Upload File

1. developing a medium: the collaborative process...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s
29
4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s Oxen of the Sun ( 2003–4) I A Solo for Six-string Guitar and Ten-string Guitar Ten versus Six When Narciso Yepes launched his new ten-string guitar in a performance with the Berlin Phil- harmonic in 1964, it was aſter a period of consultation that involved not only the celebrated maker Ramírez, but composers as well: even before the Berlin premiere, Maurice Ohana had composed a half-hour cycle for Yepes’s ten-string guitar ( Si le jour paraît…, 1963) that plumbed its possibilities with extraordinary thoroughness and confidence. For Yepes, the ten-string guitar was a straightforward improvement to the traditional instrument. It is obvious from its tuning (example 1) that he was not concerned primarily with extending the guitar’s bass register: the so- called ‘re-entrant’ strings 8 to 10 follow the lead of many old stringed instruments by jumping to the octave above as soon as it becomes difficult to produce strings of sufficient quality and focus of sound. Rather, his principal concern was resonance: When I decided to use the ten-string guitar … my reasons were purely musical, and the first of them was that the guitar was not properly balanced. ere was no equilibrium, because of the twelve notes of the scale, only four - E, A, B, D - had any resonance. If you play one of those notes and then stop the string with your finger, you will hear the sound lingering. But if you play one of the other eight notes of the scale, the sound dies immediately. On the ten-string guitar, I have resonance on all twelve notes. (Narciso Yepes in Kozinn 1981) Yepes is certainly right in ascribing a far greater evenness of sympathetic resonance to the ten- string guitar, and along with a limited number of new works and transcriptions, he continued to play six-string guitar music on his expanded instrument, not necessarily seeking to play the extra strings but relying on them for resonance. I came to the ten-string guitar principally for its repertoire, attracted as I was by Ohana’s large- scale cycles. Within a few months of taking up the instrument, in 1994, I had commissioned a new work for it from Rob Keeley. And yet notwithstanding Yepes’s characterisation of the ten- string instrument as a universal guitar, I soon came to feel that I could play six-string guitar p o i u y t r e w q Example 1 Narciso Yepes’s tuning for the ten-string guitar, often referred to as the ‘modern’ tuning. Circled numbers denote strings; strings 6–1 match the stringing of the six-string guitar

Upload: others

Post on 27-Feb-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

4

1 Developing a Medium The Collaborative Process in Stephen Gossrsquos Oxen of the Sun (2003ndash4)

Iemsp AemspSoloemspforemspSix-stringemspGuitaremspandemspTen-stringemspGuitar

Ten versus Six

WhenemspNarcisoemspYepesemsplaunchedemsphisemspnewemspten-stringemspguitaremspinemspaemspperformanceemspwithemsptheemspBerlinemspPhil-harmonicemsp inemsp 1964emsp itemsp wasemsp afteremsp aemsp periodemsp ofemsp consultationemsp thatemsp involvedemsp notemsp onlyemsp theemsp celebratedemspmakeremspRamiacuterezemspbutemspcomposersemspasemspwellemspevenemspbeforeemsptheemspBerlinemsppremiereemspMauriceemspOhanaemsphademspcomposedemspaemsphalf-houremspcycleemspforemspYepesrsquosemspten-stringemspguitaremsp(Si le jour paraicircthellipemsp1963)emspthatemspplumbedemspitsemsppossibilitiesemspwithemspextraordinaryemspthoroughnessemspandemspconfidenceemspForemspYepesemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwasemspaemspstraightforwardemspimprovementemsptoemsptheemsptraditionalemspinstrumentemspItemspisemspobviousemspfromemspitsemsptuningemsp(example 1)emspthatemspheemspwasemspnotemspconcernedemspprimarilyemspwithemspextendingemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspbassemspregisteremsptheemspso-calledemsplsquore-entrantrsquoemspstringsemsp8emsptoemsp10emspfollowemsptheemspleademspofemspmanyemspoldemspstringedemspinstrumentsemspbyemspjumpingemsptoemsptheemspoctaveemspaboveemspasemspsoonemspasemspitemspbecomesemspdifficultemsptoemspproduceemspstringsemspofemspsufficientemspqualityemspandemspfocusemspofemspsoundemspRatheremsphisemspprincipalemspconcernemspwasemspresonance

WhenemspIemspdecidedemsptoemspuseemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsphellipemspmyemspreasonsemspwereemsppurelyemspmusicalemspandemsptheemspfirstemspofemspthememspwasemspthatemsptheemspguitaremspwasemspnotemspproperlyemspbalancedemspThereemspwasemspnoemspequilibriumemspbecauseemspofemsptheemsptwelveemspnotesemspofemsptheemspscaleemsponlyemspfouremsp-emspEemspAemspBemspDemsp-emsphademspanyemspresonanceemspIfemspyouemspplayemsponeemspofemspthoseemspnotesemspandemspthenemspstopemsptheemspstringemspwithemspyouremspfingeremspyouemspwillemsphearemsptheemspsoundemsplingeringemspButemspifemspyouemspplayemsponeemspofemsptheemspotheremspeightemspnotesemspofemsptheemspscaleemsptheemspsoundemspdiesemspimmediatelyemspOnemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspIemsphaveemspresonanceemsponemspallemsptwelveemspnotesemsp(NarcisoemspYepesemspinemspKozinnemsp1981)

emspYepesemspisemspcertainlyemsprightemspinemspascribingemspaemspfaremspgreateremspevennessemspofemspsympatheticemspresonanceemsptoemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspandemspalongemspwithemspaemsplimitedemspnumberemspofemspnewemspworksemspandemsptranscriptionsemspheemspcontinuedemsptoemspplayemspsix-stringemspguitaremspmusicemsponemsphisemspexpandedemspinstrumentemspnotemspnecessarilyemspseekingemsptoemspplayemsptheemspextraemspstringsemspbutemsprelyingemsponemspthememspforemspresonance

Iemspcameemsptoemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspprincipallyemspforemspitsemsprepertoireemspattractedemspasemspIemspwasemspbyemspOhanarsquosemsplarge-scaleemspcyclesemspWithinemspaemspfewemspmonthsemspofemsptakingemspupemsptheemspinstrumentemspinemsp1994emspIemsphademspcommissionedemspaemspnewemspworkemspforemspitemspfromemspRobemspKeeleyemspAndemspyetemspnotwithstandingemspYepesrsquosemspcharacterisationemspofemsptheemspten-stringemsp instrumentemspasemspaemspuniversalemspguitaremsp Iemspsoonemspcameemsptoemspfeelemsp thatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspsix-stringemspguitaremsp

p o i u y t r e w q

Example 1 Narciso Yepesrsquos tuning for the ten-string guitar often referred to as the lsquomodernrsquo tuning Circled numbers denote strings strings 6ndash1 match the stringing of the six-string guitar

5

musicemspmostemspfreelyemsponemspitsemspintendedemspinstrumentemsptheemspunevenemspresponseemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsphasemspitsemspownemspcharmemspwhileemsptheemspextraemspresonanceemspofemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspcanemspbeemspaemsplittleemspoverpoweringemspandemspdifficultemsptoemspcontrolemspAndemspsoemspIemspreconciledemspmyselfemsptoemsptakingemsptwoemspinstrumentsemsptoemspeveryemspperformanceemsp

BeforeemsplongemspIemspstartedemsptoemspthinkemspaboutemsptheemspideaemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspinemspsomeemspwayemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspplacedemsponemspaemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspofemspmeemspAemspgoodemspdealemspofemspexperimentationemspledemsptoemspaemspcarefullyemspplannedemspimprovisationemspwhichemspIemspwouldemspsometimesemspperformemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspcon-certsemspIemspretunedemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemspaddedemspaemspcapoemsptoemspraiseemsptheemsppitchemspofemsptheemspinstrumentemspbyemspaemspperfectemspfifthemspthisemspwayemsptheemspcombinedemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspgaveemspaemspgamutemspofemspsixteenemsppitchesemspthoughemspwithemspaemspstrongemspdiatonicemspbasisemsp(example 2emspandashc)emspMyemspimprovisationemspendedemspwithemspanemsparrangementemspofemspaemspGalicianemspfolkemspsongemspwhichemspIemsphademsporiginallyemspmadeemspforemspguitaremspduoemspendingemspwithemspaemspchordemspsweptemspacrossemspbothemspguitarsemspatemsponceemsp(example 2emspd)

IemspwasemspquiteemspunawareemspthatemsptheemspideaemspofemspplayingemspaemspsoloemsponemsptwoemspguitarsemsphademspalreadyemspbeenemsptriedemspatemspleastemsptwiceemspIemspnowemspknowemspthatemspGavinemspBryarsrsquosemspThe Fox the Squirrel and the Ricketty-Racketty BridgeemspwasemspwrittenemspasemsplongemspagoemspasemsptheemspsixtiesemspmoreemsprecentlyemspMoritzemspEggersemsphasemspwrittenemspaemspworkemspforemspnylon-emspandemspsteel-stringemspguitarsemspVermilion Sandsemsp(2000)emspAlthoughemspbothemspworksemspareemspsubstantialemsppiecesemspneitheremspattemptsemspatemspallemsptoemspresearchemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemsptoemspcreateemspunusualemsptexturesemspInemspBryarsrsquosemsppieceemspnoemspnotesemspareemsppluckedemspandemspfrettedemspinemsptheemspordinaryemspwayemspallemspnotesemspareemspsoundedemspbyemsphammeringemsponemsptoemsptheemspfingerboardemspwithemsptheemsprightemsporemspleftemsphandemspInemspVermilion Sandsemspnotesemspareemsppro-ducedemspnormallyemspforemsptheemspmostemsppartemspbutemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspareemspusedemspinemspanemspantiphonalemspwayemspandemsptheemsptwoemspsonoritiesemspareemspscarcelyemspeveremspmixedemsp

InemspmyemspownemspexplorationemspIemspintendedemspfromemsptheemspstartemsptoemspinterlaceemsptheemspsonoritiesemspofemsptheemspinstrumentsemspsoemspIemspbeganemsptoemspdeviseemspwaysemspofemspplayingemspchordsemspsimultaneouslyemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspofemspmovingemspfromemsponeemspinstrumentemsptoemsptheemspotheremspwithinemspaemspphraseemsporemspfigureemspIemspwasemspattractedemspinitiallyemspbyemsptheemsppurelyemspsen-suousemsppossibilitiesemsptheemspmagicalemspresonanceemspofemsptheemspcombinationemspBecauseemspevenemspaemspmoderateemsptempoemsppresentedemspformidableemsptechnicalemspandemspcognitiveemspdifficultiesemspIemspthoughtemsplessemspofemsptheemspcombinationemspasemspaemsp

a Scordatura for ten-string guitar

p o i u y t r e w q

b Scordatura for six-string guitar(capo at fret 7)

y t r e w q

c Combined gamutd Goal chord of improvisation

ff

Example 2 An open-string gamut for improvisation enrichable with fretted notes and harmonics

6

vehicleemspforemspvirtuosoemspdisplayemspNonethelessemspIemspthoughtemspthereemspwasemspsomeemsppotentialemsptoemspdevelopemsptheemspme-diumemspIemspbeganemsptoemspthinkemspofemspcommissioningemspsomeoneemspelseemsptoemspwriteemspanemspextendedemspsoloemspforemspmyemsptwoemspguitarsemspbutemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspaemspcomposeremspwithemspaemspplayerrsquosemspknowledgeemspofemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsponeemspwhoemspwouldemsprelishemspbothemsptheemspdramaticemspandemspvirtuosicemsppossibilitiesemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemsppotentialemspforemspsheerlyemspsensuousemsptextureemspStephenemspGossemspisemsponeemspofemspveryemspfewemspcomposersemsptoemspmeetemspthisemspdescrip-tionemspandemspsoemspinemsp2002emspIemspchangedemspmyemsplong-standingemsprequestemsptoemspStephenemspforemspaemspten-stringemspguitaremsppieceemsptoemspaemspworkemspforemspbothemspguitarsemsptogetheremspIemspproposedemsptoemspperformemsptheemspworkemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspinemspLondonrsquosemspBoliacutevaremspHallemspinemspaemspconcertemspforemsptheemspVenezuelanemspEmbassyrsquosemspguitaremspfestivalemspaemspconcertemspthatemspwouldemspalsoemspfeatureemspemspOhanarsquosemspcycleemspSi le jour paraicircthellip foremspten-stringemspguitaremspalongemspwithemspsomeemspsix-stringemspworks

StephenemspwasemspsomewhatemsptakenemspabackemspbyemsptheemspcommissionemspFirstemspasemspfaremspasemspweemspknewemspnoemsppieceemsplikeemspthisemsphademspeveremspbeenemspwrittenemspbeforeemspThereemspwereemspnoemspmodelsemspandemsptimeemspwasemsprelativelyemspshortemspforemsptheemspconcertemspIemsphademspinemspmindemspSecondemspheemspthoughtemspthatemspnoemsponeemspwouldemspeveremspplayemsptheemsppieceemspapartemspfromemspmeemspmuchemsplateremspweemspwereemspsurprisedemspatemsptheemspinterestemsparousedemspbyemsptheemsppublicationemspandemsprecordingemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp(asemsptheemspworkemspcameemsptoemspbeemspcalled)emspalthoughemspthereemsphaveemspnotemspyetemspbeenemspperformancesemspbyemspotheremspten-stringemspguitaristsemspAsemspforemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspobjectionemspweemsparrangedemsptoemspmeetemspsoemspthatemspIemspcouldemspdemonstrateemsptoemsphimemspaemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemspandemspexploreemspwaysemspofemspaddingemsptoemspitemspWeemsphademsponlyemsponeemspextendedemspmeetingemsptoemspgoemspintoemsptheemspvariousemspresourcesemspbutemspStephenemspcarefullyemspwroteemspthememspallemspdownemsp

