1 learning by observation module 20. 2 bandura’s experiments applications of observational...
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Learning By Observation
Module 20
2
Bandura’s Experiments
Applications of Observational Learning
Learning by Observation Overview
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Learning by Observation
Higher animals, especially humans,
learn through observing and
imitating others.
The monkey on the right imitates the
monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to
obtain a reward.
© H
erb Terrace
©H
erb Terrace
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p. 244
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Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active
during observational learning. Neurons that shaped civilization at TED 7:44
Rep
rint
ed w
ith p
erm
issi
on f
rom
the
Am
eric
an
Ass
ocia
tion
for
the
Adv
ance
men
t of
Scie
nce,
Sub
iaul
et a
l., S
cien
ce 3
05: 4
07-4
10 (
2004
) ©
200
4 A
AA
S.
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Imitation Onset
Learning by observation begins early in life. This
14-month-old child imitates the adult on TV
in pulling a toy apart.
Children see, children do.
Mel
tzof
f, A
.N. (
1998
). I
mita
tion
of te
levi
sed
mod
els
by in
fant
s. C
hild
Dev
elop
men
t, 59
122
1-12
29. P
hoto
s C
ourt
esy
of A
.N. M
eltz
off
and
M. H
anuk
.
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Bandura's Experiments
Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961)
indicated that individuals (children)
learn through imitating others who receive rewards and
punishments.
Cou
rtes
y of
Alb
ert B
andu
ra, S
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity
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Bandura Methodology
• You do not have to write this methodology, it will become clear when you see the clips of the research.
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Albert Bandura: Hypothesis
• Believed we learn through observation and imitation• Hypothesized that children would imitate aggressive
behavior they observed
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Bandura’s Methodology
• Children watched films of adults beating Bobo dolls• Three groups: aggression-rewarded, aggression-
punished, no consequences• Children went into rooms with toys
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Bandura’s Results
• Children in the aggression-punished group expressed the fewest aggressive behaviors toward the Bobo dolls
• Children in the other two groups expressed an equal number of aggressive behaviors and were more aggressive than children in the aggression-punished group
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MODELREWARDED
MODELPUNISHED
NOCONSEQUENCES
GIRLSBOYS
EFFECT OF OBSERVED CONSEQUENCE ON IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR
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Bandura’s Experiment Cont.
• Children then promised rewards for imitating the adult in the film• Now, all three groups were equally aggressive• Children had learned the aggressive behavior from the film, but
those who saw the adults being punished were less likely to act aggressively
Viewing aggressive behavior
Rewards for imitation Aggressive behavior
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Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
• Relates to effects of violence and other images on TV and in the movies
• Children imitate good and neutral behaviors as well as bad ones
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This series of photographs shows children observing and modeling aggressive behavior.
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment 5:03
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Applications of Observational Learning
Bandura’s studies show that antisocial
models (family, neighborhood or
TV) may have antisocial effects.
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Positive Observational Learning
Prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have prosocial effects.
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
/ The
Im
age
Wor
ks
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Television and Observational Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video
games express increased
aggression.
Ron
Cha
pple
/ Tax
i/ G
etty
Im
ages
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Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression.
Children modeling after pro wrestlers
Bob
Dae
mm
rich/
The
Imag
e W
orks
Gla
ssm
an/ T
he Im
age
Wor
ks
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Video games, a good side?
• The better that people got at Medal of Honor, the more their attention and memory skills outside the game skyrocketed.
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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint SlidesAneeq Ahmad, Amy Jones
w Garber editsHenderson State
University
Worth Publishers, © 2008