1. empire an extended area under centralized control
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9. Nationalism
• The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbol.
13. Triple Alliance
• This alliance, formed in 1882, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Central Powers).
16. Serbia
• By 1914, they were determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans. This is where WW1 started.
17. Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. He was assassinated on June 28, 1914.
18. Gavrilo Princip
• A 19-year old Bosnian Serb, succeeded in fatally shooting both the archduke and his wife. This was the spark that started WW I.
20. Czar Nicholas II
• He ordered mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary. He was the last of the Romanov dynasty to rule Russia.
22. General Alfred von Schlieffen
• He Drew up plans to quickly strike France and then turn Germany’s attention towards Russia.
23. Lusitania
• The British were blamed of using this ship, also known as the “floating palace”, to carry ammunition and other war supplies across the Atlantic. It was sunk by the Germans and provoked the U.S entry into the war
27. War of Attrition
• War based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks on heavy losses.
28. Gallipoli
• Southwest of Constantinople, battle between the Ottoman and the allies. 40 north,30 east.
29. Lawrence of Arabia
• A British officer who urged Arab princes to revolt against ottoman overlords.
34. Planned Economies
• These are systems that are directed by government agencies. i.e., Communism.
36. Grigori Rasputin
• He was an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man. He was close to the czarina. He was assassinated by a group of Russian nobles.
37. Bolsheviks
• They began as a small faction of a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats.
39. Ukraine
• This was one of the countries that was given up when Lenin signed the treaty of Breast-Litovsk, as well as Finland, eastern Poland, and the Baltic provinces. 50 North, 30 East.
40. Siberia
• Where the White force attacked westward and advanced almost to the Volga River before they were stopped. It is in northern Russia.
41. Urals
• Where Czar, his wife and children were taken after he abdicated. Mountain range that separates Europe from Asia.
42. Leon Trotsky
• Thanks to him the Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force and he reinstated the draft and emphasized a rigid discipline. He was assassinated by assassins sent by Stalin in Mexico city. He lost a power struggle with Stalin.
45. David Lloyd George
• He was the prime minister of Great Britain who won a decisive victory in the elections of December of 1918. He also wanted Germany to pay.
49. Mandates
• This gave a nation the right to govern another nation on behalf of the League of Nations.
50. Zimmerman Note
• Germany’s offer to Mexico to attack the United States during WW1 in exchange for loss territory.
52. League of Nations
• A group of victorious nations that gathered and settle international disputes and avoid war. It was proposed by Wilson; however, it was rejected by the US Senate.
54. Great Flu Epidemic
• This was a pandemic of 1910-20 which was made worse by trench warfare and soldiers spreading the disease when they went home in WWI.
55. Great Depression
• Which began at the end of 1929, brought misery to millions of people. The unemployment rate was 25%.
56. Stock Market Crash
• When the prices of the stocks plunged and investors throughout the U.S. Withdrew funds from Germany and other Europeans markets causing banks to collapse.
57. Weimar Republic
• A German democratic state that was plagued with problems in between the wars. In post WWI.
58. Paul von Hindenburg
• He was a WWI military hero that was elected president at age of 77 of the Weimar Republic.
59. John Maynard Keynes
• A British economist that condemned the old theory that, in a free economy, depressions should be left to resolve themselves without the government.
61. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
• This democratic was able to win a landslide victory in the 1932 presidential elections. He was president during the Great Depression and WWII.
62. New Deal
• An intervention in economy that increased public’s work and a new social legislation which is known as U.S. warfare to boost the economy by Government spending.
63. Totalitarian State
• A government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, a cultural life of the citizens.
64. Benito Mussolini
• He established the first European Fascist movement in Italy in the 1920’s. Il Duce
65. Facism
• A political philosophy that glorifies the state above one and emphasizing the need for a strong government and a doctorial ruler.
66. New Economic Policy
• A modified version of the old capitalist system, where peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly in Russia by Lenin.