Asemsptheemspcommissioneremspofemsptheemspworkemspitemspwasemspveryemspimportantemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemsppieceemspshouldemspjustifyemsptheemsptroubleemspandemsptheemsptheatreemspofemsphavingemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspstageemspcombiningemspthememspasemspfullyemspandemspinven-tivelyemspasemsppossibleemspCertainlyemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspproduceemspfascinatingemspsonoritiesemsptogetheremspbutemsptheyemspalsoemspimposeemspfrustratingemsplimitationsemspsinceemspitemspisemspimpossibleemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspifemsptheemspnoteemsponemsptheemspfirstemspguitaremspisemsppluckedemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspandemspfrettedemspwithemsptheemspleftemspToemspplayemspcon-tinuousemsppassageworkemspthereemspmustemspbeemsppivot notesemsp-emspnotesemspplayedemspwithemsponlyemsponeemsphandemspTheseemspcanemsponlyemspbeemspopenemspstringsemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsp(playedemspwithemsponeemsphand)emsporemspoccasionallyemsphammered-onemspnotesemspSomehowemspIemspneveremspclearlyemspformulatedemspthisemsplsquorulersquoemspinemspmyemspdiscussionsemspwithemspStephenemspStillemspmyemspfirstemspre-questemspwasemspthatemspthereemspshouldemspbeemspsomeemspcontinuousemsppassageworkemspinemsptheemspmusic

Itemspwasemspmoreemsporemsplessemspassumedemspatemsptheemspoutsetemspthatemspasemspinemspmyemspimprovisationsemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspwouldemspbeemsptheemsponeemspplacedemsponemsptheemsppianoemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspsinceemspallemsptheemspextraemspresourcesemspofemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwouldemspbeemspmoreemspeasilyemspaccessedemspwithemsp itemspheldemspconventionallyemsp Itemsp isemsp inevitableemspwithemsp thisemspar-rangementemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwillemsphaveemsptoemspplayemspmoreemspnotesemspthanemsptheemspsix-stringemspbutemspweemspwereemspkeenemsptoemspminimiseemspthisemspeffectemspTheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemsptoemspmechanicallyemspraiseemsptheemsppitchemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemspthusemspdifferentiateemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspalsoemspseemedemspaemspgiven

The Compendium

BeforeemspwritingemspanyemspmusicemspStephenemspsentemspmeemspaemspcopyemspofemsp theemsp lsquocompendiumrsquoemsporemsp repertoryemspofemsp tech-niquesemspthatemspheemsphademspcompiledemspfromemspouremspmeetingemspIemspreproduceemspitemspinemsptableemsp1emspnumberingemspeachemsponeemspandemspaddingemsptoemsptheemsprightemspanemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptheemspvariousemsptechniquesemspcameemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemsptheemspworkemspInemsptheemspendemspnotemspeveryemsptechniqueemspfeaturedemspSomeemspwereemspsoemspthoroughlyemspexploredemspinemspaemspmovementemspthatemspthereemspwasemspnoemspneedemspforemspadditionalemsponesemspandemspthenemspaemspfewemspadditionalemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemspinstru-mentemspemergedemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcomposingemsptheemspcompendiumemspgrew

7

1 The standard lsquomodernrsquo 10-string tuning F (top fret 12) G (12) A (12) Low B or C (13) E (14) A (16) D (17) G (18) B (19) E (19) Listen to Jonathanrsquos recordings with the ten-string par-ticularly Beaserrsquos lsquoBarbara Allenrsquo and Poulencrsquos Caprice Parisien (string 7 = low A) and live record-ing of Ohana

2 The 6-string could have an odd tuning and a capo

3 The 10-string could have a capo over the top (or bottom) 6 strings

4 Chord of open strings and harmonic doublings 5 Chromatic clusters and diatonic clusters 6 The 10-string is excellent for bridge percussion 7 Sustained cross-string patterns 8 Rich chord of harmonics 9 2-guitar dialogue hammer-on 6 note chords 10 Strum 6-string with tamb on 10-string 11 Both hands doing hammer-ons on 1 or 2 guitars 12 Hammer-on all 6 strings while playing a chord on

10-string 13 RH trem on 10-string (good on G) with a dramatic

backwards LH hammer-onpull-off melody on 6-string

14 The harp open strings and natural harmonics RH 10-string LH 6-string Harmonic chords at various fretsemsp-emspup to 6 (or 10) notes

15 Harmonic chords dampened higher up (ie pluck fret 12 harmonic and them brush at fret 7 (5 4 etc)

16 Left hand on 10-string can produce very clear hammer-ons in the bass A singing bass line would work well

17 RH harmonic pattern on 10-string cello melody on 6ndashstring

18 RH ostinato on 6-string (pizzharm or as percus-sion instrument) with hammer-on melody on 10-string

19 RH fingered harmonic chords 20 Subtle clustery chords points not big

brushstrokes 21 Big chords across both instruments double

strikes or big gestures

Standard lsquomodernrsquo tuning used with lowest (7th) string in B

Throughout but the capo is removed in lsquoCircersquo replaced in lsquoNarcissusrsquo and then removed again[not used]

[not used][throughout]lsquoPanrsquo lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoCircersquolsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoPanrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoAeolusrsquo[not used]

lsquoCircersquo

lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquo

[not used]

lsquoCircersquo though the melody on 6-string turned out to be in open strings and harmonics[not used]

lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo

lsquoCircersquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

Table 1 The Compendium for Oxen of the Sun

Compendium (precompositional) Eventual application in work

8

Foremsptheemspmostemsppartemsptheemspcompendiumemspdealsemspwithemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspdoesemspnotemspreflectemspanemspimportantemspaspectemspofemspouremspdiscussionemspthatemspdayemsptheemspstrikingemspresourcesemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspaffordsemsponemsp itsemspownemspStillemsp theemsp impressionemspthatemsp theemsp tableemspgivesemsp-emspthatemsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp lsquoAeolusrsquoemsplsquoCircersquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(inemspitsemspsecondemspversion)emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptheemspmostemsp-emspcorrespondsemspquiteemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspfinishedemspworkemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemsplsquoSirensrsquoemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemsptheemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemsphardlyemspappliesemspbecauseemsptheemspmovementemspenactsemspaemspgradualemspawakeningemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsplyingemspinemspfrontemspofemsptheemspperformeremspTheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsponlyemspechoesemsptheemspten-stringemspsoloemspbeforeemspbecomingemspsuddenlyemspandemspdramaticallyemspindependentemspinemsptheemspsecondemspmovementemsplsquoPanrsquoemsp

ButemspwhyemspisemsptheemspcompendiumemspspreademspsoemspunevenlyemspoveremsptheemspotheremspmovementsemspStephenemsphademspwrit-tenemspinemsphisemspdiary

TheemsppieceemspmayemspwellemspbeemspaemspnumberemspofemspminiaturesemsporemspmoodemsppiecesemspbasedemsponemspsomethingemsplikeemsptheemspTarotemspCardsemsp(butemspnotemsptheemspTarotemspCards)emspaemspkindemspofemspcompressedemspLGT1emspCouldemspbeemspaemspfilmicemspliteraryemsporemspartisticemspsourceemsp

WeemsptalkedemspaboutemspwhatemsptheemsppieceemspmightemspdoemspJonathanemspwouldemsplikeemspsomethingemspthatemsphasemspactionemspbutemspisemspnotemspnecessarilyemspfastemspHeemspshowedemspmeemspaemspcompendiumemspofemsppossibilitiesemspTheemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspaboutemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsptheemspperformeremspAemspmusicemspboxemspboxemspofemsptricksemsptheemspsoundsemspwillemspbeemspuniqueemspintriguingemspandemspnovelemspAemspcrossemspbetweenemspaemspharpemspandemspaemspguitaremspInventionsemspasemspvariationsemspThereemspcouldemspbeemspaemspveryemspsimpleemspharpemspmovementemsp-emspaemspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendemspTryemspnotemsptoemspduplicateemspJonathanrsquosemspfolksongemsparrangementemspideaemspOneemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspjustemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsplsquoTheemspHarpemspofemspOrpheusrsquoemspSympatheticemspStringsemsp6 Metamorphoses after OvidemspasemspaemspmodelemsporemspstartingemsppointemspMetamorphosesemspafteremspBritten

Aemsp lsquoboxemspofemsp tricksrsquoemsp itemsp isemsp easyemsp toemsp supposeemsp thatemsp theemspcompendiumemspwillemspgenerateemsp lsquoset-piecersquoemsp episodesemspandemsp strikingemsp gesturesemsp bloques sonoresemsp thatemsp willemsp quicklyemsp exhaustemsp themselvesemsp leavingemsp theemsp com-poseremspwithemsptheemsptaskemspofemspfindingemspanemspintuitivelyemspcorrectemsparrangementemsptoemspbuildemspaemsplargeremspformemspInemspfactemsptheemspfinishedemspseven-movementemspstructureemspisemspfaremsplessemspobviousemspItemspisemspalreadyemspapparentemspinemsphisemspjottingsemspthatemspStephenemspintendedemsponeemsporemspmoreemspmovementsemsptoemspfocusemsponemspaemspsingleemspsoundemspTheemspcentralemspmove-mentemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsptreatsemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemsponeemspaemspkindemspofemspharpemsporemsplyreemspinemspaemsphypnoticemspexplorationemspofemspaemspsingleemsptechnicalemspideaemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbuildsemsponemspthisemsptechniqueemspmovingemsptwiceemspasemspquicklyemspandemspaddingemspstoppedemspnotesemspandemspten-stringemspsweeps

Theemspremainingemspmovementsemsp-emsptheemsponesemspthatemspcanemspbeemspcalledemspepisodicemsp-emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptoemspveryemspdifferentemspendsemspInemspparticularemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspaemspgenuinelyemspdramaticemspstructureemspinemspthatemspitemspinvokesemspcontrastsemspofemspstabilityemspandemspinstabilityemspstatementemspandemspdevelopmentemspAsemsptableemsp2emspshowsemspitemspisemspinemsponeemspsenseemspaemsplsquoboxemspofemsptricksrsquoemspThereemspareemspfouremspepisodesemspofemspsimilaremsplengthemspeachemsplabelledemspwithemspaemspcharacteremspLight and clearemspStrong and heavyemspScherzandoemspandemspFasteremspEachemspofemsptheseemspepisodesemspdrawsemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsp-emsporemsppresentsemspaemspsimilaremspstronglyemspidiomaticemspeffectemsp-emspinemspaemspclearlyemspdefinedemspwayemspIndeedemspneitheremspguitaremspisemspplayedemspquiteemspconventionallyemspuntilemsptheemspfinalemspsectionemspwhichemspisemspaemspsoloemspforemspten-stringemspguitaremspButemsptheemsplastemspepisodeemspisemspaemsprepriseemspofemsptheemspfirstemsptransformingemspitsemspstaticemspostinato-likeemspfigurationemspintoemspaemspforcefulemspclimaxemspandemspdecayemspTheemsprisingemsppassageemspinemspbarsemsp50ndash54emspisemspmadeemspoutemspofemspmotivesemspfromemsp

1emsp Looking Glass Tiesemsp(2001)emspisemspaemspworkemspbyemspGossemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspdiscussedemspbelowemsp(ppemsp15ndash17)

9

Table 2 lsquoAeolusrsquo coordination of the form with extended techniques

section mm character bar no instrumental features

Statement [A] q = 60ndash66 Light and clear 1ndash18 10-string harmonics

6-string tambora on open strings

Development [B] q = 112ndash20 Strong and heavy 19ndash32 Both guitars hammered-on notes with

separate hands

Scherzando 33ndash49 10-string tambora on low strings

resonance transformed into harmonics

10-string improvised tambora on low

strings tinged with harmonics

6-string arpeggio figuration

Reprise [A] Faster 50ndash69 10-string alone played conventionally

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

Example 3 lsquoAeolusrsquo bars 50ndash69 cross-referenced with ideas from the opening section

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 2: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

5

musicemspmostemspfreelyemsponemspitsemspintendedemspinstrumentemsptheemspunevenemspresponseemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsphasemspitsemspownemspcharmemspwhileemsptheemspextraemspresonanceemspofemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspcanemspbeemspaemsplittleemspoverpoweringemspandemspdifficultemsptoemspcontrolemspAndemspsoemspIemspreconciledemspmyselfemsptoemsptakingemsptwoemspinstrumentsemsptoemspeveryemspperformanceemsp

