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock image/signature that the British were coming.

The redcoats drawing approached Lexington and continued to Concord. .

The minutemen were waiting all along the British return trail from Concord to Boston.

General Gage to Lt. Col. Smith,

Sir:Having received intelligence, that a quantity of Ammunition, Provision, Artillery, Tents and small arms, have been collected at Concord, for the Avowed Purpose of raising and supporting a Rebellion against His Majesty, you will march with the Corps of Grenadiers and Light Infantry, put under your command, with the utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord, where you will seize and destroy all Artillery, Ammunition, Provision, Tents, Small Arms, and all military stores whatever. But you will take care that the Soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants, or hurt private property.

Concord’s Old North Bridge

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Lexington and Concord & Continental Army 1:55

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III. More Military Action (Pages 144-145)

Ethan Allen demands surrender drawing and the Green Mountain boys captured Fort Ticonderoga photo on Lake Champlain on May 10, 1775.

The colonial militia grew to about 20,000 after committees of correspondence enlisted more volunteers.

The Battle of Bunker Hill map took place on June 16, 1775

Americans chose sides. Those who wanted to fight the British until they won their independence were called Patriots. Loyalists wanted to remain with Britain.

Lt. Feltham demanded to know by what authority the fort was being entered. Allen, replied, "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!”

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Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

Nathanael Green “I wish we could sell them another hill for the same price.”

General Thomas Gage,

"It was a dear bought victory, another such would have ruined us."

It was a battle that should never have been fought on a hill that should never have been defended.All of Howe's staff officers were killed or wounded on Bunker Hill.

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Battle of Bunker Hill, explains how the British won the hillside but that Americans felt victorious because the English suffered heavy casualties. 1:06

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Notes Chapter 5, Section 4 Did You Know? In 1775 Benjamin Franklin

wrote the first version of a Declaration of Independence because he was so upset by the British and the fighting at Lexington and Concord.

He presented it to the Continental Congress, but the delegates were not ready for it. It took another year before the Continental Congress approved the final version of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson wrote this one with Franklin's help.

At the signing of the Declaration of Independence, he is quoted as having replied to a comment by Hancock that they must all hang together: "Yes, we must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately,"

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I. Colonial Leaders Emerge (Pages 147-150)

The Second Continental Congress met for the first time on May 10, 1775. (most members had read Paine’s

Common Sense)

The Congress governed the colonies. It: authorized the printing of money set up a post office established a Continental Army with George

Washington as the commander sent a formal request to King George III asking for

peace and for the king to protect the colonists' rights. King George III refused this Olive Branch Petition and any question of compromise & prepared for war. (see response from King George III)

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Moving Toward Independence

Thomas Paine

1st published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolution

First and foremost, Common Sense advocated an immediate declaration of independence, postulating a special moral obligation of America to the rest of the world. Not long after publication, the spirit of Paine's argument found resonance in the American Declaration of Independence.

“If you say you can still pass (King George’s ) offenses over, then I ask, has your house been burned? Has your property been destroyed before your face? Are your wife and children destitute of a bed…”

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I. Continued

Washington trained the army, and on March 17, 1776, led his troops into Boston after surrounding the city and forcing the redcoats to withdraw. The British sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

After an attack on timeline New York by the British in Canada, the American troops at Fort Ticonderoga struck and captured Montreal in November. American troops failed to capture Quebec but stayed outside the city through the winter and returned to Fort Ticonderoga in 1776.

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II. The Colonies Declare Independence (Pages 150-151)

The Second Continental Congress debated a resolution to support independence.

The Congress formed a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson actually wrote the Declaration.

On July 2, 1776, twelve colonies voted for the resolution for independence. On July 4, they approved the Declaration with some changes. John Hancock was the first to sign.

The Declaration has four main sections:the preamble, or introduction

list of the rights of the colonistslist of the grievances against Britain

a proclamation claiming the emergence of a new nation

“There, I guess King George will be able to read that!” John Hancock

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how John Adams convinced his fellow congressmen to declare independence from England. Understand why Thomas Jefferson was asked to draft the Declaration: 7:49

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Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident:

That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident:

That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.