67. Joseph Stalin
• He wasn’t only a Politburo member; he was the secretary for the party. He ruled USSR from 1929-1953. He is responsible for the murder of as many as 25 million people.
68. Five Year Plan
• The purpose for these five years was to transform Russia from an agricultural into an industrial country.
69. Collectivization
• A system in which private farms were eliminated and instead the government owned all of the land while peasants worked it.
71. Great Purge
• In the 1930’s, Stalin’s mania for power led him to remove, all opponent-or imagined opponents-from Russian life.
72. Francisco Franco
• He led the military forces to revolt against the democratic government in 1936 in spain.
74. Adolf Hitler
• Born in Austria on April 20,1889, he led Germany and the Nazi Party in the 1930’s until 1944.
80. Concentration Camps
• Large prison camps that were build for people who opposed the new regime and for extermination.
81. Heinrich Himmler
• He was the leader of the SS which controlled not only the secret police forces but also the regular police forces.
83. Kristallnacht
• Or the “ night of shattered glass” when Nazi thugs vandalized Jewish businesses.
86. Surrealism
• A movement that sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of unconscious.
88. Modernism
• A movement where writers and artists rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance.
89. Ottomon Turks
• This Muslim empire had once include parts of eastern Europe, the middle East, and North Africa.
91. Young Turks
• They were able to force the restoration of the constitution in 1908 and dispose the sultan the following year.
92. T.E. Lawrence
• He was the “dashing British adventurer” who aided the nationalist against the Ottoman empire.
93. The Armenian Genocide
• From 1915-1918, an estimated 1 million Armenians, were killed by massacres and starvation.
96. Ataturk
• Father of modern Turkey. He pushed for the westernization of Turkey after WW I. His real name is Mustafa Kemal.
97. Reza Shah Pahlavi
• Reza Khan gave himself this new name after he established himself as shah, or king
101. Balfour Declaration
• It expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of non-Jewish people living there.
102. W.E.B. DuBois & Marcus Garvey
• Both came from a new generation of young African leaders calling for independence.
104. Mohandas Gandhi
• He became active in the movement for Indian self-rule before WWI. The people of Indian called him India’s “Great Soul”
106. Jawaharlal Nehru
• He was part of the upper class and an intellectual who studied law in Great Britain. He was secular, Western, and modern as opposed to Gandhi.
107. Zaibutsu
• A large financial and industrial corporation (Japanese and So. Korean) that worked closely with the government.
109. Marxism
• The idea that peasants as well as workers would make the revolution. This became very attractive to many poor people around the world. It is communist ideology.
110. Karl Marx
• He found the communist international. It was a worldwide organization of communist parties dedicated to spreading revolution.
111. Ho Chi Minh
• A Moscow- trained revolutionary that organized the Vietnamese against the French and later American in Indochina.
115. Shanghai Massacre
• April 1927 When the Nationalist being led by Chiang Kai-shek attack the communist
116. Mao Zedong
• A communist organizer that was convinced that a Chinese revolution depends on peasants. He led the communist to victory in 1949.
119. Juan Vicente Gomez
• A dictator in Valenzuela who the U.S. oil companies had a great relationship with.
120. Good Neighbor Policy
• This is rejecting the use of military force on Latin America on principle.
125. Appeasement
• This policy was based on the belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of unsatisfied powers, the unsatisfied powers would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved in Europe.
126. Munich Conference
• In 1936, British, French, German, and Italian representatives did not object to Hitler’s plans but instead reached an agreement that met virtually all of Hitler’s demands.
127. Joseph Stalin
• The Soviet communist dictator. He is responsible for the death of 25 million people. He died in 1953.
128. Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
• Signed on August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union promised not to attack each other.
129. New Order
• Comprising of Japan, Manchuria, and China. Japan would attempt to establish a new system of control in Asia with Japan guiding it’s Asian neighbors to prosperity.