BeforeemsplongemspIemspstartedemsptoemspthinkemspaboutemsptheemspideaemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspinemspsomeemspwayemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspplacedemsponemspaemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspofemspmeemspAemspgoodemspdealemspofemspexperimentationemspledemsptoemspaemspcarefullyemspplannedemspimprovisationemspwhichemspIemspwouldemspsometimesemspperformemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspcon-certsemspIemspretunedemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemspaddedemspaemspcapoemsptoemspraiseemsptheemsppitchemspofemsptheemspinstrumentemspbyemspaemspperfectemspfifthemspthisemspwayemsptheemspcombinedemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspgaveemspaemspgamutemspofemspsixteenemsppitchesemspthoughemspwithemspaemspstrongemspdiatonicemspbasisemsp(example 2emspandashc)emspMyemspimprovisationemspendedemspwithemspanemsparrangementemspofemspaemspGalicianemspfolkemspsongemspwhichemspIemsphademsporiginallyemspmadeemspforemspguitaremspduoemspendingemspwithemspaemspchordemspsweptemspacrossemspbothemspguitarsemspatemsponceemsp(example 2emspd)

IemspwasemspquiteemspunawareemspthatemsptheemspideaemspofemspplayingemspaemspsoloemsponemsptwoemspguitarsemsphademspalreadyemspbeenemsptriedemspatemspleastemsptwiceemspIemspnowemspknowemspthatemspGavinemspBryarsrsquosemspThe Fox the Squirrel and the Ricketty-Racketty BridgeemspwasemspwrittenemspasemsplongemspagoemspasemsptheemspsixtiesemspmoreemsprecentlyemspMoritzemspEggersemsphasemspwrittenemspaemspworkemspforemspnylon-emspandemspsteel-stringemspguitarsemspVermilion Sandsemsp(2000)emspAlthoughemspbothemspworksemspareemspsubstantialemsppiecesemspneitheremspattemptsemspatemspallemsptoemspresearchemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemsptoemspcreateemspunusualemsptexturesemspInemspBryarsrsquosemsppieceemspnoemspnotesemspareemsppluckedemspandemspfrettedemspinemsptheemspordinaryemspwayemspallemspnotesemspareemspsoundedemspbyemsphammeringemsponemsptoemsptheemspfingerboardemspwithemsptheemsprightemsporemspleftemsphandemspInemspVermilion Sandsemspnotesemspareemsppro-ducedemspnormallyemspforemsptheemspmostemsppartemspbutemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspareemspusedemspinemspanemspantiphonalemspwayemspandemsptheemsptwoemspsonoritiesemspareemspscarcelyemspeveremspmixedemsp

InemspmyemspownemspexplorationemspIemspintendedemspfromemsptheemspstartemsptoemspinterlaceemsptheemspsonoritiesemspofemsptheemspinstrumentsemspsoemspIemspbeganemsptoemspdeviseemspwaysemspofemspplayingemspchordsemspsimultaneouslyemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspofemspmovingemspfromemsponeemspinstrumentemsptoemsptheemspotheremspwithinemspaemspphraseemsporemspfigureemspIemspwasemspattractedemspinitiallyemspbyemsptheemsppurelyemspsen-suousemsppossibilitiesemsptheemspmagicalemspresonanceemspofemsptheemspcombinationemspBecauseemspevenemspaemspmoderateemsptempoemsppresentedemspformidableemsptechnicalemspandemspcognitiveemspdifficultiesemspIemspthoughtemsplessemspofemsptheemspcombinationemspasemspaemsp

a Scordatura for ten-string guitar

p o i u y t r e w q

b Scordatura for six-string guitar(capo at fret 7)

y t r e w q

c Combined gamutd Goal chord of improvisation

ff

Example 2 An open-string gamut for improvisation enrichable with fretted notes and harmonics

6

vehicleemspforemspvirtuosoemspdisplayemspNonethelessemspIemspthoughtemspthereemspwasemspsomeemsppotentialemsptoemspdevelopemsptheemspme-diumemspIemspbeganemsptoemspthinkemspofemspcommissioningemspsomeoneemspelseemsptoemspwriteemspanemspextendedemspsoloemspforemspmyemsptwoemspguitarsemspbutemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspaemspcomposeremspwithemspaemspplayerrsquosemspknowledgeemspofemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsponeemspwhoemspwouldemsprelishemspbothemsptheemspdramaticemspandemspvirtuosicemsppossibilitiesemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemsppotentialemspforemspsheerlyemspsensuousemsptextureemspStephenemspGossemspisemsponeemspofemspveryemspfewemspcomposersemsptoemspmeetemspthisemspdescrip-tionemspandemspsoemspinemsp2002emspIemspchangedemspmyemsplong-standingemsprequestemsptoemspStephenemspforemspaemspten-stringemspguitaremsppieceemsptoemspaemspworkemspforemspbothemspguitarsemsptogetheremspIemspproposedemsptoemspperformemsptheemspworkemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspinemspLondonrsquosemspBoliacutevaremspHallemspinemspaemspconcertemspforemsptheemspVenezuelanemspEmbassyrsquosemspguitaremspfestivalemspaemspconcertemspthatemspwouldemspalsoemspfeatureemspemspOhanarsquosemspcycleemspSi le jour paraicircthellip foremspten-stringemspguitaremspalongemspwithemspsomeemspsix-stringemspworks

StephenemspwasemspsomewhatemsptakenemspabackemspbyemsptheemspcommissionemspFirstemspasemspfaremspasemspweemspknewemspnoemsppieceemsplikeemspthisemsphademspeveremspbeenemspwrittenemspbeforeemspThereemspwereemspnoemspmodelsemspandemsptimeemspwasemsprelativelyemspshortemspforemsptheemspconcertemspIemsphademspinemspmindemspSecondemspheemspthoughtemspthatemspnoemsponeemspwouldemspeveremspplayemsptheemsppieceemspapartemspfromemspmeemspmuchemsplateremspweemspwereemspsurprisedemspatemsptheemspinterestemsparousedemspbyemsptheemsppublicationemspandemsprecordingemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp(asemsptheemspworkemspcameemsptoemspbeemspcalled)emspalthoughemspthereemsphaveemspnotemspyetemspbeenemspperformancesemspbyemspotheremspten-stringemspguitaristsemspAsemspforemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspobjectionemspweemsparrangedemsptoemspmeetemspsoemspthatemspIemspcouldemspdemonstrateemsptoemsphimemspaemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemspandemspexploreemspwaysemspofemspaddingemsptoemspitemspWeemsphademsponlyemsponeemspextendedemspmeetingemsptoemspgoemspintoemsptheemspvariousemspresourcesemspbutemspStephenemspcarefullyemspwroteemspthememspallemspdownemsp

Asemsptheemspcommissioneremspofemsptheemspworkemspitemspwasemspveryemspimportantemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemsppieceemspshouldemspjustifyemsptheemsptroubleemspandemsptheemsptheatreemspofemsphavingemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspstageemspcombiningemspthememspasemspfullyemspandemspinven-tivelyemspasemsppossibleemspCertainlyemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspproduceemspfascinatingemspsonoritiesemsptogetheremspbutemsptheyemspalsoemspimposeemspfrustratingemsplimitationsemspsinceemspitemspisemspimpossibleemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspifemsptheemspnoteemsponemsptheemspfirstemspguitaremspisemsppluckedemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspandemspfrettedemspwithemsptheemspleftemspToemspplayemspcon-tinuousemsppassageworkemspthereemspmustemspbeemsppivot notesemsp-emspnotesemspplayedemspwithemsponlyemsponeemsphandemspTheseemspcanemsponlyemspbeemspopenemspstringsemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsp(playedemspwithemsponeemsphand)emsporemspoccasionallyemsphammered-onemspnotesemspSomehowemspIemspneveremspclearlyemspformulatedemspthisemsplsquorulersquoemspinemspmyemspdiscussionsemspwithemspStephenemspStillemspmyemspfirstemspre-questemspwasemspthatemspthereemspshouldemspbeemspsomeemspcontinuousemsppassageworkemspinemsptheemspmusic

Itemspwasemspmoreemsporemsplessemspassumedemspatemsptheemspoutsetemspthatemspasemspinemspmyemspimprovisationsemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspwouldemspbeemsptheemsponeemspplacedemsponemsptheemsppianoemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspsinceemspallemsptheemspextraemspresourcesemspofemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwouldemspbeemspmoreemspeasilyemspaccessedemspwithemsp itemspheldemspconventionallyemsp Itemsp isemsp inevitableemspwithemsp thisemspar-rangementemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwillemsphaveemsptoemspplayemspmoreemspnotesemspthanemsptheemspsix-stringemspbutemspweemspwereemspkeenemsptoemspminimiseemspthisemspeffectemspTheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemsptoemspmechanicallyemspraiseemsptheemsppitchemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemspthusemspdifferentiateemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspalsoemspseemedemspaemspgiven

The Compendium

BeforeemspwritingemspanyemspmusicemspStephenemspsentemspmeemspaemspcopyemspofemsp theemsp lsquocompendiumrsquoemsporemsp repertoryemspofemsp tech-niquesemspthatemspheemsphademspcompiledemspfromemspouremspmeetingemspIemspreproduceemspitemspinemsptableemsp1emspnumberingemspeachemsponeemspandemspaddingemsptoemsptheemsprightemspanemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptheemspvariousemsptechniquesemspcameemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemsptheemspworkemspInemsptheemspendemspnotemspeveryemsptechniqueemspfeaturedemspSomeemspwereemspsoemspthoroughlyemspexploredemspinemspaemspmovementemspthatemspthereemspwasemspnoemspneedemspforemspadditionalemsponesemspandemspthenemspaemspfewemspadditionalemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemspinstru-mentemspemergedemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcomposingemsptheemspcompendiumemspgrew

7

1 The standard lsquomodernrsquo 10-string tuning F (top fret 12) G (12) A (12) Low B or C (13) E (14) A (16) D (17) G (18) B (19) E (19) Listen to Jonathanrsquos recordings with the ten-string par-ticularly Beaserrsquos lsquoBarbara Allenrsquo and Poulencrsquos Caprice Parisien (string 7 = low A) and live record-ing of Ohana

2 The 6-string could have an odd tuning and a capo

3 The 10-string could have a capo over the top (or bottom) 6 strings

4 Chord of open strings and harmonic doublings 5 Chromatic clusters and diatonic clusters 6 The 10-string is excellent for bridge percussion 7 Sustained cross-string patterns 8 Rich chord of harmonics 9 2-guitar dialogue hammer-on 6 note chords 10 Strum 6-string with tamb on 10-string 11 Both hands doing hammer-ons on 1 or 2 guitars 12 Hammer-on all 6 strings while playing a chord on

10-string 13 RH trem on 10-string (good on G) with a dramatic

backwards LH hammer-onpull-off melody on 6-string

14 The harp open strings and natural harmonics RH 10-string LH 6-string Harmonic chords at various fretsemsp-emspup to 6 (or 10) notes

15 Harmonic chords dampened higher up (ie pluck fret 12 harmonic and them brush at fret 7 (5 4 etc)

16 Left hand on 10-string can produce very clear hammer-ons in the bass A singing bass line would work well

17 RH harmonic pattern on 10-string cello melody on 6ndashstring

18 RH ostinato on 6-string (pizzharm or as percus-sion instrument) with hammer-on melody on 10-string

19 RH fingered harmonic chords 20 Subtle clustery chords points not big

brushstrokes 21 Big chords across both instruments double

strikes or big gestures

Standard lsquomodernrsquo tuning used with lowest (7th) string in B

Throughout but the capo is removed in lsquoCircersquo replaced in lsquoNarcissusrsquo and then removed again[not used]

[not used][throughout]lsquoPanrsquo lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoCircersquolsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoPanrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoAeolusrsquo[not used]

lsquoCircersquo

lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquo

[not used]

lsquoCircersquo though the melody on 6-string turned out to be in open strings and harmonics[not used]

lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo

lsquoCircersquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

Table 1 The Compendium for Oxen of the Sun

Compendium (precompositional) Eventual application in work

8

Foremsptheemspmostemsppartemsptheemspcompendiumemspdealsemspwithemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspdoesemspnotemspreflectemspanemspimportantemspaspectemspofemspouremspdiscussionemspthatemspdayemsptheemspstrikingemspresourcesemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspaffordsemsponemsp itsemspownemspStillemsp theemsp impressionemspthatemsp theemsp tableemspgivesemsp-emspthatemsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp lsquoAeolusrsquoemsplsquoCircersquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(inemspitsemspsecondemspversion)emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptheemspmostemsp-emspcorrespondsemspquiteemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspfinishedemspworkemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemsplsquoSirensrsquoemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemsptheemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemsphardlyemspappliesemspbecauseemsptheemspmovementemspenactsemspaemspgradualemspawakeningemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsplyingemspinemspfrontemspofemsptheemspperformeremspTheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsponlyemspechoesemsptheemspten-stringemspsoloemspbeforeemspbecomingemspsuddenlyemspandemspdramaticallyemspindependentemspinemsptheemspsecondemspmovementemsplsquoPanrsquoemsp

ButemspwhyemspisemsptheemspcompendiumemspspreademspsoemspunevenlyemspoveremsptheemspotheremspmovementsemspStephenemsphademspwrit-tenemspinemsphisemspdiary

TheemsppieceemspmayemspwellemspbeemspaemspnumberemspofemspminiaturesemsporemspmoodemsppiecesemspbasedemsponemspsomethingemsplikeemsptheemspTarotemspCardsemsp(butemspnotemsptheemspTarotemspCards)emspaemspkindemspofemspcompressedemspLGT1emspCouldemspbeemspaemspfilmicemspliteraryemsporemspartisticemspsourceemsp

