1

Progress Toward Sustainability at Williams College

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Year 1: Focus on Organizing, Communicating, InspiringYear 1: Focus on Organizing, Communicating, Inspiring

2007 Objectives and Accomplishments• Organizing - Established Zilkha Center for Environmental Initiatives• Energy conservation strategies• Measurement systems• LEED certification for new buildings• Expanding focus into other areas of sustainability

• Sustainable Food• Waste Management• Paper and Publications• Campus Planning

• Communications:• On the web – Blog• Net working

• Student Activism and Involvement• Student Newspaper• Thursday Night Group• Zilkha Eco Reps

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Managing Sustainability at Williams CollegeManaging Sustainability at Williams College

Achieving our Board-approved goal of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 to ten percent below their 1990-91 levels will require creative and bold initiatives that call on investments of College time, money, and intellectual efforts.

– President Morton Schapiro.

4

Since 1990-91 Williams has increased its energy consumption by 50% (Total Energy Use).

Getting the numbers:Getting the numbers: Energy consumption and greenhouse gas Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly.emissions have increased significantly.

Total Energy Use

-

100

200

300

400

500

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

En

erg

y (1

000s

mm

BT

U)

Fiscal Year

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Fiscal Year

To

nn

es o

f C

O2

(000

s)

OtherTransport

No 2

Nat Gas

No 6

Electricity

Over the same period, greenhouse gas emissions associated with our energy consumption have risen 44% (Greenhouse Gas Emissions).

5

Making it realistic: Strategies for emissions reductions were determined and evaluated.

1. Reduce growth in energy use and emissions. Chart shows Maximum savings.2. Conserve energy and improve efficiency in our existing infrastructure.3. Switch to cleaner fuels to minimize emissions associated with remaining heating requirements.4. Purchase renewable energy certificates (RECs) for remaining electrical requirements.5. Consider future use of carbon emissions offsets1.

Effects of Emissions Reduction

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

20

20

Fiscal Year

Em

iss

ion

s i

n M

etr

ic T

on

ne

s e

CO

2

10% below 1990-91

Business as Usual

4. Renewable Electricity/Purchasing RECs3. Cleaner Fossil Fuels2. Conservation1. Building Growth

Reduce cost of utilities

Increase cost of utilities

1. A carbon emissions offset zeros out (offsets) all or part of the green house gas emissions of a party, by reducing the emissions -- or increasing the carbon dioxide absorption -- of another party.

6

2007 Update:2007 Update: In FY07 emissions were reduced by 23% In FY07 emissions were reduced by 23%

Emissions by Fuel

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

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20

07M

etri

c T

on

nes

(10

00’s

) eC

O2

TARGET

ELECTRICITY

NATURAL GAS

No. 6 OIL

Fuel Switching, 12%

Biodiesel 1%

Electricity 6% Conservation,

Weather, 4%

Purchased electricity 60%

Heating Efficiency, 17%

7

Emissions Predictions - Expanding footprint

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

199

119

92

199

319

94

199

519

96

199

719

98

199

920

00

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120

02

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320

04

200

520

06

200

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10

201

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12

201

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520

16

201

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18

201

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20

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(to

nn

es)

Estimated emissions increase due to student center, athletics Estimated emissions increase due to student center, athletics complex and academic buildings.complex and academic buildings.

TARGET

8

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Controls Cooling Heating Insulation Lighting Motors Roofing Ventilation Windows

Energy Conservation Measures by Type – 13 of our largest most Energy Conservation Measures by Type – 13 of our largest most energy intensive buildings energy intensive buildings

To

ns

of

eCO

2 sa

vin

gs

Heating Oil

Electricity

9

0.0

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Payback of individual projects varies from 45 yrs to a few months.Payback of individual projects varies from 45 yrs to a few months.

10

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Windows

Ventilation

Roofing

Motors

Lighting

Insulation

Heating

Cooling

Controls

20132012201120102009

Emissions reductions by year and project type based on preliminary Emissions reductions by year and project type based on preliminary implementation plan.implementation plan.

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Emissions Predictions – Fuel Source

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

199

119

92

199

319

94

199

519

96

199

719

98

199

920

00

200

120

02

200

320

04

200

520

06

200

720

08

200

920

10

201

120

12

201

320

14

201

520

16

201

720

18

201

920

20

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(100

0 to

nn

es)

Implementing identified energy savings targets moves emissions Implementing identified energy savings targets moves emissions levels toward our goal. levels toward our goal.

TARGET

12

Emissions Predictions – Fuel Source

0

199

119

92

199

319

94

199

519

96

199

719

98

199

920

00

200

120

02

200

320

04

200

520

06

200

720

08

200

920

10

201

120

12

201

320

14

201

520

16

201

720

18

201

920

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Switching to natural gas and hydro electricity pushes emissions Switching to natural gas and hydro electricity pushes emissions closer to target. closer to target.

TARGET

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(100

0 to

nn

es)

13

Emissions Predictions – One Scenario to Reaching Goal19

91

199

219

93

199

419

95

199

619

97

199

819

99

200

020

01

200

220

03

200

420

05

200

620

07

200

820

09

201

020

11

201

220

13

201

420

15

201

620

17

201

820

19

202

0

Reaching our goal is achievable with renewable energy source Reaching our goal is achievable with renewable energy source availability.availability.

TARGET

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

(100

0 to

nn

es)

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Williams College is a small campus, in a small town – not all solutions Williams College is a small campus, in a small town – not all solutions will come from within our boundaries.will come from within our boundaries.

We are:• Minimizing growth in energy demand• Implementing energy conservation measures• Changing fuels and energy sources

Will we need to look for off campus solutions?

• RECs• Carbon Credits – Offsets • Renewable Energy

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A cap and trade system will make carbon credits a more viable option.A cap and trade system will make carbon credits a more viable option.

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Source: McKinsey Abatement Curve

McKinsey Abatement curve explores real cost of carbon emissions McKinsey Abatement curve explores real cost of carbon emissions globally.globally.

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-$200

-$100

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$100

$200

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Williams College emissions reducing/energy conservation projects Williams College emissions reducing/energy conservation projects shown on a cost/ ton eCO2 basis.shown on a cost/ ton eCO2 basis.

Assumptions:Projects have a 20 year lifeInterest rate: 8%No increase in cost of utilitiesCost per tonne = NPV/Tonnes eCO2

Assumptions:Projects have a 20 year lifeInterest rate: 8%No increase in cost of utilitiesCost per tonne = NPV/Tonnes eCO2

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Natural Gas

23%

Coal

23%Petroleum

39%

Nuclear

8%

Renewables

7%

% of Mix

US Energy SourcesTotal: 100 Quadrillion BTU

Solar 1%

Biomass 50%

Geothermal 5%

Hydroelectric 41%

Wind 3%

Renewable SourcesTotal: 6.6 Quadrillion BTU

A visionary energy policy and business investment will encourage A visionary energy policy and business investment will encourage growth in renewables.growth in renewables.

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$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

Kitc

hen

Hoo

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Exi

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Changing emissions associated with input fuel can change project Changing emissions associated with input fuel can change project selection.selection.

Assumptions:• Continue using mix of No. 6

oil and Natural Gas for heating.

• Purchase hydro-electricity, instead of typical grid mix. Coefficient of emissions is 40% of grid.

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Conclusions:Conclusions:

1.Significant progress toward our goal.

2.Understanding the scope of the issues.

3. Incorporate ‘sustainability’ in broader scope of campus initiatives.

4.Campus engagement.5.Education And Action!

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