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1 Photonic Crystals Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 http:// www.lions.odu.edu/~salbin/Photonics /

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Page 1: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Photonic CrystalsPhotonic Crystals

Photonics Research Laboratory

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529

http://www.lions.odu.edu/~salbin/Photonics/

Page 2: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Research TeamResearch Team

Dr. Sacharia AlbinAdvisor

Dr. Shangping GuoPost Doc Fellow

Feng WuPh.D. Candidate

Khalid IkramMaster’s Student

Page 3: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Periodic structures in 1D, 2D and 3D Period comparable to wavelength (sub-microns) Possess photonics band gaps (PBGs) which prohibit any light modes Obey Maxwell’s equations, predicting fields accurately Similar but fundamentally different from semiconductors

1887 1987

IntroductionIntroduction2-D

periodic intwo directions

3-D

periodic inthree directions

1-D

periodic inone direction

Page 4: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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No electrons

No photons

No EMAG Radiation Inside No EMAG Radiation Inside PBGPBG

Page 5: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Woodpile PBG using Silicon Woodpile PBG using Silicon Micro-machiningMicro-machining

From Sandia National LaboratoryFrom Sandia National Laboratory

Page 6: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Photonic MicropolisPhotonic Micropolis

Research at MIT

Page 7: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Planar photonic devices based on 2D photonic crystals Basic geometries: square, triangular, honeycomb, kagome

X

1st BZ

K M

Research at ODU Photonics LabResearch at ODU Photonics Lab

Page 8: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Optical insulator Perfect dielectric mirror Optical filter Polarizer Super-lensing Negative refraction

Examples of Photonic Examples of Photonic Devices/ApplicationsDevices/Applications

Page 9: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Point defects and line defects High Q filter Zero-threshold cavity Resonance center for controlled energy transfer Linear waveguiding & bending Ideal integrated devices

Defects in PBGDefects in PBG

Page 10: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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PBG provides: High Q cavity + ASE suppression, leading to micro sized, zero-threshold laser.

From UCLA

PBG Defect LaserPBG Defect Laser

Page 11: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Resonant cavity: high Q filter ~10,000, resonant frequency, Q and energy pattern can be designed.

S. Guo, S. Albin, “Numerical techniques for excitation and analysis of defect modes in photonic crystals”, Opt. Express 11, 1080-1089 (2003)

Example of High Q filterExample of High Q filter

Page 12: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Possible high Q filters in a 2D square lattice, useful for many devices: add/drop, waveguiding cross, splitter, filters, etc.

S. Guo, S. Albin, “Numerical techniques for excitation and analysis of defect modes in photonic crystals”, Opt. Express 11, 1080-1089 (2003)

Example of High Q filterExample of High Q filter

Page 13: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Field Profile – Single DefectField Profile – Single Defect

S. Guo, S. Albin, “Numerical techniques for excitation and analysis of defect modes in photonic crystals”, Opt. Express 11, 1080-1089 (2003)

Page 14: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

14Linear waveguiding in arbitrary medium

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Example of Linear WaveguideExample of Linear Waveguide

Page 15: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Peaks in transmission spectrum, due to the cavity resonant effect, or DBR effect (contributes to special dispersion)

Phase relationS. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Linear Waveguide : Pulse Linear Waveguide : Pulse PropagationPropagation

Page 16: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Coupled Cavity WaveguideCoupled Cavity Waveguide

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 17: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Coupled Cavity WaveguideCoupled Cavity Waveguide

5 cavities, 5 peaks in the transmission Large propagation delay in the cavity (delay line) A setup time required Distortion of ultra-narrow pulses

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 18: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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100% Transmission at Sharp 100% Transmission at Sharp BendsBends

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 19: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Pulse Propagation Through Pulse Propagation Through Sharp BendsSharp Bends

Whole band can pass the bend with transmission over 80%

Peak transmission occurs at some frequencies due to waveguiding and resonant tunneling at the bend

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 20: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Add/drop channels using CCWsAdd/drop channels using CCWs

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S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 21: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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CCW for add/drop ChannelsCCW for add/drop Channels

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 22: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Photonic Crystal FiberPhotonic Crystal Fiber

Holey fiber with a micro-structured cladding

Photonic band gap fiber: guiding light in air

Bragg fiber using perfect cylindrical dielectric mirrors (the Omniguide fiber)

Page 23: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Microstructured holey fiber or PCFs, Russel et al, Science, 2003 (Univ. Bath)

Holey FibersHoley Fibers

Page 24: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Spatial DispersionSpatial Dispersion

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 25: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Index-guiding Triangular PCFIndex-guiding Triangular PCFEndless Single ModeEndless Single Mode

Single mode from UV to infrared Short wavelength gets a better confinement

S. Guo, PhD Dissertation, ODU, 2003

Page 26: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Air-guiding PCFsAir-guiding PCFs

Page 27: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Bragg Fiber with Omni-Bragg Fiber with Omni-ReflectorReflector

Omnidirectional Mirrors

Page 28: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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AdvantagesAdvantages

Light guiding (at any wavelength) in air, e.g. the CO2 laser transport for medical applications

No need for high purity materials Reduced nonlinear effect, zero polarization

mode dispersion, large power transfer Asymptotic single mode propagation

Page 29: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Modeling and Simulation Modeling and Simulation MethodsMethods

Photonics lab has developed many methods for the research on photonic crystals

Plane wave method: to calculate the band gap structure of any photonic crystal

Time-domain: for band gap calculation FDTD: to simulate the field dynamics in

arbitrary dielectric materials. Fiber, PCF, Bragg fiber analysis tools

Page 30: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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The PWM and FDTD methods Solved most problems in PBG field Our free software used by hundreds of users world

wide Dedicated discussion group Citation by peer groups

Fiber Analysis Modified plane wave methods Galerkin method: Laguerre-Gauss, Hermite-Gauss Compact-2D FDTD for waveguides FDFD for arbitrary fibers

Modeling and Simulation Modeling and Simulation MethodsMethods

Page 31: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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Related PublicationsRelated Publications1. F. Wu, S. Guo, K. Ikram, S. Albin, H. Tai, B. Rogowski, “Numerical analysis of

Bragg fibers using a compact 1D finite-difference frequency-domain method,” Opt. Comm. 249, 165-174 (2005).

2. S. Guo, F. Wu, S. Albin, H. Tai, B. Rogowski, “Loss and dispersion analysis of microstructured fibers by finite-difference method,” Opt. Express 12, 3341-3352 (2004).

3. S. Guo, F. Wu, S. Albin, B. Rogowski, “Photonic band gap analysis using finite-difference frequency-domain method”, Opt. Express 12, 1741-1746 (2004).

4. S. Guo, F. Wu, K. Ikram, S. Albin, “Analysis of circular fiber with arbitrary index profiles by Galerkin method”, Optics Letters 29,32-34 (2004).

5. S. Guo, S. Albin, B. Rogowski, "Comparative analysis of Bragg fibers," Opt. Express 12, 198-207 (2004).

6. S. Guo, S. Albin, “Numerical techniques for excitation and analysis of defect modes in photonic crystals”, Opt. Express 11, 1080-1089 (2003).

7. S. Guo, S. Albin, Simple plane wave implementation for photonic crystal calculations, Opt. Express 11, 167 (2003).

8. S. Guo and S. Albin, “Transmission property and evanescent wave absorption of cladded multimode fiber tapers”, Opt. Express 11, 215-223 (2003).

Page 32: 1 Photonic Crystals Photonics Research Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 salbin/Photonics

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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

This research is supported by NASA Langley Research Center through

NASA-University Photonics Education and Research Consortium (NUPERC)