WeemsptalkedemspaboutemspwhatemsptheemsppieceemspmightemspdoemspJonathanemspwouldemsplikeemspsomethingemspthatemsphasemspactionemspbutemspisemspnotemspnecessarilyemspfastemspHeemspshowedemspmeemspaemspcompendiumemspofemsppossibilitiesemspTheemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspaboutemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsptheemspperformeremspAemspmusicemspboxemspboxemspofemsptricksemsptheemspsoundsemspwillemspbeemspuniqueemspintriguingemspandemspnovelemspAemspcrossemspbetweenemspaemspharpemspandemspaemspguitaremspInventionsemspasemspvariationsemspThereemspcouldemspbeemspaemspveryemspsimpleemspharpemspmovementemsp-emspaemspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendemspTryemspnotemsptoemspduplicateemspJonathanrsquosemspfolksongemsparrangementemspideaemspOneemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspjustemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsplsquoTheemspHarpemspofemspOrpheusrsquoemspSympatheticemspStringsemsp6 Metamorphoses after OvidemspasemspaemspmodelemsporemspstartingemsppointemspMetamorphosesemspafteremspBritten

Aemsp lsquoboxemspofemsp tricksrsquoemsp itemsp isemsp easyemsp toemsp supposeemsp thatemsp theemspcompendiumemspwillemspgenerateemsp lsquoset-piecersquoemsp episodesemspandemsp strikingemsp gesturesemsp bloques sonoresemsp thatemsp willemsp quicklyemsp exhaustemsp themselvesemsp leavingemsp theemsp com-poseremspwithemsptheemsptaskemspofemspfindingemspanemspintuitivelyemspcorrectemsparrangementemsptoemspbuildemspaemsplargeremspformemspInemspfactemsptheemspfinishedemspseven-movementemspstructureemspisemspfaremsplessemspobviousemspItemspisemspalreadyemspapparentemspinemsphisemspjottingsemspthatemspStephenemspintendedemsponeemsporemspmoreemspmovementsemsptoemspfocusemsponemspaemspsingleemspsoundemspTheemspcentralemspmove-mentemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsptreatsemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemsponeemspaemspkindemspofemspharpemsporemsplyreemspinemspaemsphypnoticemspexplorationemspofemspaemspsingleemsptechnicalemspideaemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbuildsemsponemspthisemsptechniqueemspmovingemsptwiceemspasemspquicklyemspandemspaddingemspstoppedemspnotesemspandemspten-stringemspsweeps

Theemspremainingemspmovementsemsp-emsptheemsponesemspthatemspcanemspbeemspcalledemspepisodicemsp-emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptoemspveryemspdifferentemspendsemspInemspparticularemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspaemspgenuinelyemspdramaticemspstructureemspinemspthatemspitemspinvokesemspcontrastsemspofemspstabilityemspandemspinstabilityemspstatementemspandemspdevelopmentemspAsemsptableemsp2emspshowsemspitemspisemspinemsponeemspsenseemspaemsplsquoboxemspofemsptricksrsquoemspThereemspareemspfouremspepisodesemspofemspsimilaremsplengthemspeachemsplabelledemspwithemspaemspcharacteremspLight and clearemspStrong and heavyemspScherzandoemspandemspFasteremspEachemspofemsptheseemspepisodesemspdrawsemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsp-emsporemsppresentsemspaemspsimilaremspstronglyemspidiomaticemspeffectemsp-emspinemspaemspclearlyemspdefinedemspwayemspIndeedemspneitheremspguitaremspisemspplayedemspquiteemspconventionallyemspuntilemsptheemspfinalemspsectionemspwhichemspisemspaemspsoloemspforemspten-stringemspguitaremspButemsptheemsplastemspepisodeemspisemspaemsprepriseemspofemsptheemspfirstemsptransformingemspitsemspstaticemspostinato-likeemspfigurationemspintoemspaemspforcefulemspclimaxemspandemspdecayemspTheemsprisingemsppassageemspinemspbarsemsp50ndash54emspisemspmadeemspoutemspofemspmotivesemspfromemsp

1emsp Looking Glass Tiesemsp(2001)emspisemspaemspworkemspbyemspGossemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspdiscussedemspbelowemsp(ppemsp15ndash17)

9

Table 2 lsquoAeolusrsquo coordination of the form with extended techniques

section mm character bar no instrumental features

Statement [A] q = 60ndash66 Light and clear 1ndash18 10-string harmonics

6-string tambora on open strings

Development [B] q = 112ndash20 Strong and heavy 19ndash32 Both guitars hammered-on notes with

separate hands

Scherzando 33ndash49 10-string tambora on low strings

resonance transformed into harmonics

10-string improvised tambora on low

strings tinged with harmonics

6-string arpeggio figuration

Reprise [A] Faster 50ndash69 10-string alone played conventionally

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

Example 3 lsquoAeolusrsquo bars 50ndash69 cross-referenced with ideas from the opening section

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 3: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

6

vehicleemspforemspvirtuosoemspdisplayemspNonethelessemspIemspthoughtemspthereemspwasemspsomeemsppotentialemsptoemspdevelopemsptheemspme-diumemspIemspbeganemsptoemspthinkemspofemspcommissioningemspsomeoneemspelseemsptoemspwriteemspanemspextendedemspsoloemspforemspmyemsptwoemspguitarsemspbutemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspaemspcomposeremspwithemspaemspplayerrsquosemspknowledgeemspofemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsponeemspwhoemspwouldemsprelishemspbothemsptheemspdramaticemspandemspvirtuosicemsppossibilitiesemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemsppotentialemspforemspsheerlyemspsensuousemsptextureemspStephenemspGossemspisemsponeemspofemspveryemspfewemspcomposersemsptoemspmeetemspthisemspdescrip-tionemspandemspsoemspinemsp2002emspIemspchangedemspmyemsplong-standingemsprequestemsptoemspStephenemspforemspaemspten-stringemspguitaremsppieceemsptoemspaemspworkemspforemspbothemspguitarsemsptogetheremspIemspproposedemsptoemspperformemsptheemspworkemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspinemspLondonrsquosemspBoliacutevaremspHallemspinemspaemspconcertemspforemsptheemspVenezuelanemspEmbassyrsquosemspguitaremspfestivalemspaemspconcertemspthatemspwouldemspalsoemspfeatureemspemspOhanarsquosemspcycleemspSi le jour paraicircthellip foremspten-stringemspguitaremspalongemspwithemspsomeemspsix-stringemspworks

StephenemspwasemspsomewhatemsptakenemspabackemspbyemsptheemspcommissionemspFirstemspasemspfaremspasemspweemspknewemspnoemsppieceemsplikeemspthisemsphademspeveremspbeenemspwrittenemspbeforeemspThereemspwereemspnoemspmodelsemspandemsptimeemspwasemsprelativelyemspshortemspforemsptheemspconcertemspIemsphademspinemspmindemspSecondemspheemspthoughtemspthatemspnoemsponeemspwouldemspeveremspplayemsptheemsppieceemspapartemspfromemspmeemspmuchemsplateremspweemspwereemspsurprisedemspatemsptheemspinterestemsparousedemspbyemsptheemsppublicationemspandemsprecordingemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp(asemsptheemspworkemspcameemsptoemspbeemspcalled)emspalthoughemspthereemsphaveemspnotemspyetemspbeenemspperformancesemspbyemspotheremspten-stringemspguitaristsemspAsemspforemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspobjectionemspweemsparrangedemsptoemspmeetemspsoemspthatemspIemspcouldemspdemonstrateemsptoemsphimemspaemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemspandemspexploreemspwaysemspofemspaddingemsptoemspitemspWeemsphademsponlyemsponeemspextendedemspmeetingemsptoemspgoemspintoemsptheemspvariousemspresourcesemspbutemspStephenemspcarefullyemspwroteemspthememspallemspdownemsp

Asemsptheemspcommissioneremspofemsptheemspworkemspitemspwasemspveryemspimportantemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemsppieceemspshouldemspjustifyemsptheemsptroubleemspandemsptheemsptheatreemspofemsphavingemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspstageemspcombiningemspthememspasemspfullyemspandemspinven-tivelyemspasemsppossibleemspCertainlyemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspproduceemspfascinatingemspsonoritiesemsptogetheremspbutemsptheyemspalsoemspimposeemspfrustratingemsplimitationsemspsinceemspitemspisemspimpossibleemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspifemsptheemspnoteemsponemsptheemspfirstemspguitaremspisemsppluckedemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspandemspfrettedemspwithemsptheemspleftemspToemspplayemspcon-tinuousemsppassageworkemspthereemspmustemspbeemsppivot notesemsp-emspnotesemspplayedemspwithemsponlyemsponeemsphandemspTheseemspcanemsponlyemspbeemspopenemspstringsemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsp(playedemspwithemsponeemsphand)emsporemspoccasionallyemsphammered-onemspnotesemspSomehowemspIemspneveremspclearlyemspformulatedemspthisemsplsquorulersquoemspinemspmyemspdiscussionsemspwithemspStephenemspStillemspmyemspfirstemspre-questemspwasemspthatemspthereemspshouldemspbeemspsomeemspcontinuousemsppassageworkemspinemsptheemspmusic

Itemspwasemspmoreemsporemsplessemspassumedemspatemsptheemspoutsetemspthatemspasemspinemspmyemspimprovisationsemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspwouldemspbeemsptheemsponeemspplacedemsponemsptheemsppianoemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspsinceemspallemsptheemspextraemspresourcesemspofemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwouldemspbeemspmoreemspeasilyemspaccessedemspwithemsp itemspheldemspconventionallyemsp Itemsp isemsp inevitableemspwithemsp thisemspar-rangementemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspwillemsphaveemsptoemspplayemspmoreemspnotesemspthanemsptheemspsix-stringemspbutemspweemspwereemspkeenemsptoemspminimiseemspthisemspeffectemspTheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemsptoemspmechanicallyemspraiseemsptheemsppitchemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemspthusemspdifferentiateemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspalsoemspseemedemspaemspgiven

The Compendium

BeforeemspwritingemspanyemspmusicemspStephenemspsentemspmeemspaemspcopyemspofemsp theemsp lsquocompendiumrsquoemsporemsp repertoryemspofemsp tech-niquesemspthatemspheemsphademspcompiledemspfromemspouremspmeetingemspIemspreproduceemspitemspinemsptableemsp1emspnumberingemspeachemsponeemspandemspaddingemsptoemsptheemsprightemspanemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptheemspvariousemsptechniquesemspcameemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemsptheemspworkemspInemsptheemspendemspnotemspeveryemsptechniqueemspfeaturedemspSomeemspwereemspsoemspthoroughlyemspexploredemspinemspaemspmovementemspthatemspthereemspwasemspnoemspneedemspforemspadditionalemsponesemspandemspthenemspaemspfewemspadditionalemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemspinstru-mentemspemergedemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcomposingemsptheemspcompendiumemspgrew

7

1 The standard lsquomodernrsquo 10-string tuning F (top fret 12) G (12) A (12) Low B or C (13) E (14) A (16) D (17) G (18) B (19) E (19) Listen to Jonathanrsquos recordings with the ten-string par-ticularly Beaserrsquos lsquoBarbara Allenrsquo and Poulencrsquos Caprice Parisien (string 7 = low A) and live record-ing of Ohana

2 The 6-string could have an odd tuning and a capo

3 The 10-string could have a capo over the top (or bottom) 6 strings

4 Chord of open strings and harmonic doublings 5 Chromatic clusters and diatonic clusters 6 The 10-string is excellent for bridge percussion 7 Sustained cross-string patterns 8 Rich chord of harmonics 9 2-guitar dialogue hammer-on 6 note chords 10 Strum 6-string with tamb on 10-string 11 Both hands doing hammer-ons on 1 or 2 guitars 12 Hammer-on all 6 strings while playing a chord on

10-string 13 RH trem on 10-string (good on G) with a dramatic

backwards LH hammer-onpull-off melody on 6-string

14 The harp open strings and natural harmonics RH 10-string LH 6-string Harmonic chords at various fretsemsp-emspup to 6 (or 10) notes

15 Harmonic chords dampened higher up (ie pluck fret 12 harmonic and them brush at fret 7 (5 4 etc)

16 Left hand on 10-string can produce very clear hammer-ons in the bass A singing bass line would work well

17 RH harmonic pattern on 10-string cello melody on 6ndashstring

18 RH ostinato on 6-string (pizzharm or as percus-sion instrument) with hammer-on melody on 10-string

19 RH fingered harmonic chords 20 Subtle clustery chords points not big

brushstrokes 21 Big chords across both instruments double

strikes or big gestures

Standard lsquomodernrsquo tuning used with lowest (7th) string in B

Throughout but the capo is removed in lsquoCircersquo replaced in lsquoNarcissusrsquo and then removed again[not used]