130. Blitzkrieg
• Also known as “lighting war” because of how Hitler stunned Europe with the speed and efficiency of the German attack on Poland.
133. Battle of Britain
• The WW2 German invasion by the Luftwaffe (air force) of England in early August of 1940. The English were aided by radar. Hitler stopped the invasion in late September.
135. December 7, 1941
• The date in which the Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands.
139. Stalingrad
• A major industrial center on the Volga. It was also major WWII battle in which the soviet defeat the Nazis.
141. Douglas MacArthur
• This U.S. general moved into the Philippines through A. A.New Guinea and the South Pacific Islands in an effort to capture Japanese-held islands and bypass.
142. Normandy
• This place held history’s greatest naval invasion in which the Allies fought their way past underwater mines, barbed wire, and horrible machine gun fire.
145. Reinhard Heydrich
• The leader of the SS, he was put in charge of German resettlement plans in the east (Poland and USSR)
148. Asia for the Asians
• Japan’s propaganda efforts to convince the world that Japan should rule Asia.
151. Tehran Conference
• Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill came together in November 1943 to decide the final assault on Germany.
152. Truman Doctrine
• It stated that the U.S. would provide money to countries threatened by communist expansion.
153. Marshall Plan
• This plan was designed to rebuild the prosperity and stability of war-torn Europe. It included $13 billion in aid for Europe’s economic recovery.
155. Policy of Containment
• It was a policy to keep communism within its exiting boundaries and prevent further soviet aggressive moves. (Opposite of appeasement)
156. Berlin
• Located deep inside the Soviet zone, it was also divided into four zones. It was the capital of the Nazis empire.
160. No. Atlantic Treaty Organization
A military alliances of western nations on which all powers who signed agreed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked.
161. Warsaw Pact
• A formal military alliances between the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E.Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
162. Deterrence
• This policy held that huge arsenals of nuclear weapons on both sides prevented war.
163. Nikita Khrushchev
• He emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1955 after the death of Stalin.
164. Domino Theory
• The idea that if one country falls to communism, the neighboring countries will also fall.
167. Charles de Gaulle
• The war hero that dominated France for nearly a quarter of a century after the war.
168. Welfare State
• A state where the government takes responsibility to provide citizen with services and a minimal standard of living.
169. European Economic Community
• Also known as the Common Market, was a free-trade area made up of the six member nations and they would impose no tariffs on each other’s goods.
175. Brezhnev Doctrine
• It insisted on the right of the Soviet Union to intervene if communism was threatened in another communist state.
184. Margaret Thatcher
• A conservative who pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation in England.
186. George W. Bush
• In the election of 2000, this Texan narrowly defeated Vice President Al Gore in one of the most hotly contested elections in American history.
187. Weapons of Mass Destruct’n
They are nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people at once.
188. Globalization
• The process that began since the dawn of human kind of sharing, human trade, communication, and cooperation.
190. Ervin Magic Johnson
• He was living proof of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could strike anyone.
191. Elvis Presley
• This musician along with Little Richard and Chuck Berry combines jazz, gospel, traditional African, and country music to create “rock ‘n’ roll”.
192. Cultural Imperialism
• It meant that a Western nation controlled other world cultures, much as they had controlled governments in the 1800s.
193. Multinational Corp
• These are companies with divisions in more than two countries for example Mc Donald’s
194. Megacity
• A city with rapidly increasing populations, having trouble keeping up with urban services for example Mexico City.
195. Rio de Janeiro
• Where streams of poor families moved in hope for a better life eastern city of Brazil.
197. Magic Realism
• A form of expression unique to Latin American literature; it combines realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds.
198. Gabriel Garcia Marquez
• Author of One Hundred Years of Solitude, born in Columbia, he is one of the world’s best-known modern writers.
199. Brasilia
• Built as Brazil’s new capital in 1950s-1960s, where outstanding examples of Latin American architectures can be seen.