[not used][throughout]lsquoPanrsquo lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoCircersquolsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoPanrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoAeolusrsquo[not used]

lsquoCircersquo

lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquo

[not used]

lsquoCircersquo though the melody on 6-string turned out to be in open strings and harmonics[not used]

lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo

lsquoCircersquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

Table 1 The Compendium for Oxen of the Sun

Compendium (precompositional) Eventual application in work

8

Foremsptheemspmostemsppartemsptheemspcompendiumemspdealsemspwithemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspdoesemspnotemspreflectemspanemspimportantemspaspectemspofemspouremspdiscussionemspthatemspdayemsptheemspstrikingemspresourcesemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspaffordsemsponemsp itsemspownemspStillemsp theemsp impressionemspthatemsp theemsp tableemspgivesemsp-emspthatemsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp lsquoAeolusrsquoemsplsquoCircersquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(inemspitsemspsecondemspversion)emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptheemspmostemsp-emspcorrespondsemspquiteemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspfinishedemspworkemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemsplsquoSirensrsquoemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemsptheemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemsphardlyemspappliesemspbecauseemsptheemspmovementemspenactsemspaemspgradualemspawakeningemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsplyingemspinemspfrontemspofemsptheemspperformeremspTheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsponlyemspechoesemsptheemspten-stringemspsoloemspbeforeemspbecomingemspsuddenlyemspandemspdramaticallyemspindependentemspinemsptheemspsecondemspmovementemsplsquoPanrsquoemsp

ButemspwhyemspisemsptheemspcompendiumemspspreademspsoemspunevenlyemspoveremsptheemspotheremspmovementsemspStephenemsphademspwrit-tenemspinemsphisemspdiary

TheemsppieceemspmayemspwellemspbeemspaemspnumberemspofemspminiaturesemsporemspmoodemsppiecesemspbasedemsponemspsomethingemsplikeemsptheemspTarotemspCardsemsp(butemspnotemsptheemspTarotemspCards)emspaemspkindemspofemspcompressedemspLGT1emspCouldemspbeemspaemspfilmicemspliteraryemsporemspartisticemspsourceemsp

WeemsptalkedemspaboutemspwhatemsptheemsppieceemspmightemspdoemspJonathanemspwouldemsplikeemspsomethingemspthatemsphasemspactionemspbutemspisemspnotemspnecessarilyemspfastemspHeemspshowedemspmeemspaemspcompendiumemspofemsppossibilitiesemspTheemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspaboutemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsptheemspperformeremspAemspmusicemspboxemspboxemspofemsptricksemsptheemspsoundsemspwillemspbeemspuniqueemspintriguingemspandemspnovelemspAemspcrossemspbetweenemspaemspharpemspandemspaemspguitaremspInventionsemspasemspvariationsemspThereemspcouldemspbeemspaemspveryemspsimpleemspharpemspmovementemsp-emspaemspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendemspTryemspnotemsptoemspduplicateemspJonathanrsquosemspfolksongemsparrangementemspideaemspOneemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspjustemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsplsquoTheemspHarpemspofemspOrpheusrsquoemspSympatheticemspStringsemsp6 Metamorphoses after OvidemspasemspaemspmodelemsporemspstartingemsppointemspMetamorphosesemspafteremspBritten

Aemsp lsquoboxemspofemsp tricksrsquoemsp itemsp isemsp easyemsp toemsp supposeemsp thatemsp theemspcompendiumemspwillemspgenerateemsp lsquoset-piecersquoemsp episodesemspandemsp strikingemsp gesturesemsp bloques sonoresemsp thatemsp willemsp quicklyemsp exhaustemsp themselvesemsp leavingemsp theemsp com-poseremspwithemsptheemsptaskemspofemspfindingemspanemspintuitivelyemspcorrectemsparrangementemsptoemspbuildemspaemsplargeremspformemspInemspfactemsptheemspfinishedemspseven-movementemspstructureemspisemspfaremsplessemspobviousemspItemspisemspalreadyemspapparentemspinemsphisemspjottingsemspthatemspStephenemspintendedemsponeemsporemspmoreemspmovementsemsptoemspfocusemsponemspaemspsingleemspsoundemspTheemspcentralemspmove-mentemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsptreatsemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemsponeemspaemspkindemspofemspharpemsporemsplyreemspinemspaemsphypnoticemspexplorationemspofemspaemspsingleemsptechnicalemspideaemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbuildsemsponemspthisemsptechniqueemspmovingemsptwiceemspasemspquicklyemspandemspaddingemspstoppedemspnotesemspandemspten-stringemspsweeps

Theemspremainingemspmovementsemsp-emsptheemsponesemspthatemspcanemspbeemspcalledemspepisodicemsp-emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptoemspveryemspdifferentemspendsemspInemspparticularemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspaemspgenuinelyemspdramaticemspstructureemspinemspthatemspitemspinvokesemspcontrastsemspofemspstabilityemspandemspinstabilityemspstatementemspandemspdevelopmentemspAsemsptableemsp2emspshowsemspitemspisemspinemsponeemspsenseemspaemsplsquoboxemspofemsptricksrsquoemspThereemspareemspfouremspepisodesemspofemspsimilaremsplengthemspeachemsplabelledemspwithemspaemspcharacteremspLight and clearemspStrong and heavyemspScherzandoemspandemspFasteremspEachemspofemsptheseemspepisodesemspdrawsemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsp-emsporemsppresentsemspaemspsimilaremspstronglyemspidiomaticemspeffectemsp-emspinemspaemspclearlyemspdefinedemspwayemspIndeedemspneitheremspguitaremspisemspplayedemspquiteemspconventionallyemspuntilemsptheemspfinalemspsectionemspwhichemspisemspaemspsoloemspforemspten-stringemspguitaremspButemsptheemsplastemspepisodeemspisemspaemsprepriseemspofemsptheemspfirstemsptransformingemspitsemspstaticemspostinato-likeemspfigurationemspintoemspaemspforcefulemspclimaxemspandemspdecayemspTheemsprisingemsppassageemspinemspbarsemsp50ndash54emspisemspmadeemspoutemspofemspmotivesemspfromemsp

1emsp Looking Glass Tiesemsp(2001)emspisemspaemspworkemspbyemspGossemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspdiscussedemspbelowemsp(ppemsp15ndash17)

9

Table 2 lsquoAeolusrsquo coordination of the form with extended techniques

section mm character bar no instrumental features

Statement [A] q = 60ndash66 Light and clear 1ndash18 10-string harmonics

6-string tambora on open strings

Development [B] q = 112ndash20 Strong and heavy 19ndash32 Both guitars hammered-on notes with

separate hands

Scherzando 33ndash49 10-string tambora on low strings

resonance transformed into harmonics

10-string improvised tambora on low

strings tinged with harmonics

6-string arpeggio figuration

Reprise [A] Faster 50ndash69 10-string alone played conventionally

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

Example 3 lsquoAeolusrsquo bars 50ndash69 cross-referenced with ideas from the opening section

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 4: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

7

1 The standard lsquomodernrsquo 10-string tuning F (top fret 12) G (12) A (12) Low B or C (13) E (14) A (16) D (17) G (18) B (19) E (19) Listen to Jonathanrsquos recordings with the ten-string par-ticularly Beaserrsquos lsquoBarbara Allenrsquo and Poulencrsquos Caprice Parisien (string 7 = low A) and live record-ing of Ohana

2 The 6-string could have an odd tuning and a capo

3 The 10-string could have a capo over the top (or bottom) 6 strings

4 Chord of open strings and harmonic doublings 5 Chromatic clusters and diatonic clusters 6 The 10-string is excellent for bridge percussion 7 Sustained cross-string patterns 8 Rich chord of harmonics 9 2-guitar dialogue hammer-on 6 note chords 10 Strum 6-string with tamb on 10-string 11 Both hands doing hammer-ons on 1 or 2 guitars 12 Hammer-on all 6 strings while playing a chord on

10-string 13 RH trem on 10-string (good on G) with a dramatic

backwards LH hammer-onpull-off melody on 6-string

14 The harp open strings and natural harmonics RH 10-string LH 6-string Harmonic chords at various fretsemsp-emspup to 6 (or 10) notes

15 Harmonic chords dampened higher up (ie pluck fret 12 harmonic and them brush at fret 7 (5 4 etc)

16 Left hand on 10-string can produce very clear hammer-ons in the bass A singing bass line would work well

17 RH harmonic pattern on 10-string cello melody on 6ndashstring

18 RH ostinato on 6-string (pizzharm or as percus-sion instrument) with hammer-on melody on 10-string

19 RH fingered harmonic chords 20 Subtle clustery chords points not big

brushstrokes 21 Big chords across both instruments double

strikes or big gestures

Standard lsquomodernrsquo tuning used with lowest (7th) string in B

Throughout but the capo is removed in lsquoCircersquo replaced in lsquoNarcissusrsquo and then removed again[not used]

[not used][throughout]lsquoPanrsquo lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoCircersquolsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)lsquoPanrsquo lsquoCircersquolsquoAeolusrsquo[not used]

lsquoCircersquo

lsquoOrpheusrsquo lsquoArethusarsquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

lsquoAeolusrsquo lsquoCircersquo

[not used]

lsquoCircersquo though the melody on 6-string turned out to be in open strings and harmonics[not used]

lsquoCircersquolsquoPanrsquo

lsquoCircersquo lsquoNarcissusrsquo (version 2)

Table 1 The Compendium for Oxen of the Sun

Compendium (precompositional) Eventual application in work

8

Foremsptheemspmostemsppartemsptheemspcompendiumemspdealsemspwithemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspdoesemspnotemspreflectemspanemspimportantemspaspectemspofemspouremspdiscussionemspthatemspdayemsptheemspstrikingemspresourcesemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspaffordsemsponemsp itsemspownemspStillemsp theemsp impressionemspthatemsp theemsp tableemspgivesemsp-emspthatemsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp lsquoAeolusrsquoemsplsquoCircersquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(inemspitsemspsecondemspversion)emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptheemspmostemsp-emspcorrespondsemspquiteemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspfinishedemspworkemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemsplsquoSirensrsquoemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemsptheemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemsphardlyemspappliesemspbecauseemsptheemspmovementemspenactsemspaemspgradualemspawakeningemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsplyingemspinemspfrontemspofemsptheemspperformeremspTheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsponlyemspechoesemsptheemspten-stringemspsoloemspbeforeemspbecomingemspsuddenlyemspandemspdramaticallyemspindependentemspinemsptheemspsecondemspmovementemsplsquoPanrsquoemsp

ButemspwhyemspisemsptheemspcompendiumemspspreademspsoemspunevenlyemspoveremsptheemspotheremspmovementsemspStephenemsphademspwrit-tenemspinemsphisemspdiary

TheemsppieceemspmayemspwellemspbeemspaemspnumberemspofemspminiaturesemsporemspmoodemsppiecesemspbasedemsponemspsomethingemsplikeemsptheemspTarotemspCardsemsp(butemspnotemsptheemspTarotemspCards)emspaemspkindemspofemspcompressedemspLGT1emspCouldemspbeemspaemspfilmicemspliteraryemsporemspartisticemspsourceemsp

WeemsptalkedemspaboutemspwhatemsptheemsppieceemspmightemspdoemspJonathanemspwouldemsplikeemspsomethingemspthatemsphasemspactionemspbutemspisemspnotemspnecessarilyemspfastemspHeemspshowedemspmeemspaemspcompendiumemspofemsppossibilitiesemspTheemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspaboutemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsptheemspperformeremspAemspmusicemspboxemspboxemspofemsptricksemsptheemspsoundsemspwillemspbeemspuniqueemspintriguingemspandemspnovelemspAemspcrossemspbetweenemspaemspharpemspandemspaemspguitaremspInventionsemspasemspvariationsemspThereemspcouldemspbeemspaemspveryemspsimpleemspharpemspmovementemsp-emspaemspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendemspTryemspnotemsptoemspduplicateemspJonathanrsquosemspfolksongemsparrangementemspideaemspOneemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspjustemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsplsquoTheemspHarpemspofemspOrpheusrsquoemspSympatheticemspStringsemsp6 Metamorphoses after OvidemspasemspaemspmodelemsporemspstartingemsppointemspMetamorphosesemspafteremspBritten

Aemsp lsquoboxemspofemsp tricksrsquoemsp itemsp isemsp easyemsp toemsp supposeemsp thatemsp theemspcompendiumemspwillemspgenerateemsp lsquoset-piecersquoemsp episodesemspandemsp strikingemsp gesturesemsp bloques sonoresemsp thatemsp willemsp quicklyemsp exhaustemsp themselvesemsp leavingemsp theemsp com-poseremspwithemsptheemsptaskemspofemspfindingemspanemspintuitivelyemspcorrectemsparrangementemsptoemspbuildemspaemsplargeremspformemspInemspfactemsptheemspfinishedemspseven-movementemspstructureemspisemspfaremsplessemspobviousemspItemspisemspalreadyemspapparentemspinemsphisemspjottingsemspthatemspStephenemspintendedemsponeemsporemspmoreemspmovementsemsptoemspfocusemsponemspaemspsingleemspsoundemspTheemspcentralemspmove-mentemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsptreatsemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemsponeemspaemspkindemspofemspharpemsporemsplyreemspinemspaemsphypnoticemspexplorationemspofemspaemspsingleemsptechnicalemspideaemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbuildsemsponemspthisemsptechniqueemspmovingemsptwiceemspasemspquicklyemspandemspaddingemspstoppedemspnotesemspandemspten-stringemspsweeps

Theemspremainingemspmovementsemsp-emsptheemsponesemspthatemspcanemspbeemspcalledemspepisodicemsp-emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptoemspveryemspdifferentemspendsemspInemspparticularemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspaemspgenuinelyemspdramaticemspstructureemspinemspthatemspitemspinvokesemspcontrastsemspofemspstabilityemspandemspinstabilityemspstatementemspandemspdevelopmentemspAsemsptableemsp2emspshowsemspitemspisemspinemsponeemspsenseemspaemsplsquoboxemspofemsptricksrsquoemspThereemspareemspfouremspepisodesemspofemspsimilaremsplengthemspeachemsplabelledemspwithemspaemspcharacteremspLight and clearemspStrong and heavyemspScherzandoemspandemspFasteremspEachemspofemsptheseemspepisodesemspdrawsemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsp-emsporemsppresentsemspaemspsimilaremspstronglyemspidiomaticemspeffectemsp-emspinemspaemspclearlyemspdefinedemspwayemspIndeedemspneitheremspguitaremspisemspplayedemspquiteemspconventionallyemspuntilemsptheemspfinalemspsectionemspwhichemspisemspaemspsoloemspforemspten-stringemspguitaremspButemsptheemsplastemspepisodeemspisemspaemsprepriseemspofemsptheemspfirstemsptransformingemspitsemspstaticemspostinato-likeemspfigurationemspintoemspaemspforcefulemspclimaxemspandemspdecayemspTheemsprisingemsppassageemspinemspbarsemsp50ndash54emspisemspmadeemspoutemspofemspmotivesemspfromemsp

1emsp Looking Glass Tiesemsp(2001)emspisemspaemspworkemspbyemspGossemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspdiscussedemspbelowemsp(ppemsp15ndash17)

9

Table 2 lsquoAeolusrsquo coordination of the form with extended techniques

section mm character bar no instrumental features

Statement [A] q = 60ndash66 Light and clear 1ndash18 10-string harmonics

6-string tambora on open strings

Development [B] q = 112ndash20 Strong and heavy 19ndash32 Both guitars hammered-on notes with

separate hands

Scherzando 33ndash49 10-string tambora on low strings

resonance transformed into harmonics

10-string improvised tambora on low

strings tinged with harmonics

6-string arpeggio figuration

Reprise [A] Faster 50ndash69 10-string alone played conventionally

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

Example 3 lsquoAeolusrsquo bars 50ndash69 cross-referenced with ideas from the opening section

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 5: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

8

Foremsptheemspmostemsppartemsptheemspcompendiumemspdealsemspwithemspwaysemspofemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspdoesemspnotemspreflectemspanemspimportantemspaspectemspofemspouremspdiscussionemspthatemspdayemsptheemspstrikingemspresourcesemspthatemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremspaffordsemsponemsp itsemspownemspStillemsp theemsp impressionemspthatemsp theemsp tableemspgivesemsp-emspthatemsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp lsquoAeolusrsquoemsplsquoCircersquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(inemspitsemspsecondemspversion)emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptheemspmostemsp-emspcorrespondsemspquiteemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspfinishedemspworkemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemsplsquoSirensrsquoemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemsptheemsprepertoryemspofemsptechniquesemsphardlyemspappliesemspbecauseemsptheemspmovementemspenactsemspaemspgradualemspawakeningemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsplyingemspinemspfrontemspofemsptheemspperformeremspTheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsponlyemspechoesemsptheemspten-stringemspsoloemspbeforeemspbecomingemspsuddenlyemspandemspdramaticallyemspindependentemspinemsptheemspsecondemspmovementemsplsquoPanrsquoemsp

ButemspwhyemspisemsptheemspcompendiumemspspreademspsoemspunevenlyemspoveremsptheemspotheremspmovementsemspStephenemsphademspwrit-tenemspinemsphisemspdiary

TheemsppieceemspmayemspwellemspbeemspaemspnumberemspofemspminiaturesemsporemspmoodemsppiecesemspbasedemsponemspsomethingemsplikeemsptheemspTarotemspCardsemsp(butemspnotemsptheemspTarotemspCards)emspaemspkindemspofemspcompressedemspLGT1emspCouldemspbeemspaemspfilmicemspliteraryemsporemspartisticemspsourceemsp

WeemsptalkedemspaboutemspwhatemsptheemsppieceemspmightemspdoemspJonathanemspwouldemsplikeemspsomethingemspthatemsphasemspactionemspbutemspisemspnotemspnecessarilyemspfastemspHeemspshowedemspmeemspaemspcompendiumemspofemsppossibilitiesemspTheemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspaboutemsptheemspinstrumentemspandemsptheemspperformeremspAemspmusicemspboxemspboxemspofemsptricksemsptheemspsoundsemspwillemspbeemspuniqueemspintriguingemspandemspnovelemspAemspcrossemspbetweenemspaemspharpemspandemspaemspguitaremspInventionsemspasemspvariationsemspThereemspcouldemspbeemspaemspveryemspsimpleemspharpemspmovementemsp-emspaemspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendemspTryemspnotemsptoemspduplicateemspJonathanrsquosemspfolksongemsparrangementemspideaemspOneemsppieceemspwillemspbeemspjustemspnaturalemspharmonicsemsplsquoTheemspHarpemspofemspOrpheusrsquoemspSympatheticemspStringsemsp6 Metamorphoses after OvidemspasemspaemspmodelemsporemspstartingemsppointemspMetamorphosesemspafteremspBritten

Aemsp lsquoboxemspofemsp tricksrsquoemsp itemsp isemsp easyemsp toemsp supposeemsp thatemsp theemspcompendiumemspwillemspgenerateemsp lsquoset-piecersquoemsp episodesemspandemsp strikingemsp gesturesemsp bloques sonoresemsp thatemsp willemsp quicklyemsp exhaustemsp themselvesemsp leavingemsp theemsp com-poseremspwithemsptheemsptaskemspofemspfindingemspanemspintuitivelyemspcorrectemsparrangementemsptoemspbuildemspaemsplargeremspformemspInemspfactemsptheemspfinishedemspseven-movementemspstructureemspisemspfaremsplessemspobviousemspItemspisemspalreadyemspapparentemspinemsphisemspjottingsemspthatemspStephenemspintendedemsponeemsporemspmoreemspmovementsemsptoemspfocusemsponemspaemspsingleemspsoundemspTheemspcentralemspmove-mentemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsptreatsemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemsponeemspaemspkindemspofemspharpemsporemsplyreemspinemspaemsphypnoticemspexplorationemspofemspaemspsingleemsptechnicalemspideaemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbuildsemsponemspthisemsptechniqueemspmovingemsptwiceemspasemspquicklyemspandemspaddingemspstoppedemspnotesemspandemspten-stringemspsweeps

Theemspremainingemspmovementsemsp-emsptheemsponesemspthatemspcanemspbeemspcalledemspepisodicemsp-emspdrawemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsptoemspveryemspdifferentemspendsemspInemspparticularemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspaemspgenuinelyemspdramaticemspstructureemspinemspthatemspitemspinvokesemspcontrastsemspofemspstabilityemspandemspinstabilityemspstatementemspandemspdevelopmentemspAsemsptableemsp2emspshowsemspitemspisemspinemsponeemspsenseemspaemsplsquoboxemspofemsptricksrsquoemspThereemspareemspfouremspepisodesemspofemspsimilaremsplengthemspeachemsplabelledemspwithemspaemspcharacteremspLight and clearemspStrong and heavyemspScherzandoemspandemspFasteremspEachemspofemsptheseemspepisodesemspdrawsemsponemsptheemspcompendiumemsp-emsporemsppresentsemspaemspsimilaremspstronglyemspidiomaticemspeffectemsp-emspinemspaemspclearlyemspdefinedemspwayemspIndeedemspneitheremspguitaremspisemspplayedemspquiteemspconventionallyemspuntilemsptheemspfinalemspsectionemspwhichemspisemspaemspsoloemspforemspten-stringemspguitaremspButemsptheemsplastemspepisodeemspisemspaemsprepriseemspofemsptheemspfirstemsptransformingemspitsemspstaticemspostinato-likeemspfigurationemspintoemspaemspforcefulemspclimaxemspandemspdecayemspTheemsprisingemsppassageemspinemspbarsemsp50ndash54emspisemspmadeemspoutemspofemspmotivesemspfromemsp

1emsp Looking Glass Tiesemsp(2001)emspisemspaemspworkemspbyemspGossemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspdiscussedemspbelowemsp(ppemsp15ndash17)

9

Table 2 lsquoAeolusrsquo coordination of the form with extended techniques

section mm character bar no instrumental features

Statement [A] q = 60ndash66 Light and clear 1ndash18 10-string harmonics

6-string tambora on open strings

Development [B] q = 112ndash20 Strong and heavy 19ndash32 Both guitars hammered-on notes with

separate hands

Scherzando 33ndash49 10-string tambora on low strings

resonance transformed into harmonics

10-string improvised tambora on low

strings tinged with harmonics

6-string arpeggio figuration

Reprise [A] Faster 50ndash69 10-string alone played conventionally

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

Example 3 lsquoAeolusrsquo bars 50ndash69 cross-referenced with ideas from the opening section

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 6: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

9

Table 2 lsquoAeolusrsquo coordination of the form with extended techniques

section mm character bar no instrumental features

Statement [A] q = 60ndash66 Light and clear 1ndash18 10-string harmonics

6-string tambora on open strings

Development [B] q = 112ndash20 Strong and heavy 19ndash32 Both guitars hammered-on notes with

separate hands

Scherzando 33ndash49 10-string tambora on low strings

resonance transformed into harmonics

10-string improvised tambora on low

strings tinged with harmonics

6-string arpeggio figuration

Reprise [A] Faster 50ndash69 10-string alone played conventionally

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

49

55

62

-6-

p mf

fff

bars 11ndash12

slap strings with side of thumb

fff

pp an echo in the decaying sonority

bar 9

pppp

bar 1

3

Example 3 lsquoAeolusrsquo bars 50ndash69 cross-referenced with ideas from the opening section

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 7: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

10

barsemsp10ndash12emspinemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspwhileemsptheemspdecayemsplinksemspbarsemsp1emspandemsp9emspintoemspaemspstutteringemspsequenceemsp(example 3)

InemsptheemspcontextemspofemspthisemsparchemspstructureemsptheemsptwoemspcentralemspepisodesemspemergeemspasemspdevelopmentalemspTheyemsptooemsptakeemspafteremsprhythmsemspandemspmelodicemspshapesemspfromemsptheemspsloweremspopeningemspstatementemspbutemspinemspaemspdistortedemspformemsp(example 4emspshowsemsptheemspbeginningemspofemspeachemspcentralemspepisode)emspTheemspsenseemspofemspdistortionemspisemsppalpableemspinemsptheemspchoiceemspofemsptechniquesemsptakenemspfromemsptheemspcompendiumemspasemspwellemspWhereasemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemsphademspexploitedemsptheemspgamutemspofemspten-stringemspharmonicsemspalreadyemspfamiliaremspfromemsptheemspfirstemsptwoemspmovementsemspStrong and heavyemspasksemspforemspquaversemsptoemspbeemsphammeredemsponemspaemsptechniqueemsp(noemsp11emspinemsptheemspcompendium)emspwhichemspsoundsemspaemspsubsidiaryemspindeterminateemsppitchemspalongemspwithemspeachemspwrittenemspnoteemspInemsptheemspsecondemspepi-sodeemspScherzandoemsptheemspchordsemspmarkedemsptamboraemspareemspproducedemspbyemspstrikingemsptheemspstringsemspwithemspanemspout-stretchedemspfingeremsparoundemspvariousemspharmonicemspnodalemsppointsemsptransformingemsptheemsphighemsppentatonicemsptamb-orasemspofemsptheemspopeningemspstatementemspintoemspaemsplsquodirtyrsquoemspandemspindeterminateemspmixtureemspofemspbassemspclusteremspharmonicsemspandemspnoiseemspHereemspStephenemsphademspinemspmindemsptechniqueemsp6emspinemsptheemspcompendiumemspinemsphisemsporiginalemspdraftemspofemsptheemspScherzandoemspheemsphademspaskedemspforemsplsquosomeemspkindemspofemspmagicalemspbridgeemsppercussionemspsoundrsquoemspleavingemsptheemspexactemsprealisationemspupemsptoemspmeemspButemspweemsphademspdiscussedemspthisemsptechniqueemspofemsplsquoharmonicemsptamborarsquoemspandemspIemspchoseemsptoemspuseemspitemsphereemspbecauseemspIemspthoughtemspitemspwouldemspheightenemsptheemspdevelopmentalemspdistortingemspqualityemspofemsptheemspcen-tralemspepisodes

70

six-stringguitar

Beginning of B (bar 19)

y

f

rh hammer-ons

lh hammer-ons

ten-stringguitar

Beginning of A (bar 1)

w

ppp lv sempre

r i e o p

5

Scherzando

Beginning of Scherzando episode bars 33ndash35

pp lv sempre

harmonic tamb ad lib

bars 2ndash3

p tamb

0

6

Example 4 lsquoAeolusrsquo section Brsquos two episodes take as their starting point distortions of opening material

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 8: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

11

IIemsp brittenemspinemspmetamorphosis

InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspOxenemspofemsptheemspSunrsquoemspisemsptheemsptitleemspofemsptheemspfourteenthemspepisodeemspinemspwhichemspJoyceemspre-capitulatesemsp theemsp developmentemsp ofemsp Englishemsp proseemsp inemsp aemsp seriesemsp ofemsp pastichesemsp andemsp parodiesemsp Notemsp thatemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspattemptsemspsuchemspaemspfeatemspinemspmusicemsp-emspinemspfactemsptheemspsevenemspmovementsemspofemspOxen of the SunemspareemspmoreemspstylisticallyemspunifiedemspthanemspinemspmuchemspofemsphisemspoutputemspButemsptheemsptitleemspreflectsemsptheemspdiversityemspofemspstylesemspfoundemspinemspStephenrsquosemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspandemsptheemspmultiplicityemspofemspinspirationsemspforemspOxenrsquosemspschemaemspThreeemspmovementsemsptakeemsptheiremsptitlesemspfromemspepisodesemspfromemspUlyssesemsp(HomeremspandemspJoyce)emsplsquoSirensrsquoemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspandemsplsquoCircersquo2emspTheemspimageemspofemsptheemsptwoemspinstrumentsemspasemspaemsplyreemspdefinesemsptheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspAsemspforemsptheemspremainingemspthreeemsplsquoPanrsquoemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspnotemspjustemsptheiremsptitlesemspbutemsptheiremspmusicalemspmaterialemspmayemspbeemspsourcedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemspSix Metamorphoses after Ovidemspforemspsoloemspoboeemspopemsp49

AemspfewemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxen of the SunemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemspanemsparticleemsponemsponeemspofemsptheemspmajoremspworksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsprepertoireemspBenjaminemspBrittenrsquosemspNocturnal after John Dowlandemspopemsp70emsp(Gossemsp2001)emspAsemspeditoremspofemsptheemspjournalemsp-emspandemspasemspsomeoneemspwhoemspsharedemspStephenrsquosemsppassionateemsppreoccupationemspwithemsptheemspworkemsp-emspIemspenteredemspintoemspaemspprocessemspofemsprevisionemspandemspcollaborationemspwithemspStephenemspthatemspratheremsppresagedemspouremspworkemsponemspOxen of the SunemspWeemspshallemspcomeemspbackemsptoemspNocturnalemspspecificallyemspinemspdueemspcourseemspbutemspStephenemspisemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspthrivesemsponemsptheemspassociationemspofemspideasemspandemspIemspwasemspnotemspsurprisedemsptoemspfindemspthatemspheemspwasemsplookingemspforemspwaysemsptoemspincorporateemsptheemspmusicemspofemspBrittenemspintoemsptheemspnewemsppieceemspOnemspJanuaryemsp24themsp2003emspheemspwroteemspinemsphisemspdiary

Irsquoveemspspentemsptheemspmorningemspthinkingemspandemspreadingemsparoundemsptheemsp16-stringemsppieceemspIemspamemspprettyemspsureemspthatemspitemspwillemspbeemspcalled Oxen of the SunemspOrpheusrsquosemsplyreemsphademsp9emspstringsemsp2emspmoreemspthanemspApollorsquosemsp(9emsp+emsp7emsp=emsp16)emspThereemspwillemspbeemspparallelsemsptoemspThe OdysseyemspandemspUlyssesemspSixemspofemsptheemspmovementsemspwillemspcomeemspfromemsptheemspBrittenemspOvidemspMetamorphosesemspTheyemspwillemspbeemsprecomposedemspexpandingemspandemspcontractingemsptheemsporiginalemspmaterialemspandemspmakingemspuseemspofemsptheemspcompendiumemspSingleemspmodelsemsp

hellipIfemspnotemsp9emspmovementsemspthenemsp7emspIemspmayemspnotemspuseemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementsemspIemspneedemsptoemspworkemsponemspthememspnextemspandemspaemspmovementemspplan

hellipIemspmightemspnotemsprecomposeemspallemsptheemspBrittenemspalthoughemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspgiftemspforemspreflectionsemspinemsptheemspwaterlsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspaemspgoodemsponeemsp-emspaemspfountainemspofemspnotes

WithinemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspStephenemsphademsparrivedemspatemsptheemspplanemspforemsptheemspfinishedemsppiece

IemspdonrsquotemspwantemsptheemspmovementsemsptoemspbeemsplongemspTheemspBrittenemsppiecesemspshouldemspbeemspdistillationsemspconcentrationsemspofemsptheemsporiginalsemspThereemspisemspaemspthemeemspdevelopingemspofemsplustemsptemptationemspandemspretribution

hellipTheemspJoyceemspepisodesemspforemspconsiderationemsparelsquoSirensrsquoemsp-emspseductionemspandemspOrpheusemsplinkemspslowemspandemspsexylsquoCircersquoemsp-emspenchantressemspcfemspKundryemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemsp-emspwindemsphellip

2emsp InemspJoycersquosemspUlyssesemsplsquoTheemspSirensrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp11emsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspisemspepisodeemsp7emspandemsplsquoCircersquoemspisemspepisodeemsp15emsp

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 9: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

12

Planemsp3emsp-emspalmostemspfinal1emsp Sirensemsp slowemsp HomerJoyceemsp richemspchordsemspampemspbeautifulemspsong2emsp Panemsp fasteremsp OvidndashBrittenemsp cross-stringemspresonances3emsp Aeolusemsp fastemsp HomerJoyceemsp highemsppitchedemspmotoemspperpetuo4emsp Orpheusemsp mediumemsp TheemspLyreemsp-emspCageemsp openemspstringsemspofemsptheemsplyreemsp7emspampemsp95emsp Arethusaemsp fastemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp waterfallfountainemspmusic6emsp Circeemsp sloweremsp HomerJoyceemsp magicemspmusic7emsp Narcissusemsp slowemsp OvidndashBrittenemsp 2emspguitarsemspinemspdialogue

AsemspanemspavowedemsppluralistemspwithemspanemspambivalentemspattitudeemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspauthorshipemspandemsporiginalityemspStephenemsphasemspmadeemspnoemspsecretemspoveremsptheemspyearsemspofemsphisemspuseemspofemspsamplesemspandemspmodelsemspfromemspotheremspcompos-ersemsppastemspandemsppresentemspSometimesemsptheemspworkemspofemspothersemspisemspechoedemspinemspaemsprelativelyemsprecognisableemspformemspatemspotheremsptimesemspitemspisemspapparentemsponlyemsptoemspthoseemspinemsptheemspknowemspoccludedemspasemspitemspisemspbyemspfiltersemsporemspotheremspdistortionsemspinemsptheemspcompositionalemspprocessemspEitheremspwayemspitemspisemspeasyemsptoemspdwellemsptooemspexclusivelyemsponemspStephenrsquosemspborrow-ingsemspinemspOxenemsptheemspentireemspspanemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspjustemspdiscussedemspprovidesemsponeemspofemspmanyemsppassagesemspthroughoutemsptheemspworkemspthatemspareemspcomposedemspfromemspscratchemspNeverthelessemspmodelsemspandemspsamplesemspaboundemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspisemspbasedemsplooselyemspbutemspaudiblyemsponemspJohnemspCagersquosemsp1948emsppianoemsppieceemspIn a Landscapeemspatemsptimesemspdownemsptoemsptheemspmerestemspgraceemspnoteemsp

TheemspreferencesemsptoemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspdescribeemspaemspcontinuumemspExample 5emspillustratesemsphowemsptheemspfirstemspmovementemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsptoemspbeemsptreatedemsplsquoPanrsquoemspisemsppassedemspthroughemspaemspkindemspofemspinstrumentalemspandemspgesturalemspfilteremspOneemspofemsptheemspsoloemspoboersquosemspparticularemspstrengthsemspliesemspofemspcourseemspinemspexpressiveemspandemspflow-ingemspmelodyemspandemspinemsptheemspopeningemspforteemspandemspmezzo-forteemspphrasesemspBrittenemspevidentlyemspsetemspoutemsptoemspbuildemsphisemsparabesquesemspwithemspnoemspintervalsemspotheremspthanemspdiatonicemspstepsemspencompassingemspjustemspaemspmajoremspninthemspinemspallemspInemspthisemspwayemspBrittenrsquosemspoboeemspconveysemsptheemsprusticemspessenceemspofemspPanrsquosemspfluteemspTheemsptwoemspguitarsemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspareemspcapableemspofemspproducingemsprichemspclustersemspandemspthatemspisemsptheemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspthroughemspwhichemspBrittenrsquosemspmelodicemsparcsemspareemsppassedemspTheemsptuningemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspoffersemspaemspgamutemspofemspharmonicsemspandemspopenemspstringsemspwhichemspcorrespondemspexactlyemsptoemsptheemspdiatonicemspcollectionemspexpressedemspinemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspAsemsptheyemspareemsptransformedemspintoemspclustersemspjustemspenoughemspofemsptheemsporiginalemsplineemspisemspretainedemsptoemspmakeemsptheemspmodelemsprecognisableemsp-emspandemsprecognitionemspsurelyemspisemsponeemspofemsptheemspresponsesemspallowedemspforemspinemspthisemsprecompositionemspIndeedemsptheemsppresentationemspofemsptheemspopeningemsplsquohookrsquoemspisemspstronglyemspmarkedemspasemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovement

RecognitionemsponemsptheemspotheremsphandemspcanemsphardlyemspbeemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspcontrastingemspsoftemspsectionemspthatemspmakesemspupemsptheemspsecondemsppartemspofemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoPanrsquoemspTheemsprepeatedemspnotesemspandemsparchingemspchromaticemspgesturesemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporginalemspareemspverticalisedemspintoemspattenuatedemspchordsemspinemspharmonicsemspdepictingemspaemspstaticemspland-scapeemspthatemspisemspparticularlyemspcharacteristicemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspmodelemspisemspburied

ByemspcontrastemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspbringsemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspmoreemspintoemsptheemspopenemspbyemspfol-lowingemspitsemspmelodicemspoutlineemspandemspdynamicsemspcloselyemspnowemspemployingemspaemspseriesemspofemsppitchemspfiltersemspthatemspbe-ginsemspwithemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspTheemspmomentemspofemspchangeemspfromemsponeemsppitchemspcollectionemsptoemspanotheremspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspbetweenemspmodelemspandemspreworkingemsp(example 6)

InemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxen of the SunemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspBrittenrsquosemspMetamorphosesemspculminatedemspinemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspwhichemsppresentedemspaemspliteralemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(noemsp5emspinemspBrittenrsquosemspset)emsp

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 10: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

13

HowemspthisemspmovementemspcameemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspanemspentirelyemspdifferentemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemspaemspquestionemspweemspmustemspsoonemspcomeemsptoemspbutemspfirstemspletemspusemspdiscussemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspwhichemspIemspperformedemspaemspnumberemspofemsptimesemspthroughoutemsp2003emspandemsp2004

5

6

oboe

Britten lsquoPanrsquo from Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

f

Senza misura

f

mf

6

six-string

guitar

Goss lsquoPanrsquo from Oxen of the SunSenza misura take plenty of time

t

ten-string

guitar

f lv sempre

f

f

pp

5 5 7

ff

gently strike strings with index fingerat 19th fret leaving finger on strings

Very slow free and calm

long pause

ppsemi-pizz

pont

pp (accel)

(3)

mf

[Brittenrsquos movement

continueshellip]

long pause

semi-pizz pont

pppsemi-pizz

pont

Attacca Aeolus

7Example 5 Gossrsquos lsquoPanrsquo is derived from Brittenrsquos by converting scales into clusters

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 11: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

14

Largamente

10

19

oboe

f espress f

six-string

guitar

Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

f

f

mf cresc

mf

Example 6 Gossrsquos lsquoArethusarsquo is modelled on Brittenrsquos in rhythm contour and modification of pitch collections (bars 1ndash26)

Transcription and appropriation the first lsquoNarcissusrsquo

Althoughemsp theemsp 2003emsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp quotesemsp Brittenrsquosemsp movementemsp unchangedemsp andemsp inemsp itsemsp entiretyemsp (theemspmodelsemsp foremsp lsquoPanrsquoemsp andemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp areemsp truncated)emsp itemsp isemsp somethingemsp moreemsp thanemsp aemsp literalemsp quotationemspforemspasemspexample 7emspshowsemspitemspmakesemspexplicitemsp-emspinemspliveemspperformanceemspvisibleemsp-emsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemsporemspasemspBrittenemspdepictsemspitemspbetweenemspmelodyemspandemspinversionemspThisemspisemsptheemspmostemsppalpableemspinstrumentalemspfilteremspofemspallemspinemspwhichemsponeemspguitaremspbecomesemsptheemspreflectionemspofemsptheemspotheremspandemsptheemspeffectemspofemspitemspbecameemspheightenedemspinemspperformanceemspbyemspaemspdiscoveryemspIemspmadeemspwhileemsppreparingemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspitemspwasemspeasieremsptoemspplayemsptheemsptranscriptionemspifemspIemspreversedemsptheemsparrangementemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspholdingemsptheemspsix-stringemspinemsptheemspnormalemspplayingemsppositionemspandemspputtingemsptheemspten-stringemspguitaremsponemsptheemspbenchemspinemspfrontemspplayingemsptheemspinvertedemspechoesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemsp(asemspinemspexampleemsp7)emspSwappingemsp

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 12: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

15

theemsptwoemspguitarsemsparoundemspmadeemspforemspaemsptheatricalemspgestureemsponemspstageemsponeemspthatemsptoemspStephenemspandemspmeemspseemedemsptoemsp embodyemsp theemsp kindemsp ofemsp fulfilmentemsp thatemsp theemsp lastemsp movementemsp wasemsp intendedemsp toemsp representemspemspofemsp theemspBrittenemspmodelemspandemspofemsptheemspapparentlyemspweakeremspsix-stringemspinstrumentemspItemspvisiblyemspmirroredemsptheemspsetemspupemspofemsptheemspprecedingemspmovementsemspatemsptheemspmomentemspthatemsptheemspmirroremspmusicemspbeginsemspAsemsprightemspasemspthisemspdiscov-eryemspfeltemspintuitivelyemspIemspcannotemsprecallemspouremspputtingemspanyemspofemspitemspintoemspwords

ThisemspwasemspscarcelyemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspthatemspStephenemsphademspimportedemspanotheremspcomposerrsquosemsppieceemspinemspitsemspen-tiretyemspintoemspaemspmulti-movementemspworkemspThatemspIemspbelieveemsphademspbeenemspinemsp2001emspinemspLooking Glass TiesemspforemspsoloemspguitaremspThisemspnine-movementemspworkemspisemspnoemsplongeremspavailableemsp(almostemspallemspofemspitsemspmovementsemsphaveemsp

pp piugrave f

Lento piacevole

p cresc

6

mf mf f

10

pp pp pp

f mf

17

p pp

ff pp

Tranquillo22

dim pp dim

rall 26

six-stringguitar

6 6

4

six-stringguitar

mf espress

ten-stringguitar

4

4

Example 7 Goss Oxen of the Sun the first version of lsquoNarcissusrsquo a transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquo from Benjamin Brittenrsquos 6 Metamorphoses after Ovid op 49 This movement was to be replaced with a different one in 2004

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 13: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

16

beenemspreworkedemspbyemspStephenemspinemsplateremspcompositions)emspbutemspinemsptheemspplaceemspofemspaemspcentralemspfifthemspmovementemspsoemsptoemspspeakemsponeemspfindsemspaemsptranscriptionemspmadeemspbyemspStephenemspofemspScarlattirsquosemspSonataemspK25emspEvenemsphereemspthereemspisemspaemspfilteremspthoughemspofemspaemspmostemspunusualemspkindemspaemspdirectionemspthatemsptheemspsonataemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemsplsquoinemsptheemspstyleemspofemsptheemspRussianemsppianoemspschoolrsquoemsp-emspStephenemspsuggestsemspaemsprecordingemspofemspMikhailemspPletnevrsquosemspasemspaemspmodelemspInemspthisemspwayemspStephenemsppaysemsptributeemsp-emspinemspadmirationemspIemspbelieveemsp-emsptoemspPletnevrsquosemspwayemspofemspplayingemspScarlattiemspwhileemspwrylyemspseparatingemsptheemspplayingemspstyleemspfromemsptheemspmusicalemspcontentemspItemspisemspaemspseparationemspthatemspmustemspdisconcertemsptheemspperformeremspbecauseemspitemspmakesemspself-consciousemspwhatemspshouldemspbeemspinstinctiveemspandemspasksemsptheemspperformeremsptoemspplayemsptheemspsonataemspaemspcertainemspwayemspirrespectiveemspofemsphowemspheemsporemspsheemspmightemsplsquohearrsquoemsptheemsppieceemspInemspthisemspcontextemspScarlattirsquosemspmusicemspwillemsptendemsptoemspbecomeemspaemspvehicleemspforemsptheemspstyleemspalthoughemspfewemsplistenersemspmayemspbeemspableemsptoemsppinpointemsptheemspprovenanceemspofemsptheemspinterpretiveemspstyleemspsomeemspmightemspsenseemspnonethelessemspthatemsptheemspperformeremspisemspplayingemspaemsprole

TheemsprestemspofemspLooking Glass TiesemspisemsprepleteemspwithemspquotationsemspandemspallusionsemspandemspyetemspitemspprovidesemspnoemspclueemspasemsptoemsptheemsplsquomeaningrsquoemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspsonataemspinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspunlessemspasemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemspdistancingemspstrategiesemspInemsphisemspintroductoryemspnoteemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspStephenemspexplainedemspthatemsplsquotheemspdiverseemspportraitsemspthatemspmakeemspupemspLooking Glass Tiesemspareemspreworkingsemspofemspexistingemsppiecesemspdisplayedemspinemspaemspnewemsplightemspandemspfromemspaemspdifferentemspperspectiveemsp-emsppiecesemspthroughemsptheemsplookingemspglassrsquoemspThisemspisemspputtingemspitemspmildlyemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspScarlattiemspwhichemspelevatesemsptheemsparrangeremsptoemsptheemspstatusemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemspsonatarsquosemspintrusiveemsppresenceemspaggressivelyemspdeniesemsptraditionalemspexpectationsemspofemsporiginalityemspAndemspifemspdoubtsemspariseemspinemsptheemspmindemspofemsptheemsplisteneremsp-emspisemspthisemspisemspaemspgimmickemsp-emspthenemspStephenemspcouldemspreplyemspthatemspheemspisemsptheemspcom-poseremspofemspthoseemspdoubts

SimilaremspappropriationsemspinemspStephenrsquosemspoutputemsphelpemsptoemspdefineemsphisemspnotionemspofemspquotationemspandemspitsemsproleemspInemspanotheremspsoloemspguitaremspworkemspRaise the Red Lanternemspcommissionedemspinemsp2004emspbyemsptheemspChineseemspvir-tuosoemspXuefeiemspYangemspforemspanemspalbumemspofemspworksemspwithemspaemspChineseemspthemeemspaemsptranscriptionemspagainemspfeaturesemspthisemsptimeemspofemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemsptheemspthirdemspsongemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspDas Lied von der ErdeemspMahlerrsquosemspsong-symphonyemspisemspbasedemsponemspChineseemsptextsemspalthoughemsptheemsptextemspisemsplostemspinemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspsoloemspguitaremsptheemspchinoiserieemspofemsptheemspmusicemspisemspunmistakableemspTheemspmainemsptestemspforemsptheemspculturallyemspawareemsplisteneremspthenemspisemsptoemsprecogniseemspMahlerrsquosemspmusicemspatemspallemspbeforeemspponderingemsponemsptheemspsignificanceemspofemsptheemspquotationemspamongemspmovementsemspwhichemspotherwiseemspalludeemsptoemsprecentemspChineseemspcinema

MahleremspappearsemspagainemspinemspStephenrsquosemsp2004emspguitaremspduoemspThe Raw and the CookedemspTheemspfifthemspmove-mentemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemsptranscribesemspaemspsongemspfromemspDes Knaben WunderhornemsplsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspwhichemspMahleremsphademsphimselfemspadaptedemspforemsptheemspScherzoemspofemsphisemspSecondemspSymphonyemspInemspThe Raw and the CookedemspitemspisemspprecededemspbyemspanotheremsptranscriptionemspthisemsptimeemspofemsptheemspeighthemspsongemspfromemspSchumannrsquosemspDichterliebe lsquoUndemspwuumlszligtenrsquosemspdieemspBlumenemspdieemspkleinersquoemspAsemspalwaysemsp inemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspwitemspisemsppartemspofemsptheemspmotivationemsptheemsptranscriptionemspcontinuesemspinnocentlyemspintoemsptheemspintroductionemsptoemspDichterliebersquosemspnextemspsongemsplsquoDasemspistemspeinemspFloumltenemspundemspGeigenrsquoemspbutemspbeforeemsplongemspSchumannrsquosemspmusicemspturnsemspseamlesslyemspintoemspMahlerrsquos

Theemsp linkemsp betweenemsp Schumannrsquosemsp lsquoDasemsp istemsp einemsp Floumltenemsp undemsp Geigenrsquoemsp andemsp Mahleremspemspbothemsp lsquoDesemspAntoniusemspvonemspPaduaemspFischpredigtrsquoemspandemsptheemspSecondemspSymphonyemspScherzoemspemsphasemspbeenemspdiscussedemspex-tensivelyemspinemsptheemspMahleremspliteratureemspAbbateemsppointsemsptoemsptheemspmusicalemspconnectionsemsp(1991emsp265emspn13)emspbe-foreemspturningemsptoemsptheemspconnectionemspbetweenemsptheemspHeineemsppoememspofemspSchumannrsquosemspsongemspandemspMahlerrsquosemspownemsp

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 14: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

17

descriptionemspofemsptheemspsymphonicemspscherzoemspButemspinemspThe Raw and the Cookedemspwhatemsphademsppreviouslyemspbeenemspshownemspinemspproseemspandemsptheemspoddemspmusicalemspexample isemspnowemspilluminatedemspinemspperformanceemspspaceemspthoughemspstillemspatemspaemspdistanceemsp-emsptheseemspareemspguitarsemspweemspareemsphearingemspafteremspallemspandemsptheemsptitleemsplsquoCaughtemspBetweenrsquoemspun-derscoresemsptheemspdoubtemspasemsptoemspwhoseemspmusicemspthisemspisemspwhetheremspSchumannrsquosemsporemspMahlerrsquosemspFinallyemsptheemsplis-teneremsptoemspStephenrsquosemspversionemspinemspThe Raw and the CookedemspmightemspwellemspbeemspremindedemspviaemspLeacutevi-StraussemspasemspwellemspasemsptheemspmusicemspitselfemspofemspBeriorsquosemspreworkingemspofemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspinemsphisemspSinfonia (1968ndash9)emspBeriorsquosemspmasterpieceemspisemspaemsplocus classicusemspofemsppostmodernismemspinemspmusicemspwithemspitsemspceaselessemspdivagationsemspintoemspquotationsemspfromemspotheremspmusicalemspmasterpiecesemspandemsptheemspanxiousemspreflectionsemsponemsporiginalityemsppursuedemspinemsptheemspsingersrsquoemsptextsemspGossemspreversesemspBeriorsquosemspconceptionemspbyemsppointingemspMahlerrsquosemspScherzoemspbackemsptowardsemspitsemspsource

Inemspallemspofemsptheseemspexamplesemspthenemsptheemsplisteneremspisemspdrawnemspintoemspaemspmazeemspofemspreferentsemspwhichemspcanemspneveremspbeemspgroundedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspstructureemspsinceemsptheseemspblockemspquotationsemspareemspnotemspintegratedemspintoemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemsptoemspcommentemsponemspitselfemspitsemspownemspaimsemspandemspexpressiveemspaspirationsemspinemspanemspunsettlingemsp(ifemspoftenemsplight-hearted)emspwayemspNoremspisemspthisemsptheemspambiguityemspandemspopen-endednessemspofemsptheemspsymbolismemspofemspaemsphundredemspyearsemspbeforeemspinemspwhichemsptheemspveryemspwordlessnessemspofemspmusicemspwasemspcelebratedemspthereemspcanemspbeemsplittleemspdoubtemspthatemspStephenemspintendsemsptoemspprovokeemspamongemspotheremspthingsemspthoughtemspinemsptheemspformemspofemspwordsemsp-emspverbalemspassociationemspandemspaemspkindemspofemspwordplayemspencodedemspinemsptheemspmusicemspnotemspsymbolismemspbutemspsemiosisemspinemsptheemspliteraryemspsenseemspthatemspmodernemspthoughtemsphasemsptendedemsptoemspgiveemspitemspanemspinterestemspinemspmusicemspasemsptext

Sinceemsp theemsp lateemsp nineteenthemsp centuryemsp transcriptionsemsp haveemsp featuredemsp heavilyemsp inemsp theemsp repertoireemsp ofemspmanyemspguitaristsemspOneemspofemsptodayrsquosemspleadingemspplayersemspPaulemspGalbraithemspplaysemsptranscriptionsemspalmostemspex-clusivelyemspandemspaemspcommentemsponemsphisemspwebsiteemsprepresentsemspIemspthinkemsptheemspcredoemspofemspallemsppractitionersemspofemsptheemspartemsplsquoItrsquosemspsoemspeasyemsptoemspplayemsptranscriptionsemspinemspaemspwayemspthatemspmerelyemspexcitesemspnostalgiaemspforemsptheemsporiginalemspver-sionemspTheemspgreatemspthingemspisemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemsptoemspbeemspconvincingemsptoemsptheemsppointemspthatemspyouemspfeelemspitemspwasemsporig-inallyemspconceivedemspforemspyouremspinstrumentrsquoemsp(Galbraithemsp2004)emspAsemspaemspguitaristemsphimselfemspspecialisingemspinemsptwoemspareasemspwithemspaemspscarcityemspofemsprepertoireemsp-emspguitaremspquartetemspandemspvoiceemspandemspguitaremsp-emspStephenemspGossemsphasemspmadeemspmanyemsptranscriptionsemspthatemspreflectemsptheseemspvaluesemspthoughemspincreasinglyemspthoseemsptooemsphaveemspbecomeemspincreasinglyemsplsquounfaithfulrsquoemspandemspallusive3emspInemsphisemspcompositionsemsptheemsptranscriptionsemspareemspdoneemspjustemspasemspskilfullyemsponeemspsuspectsemsphoweveremspthatemsptoemspsoundemsplsquooriginallyemspconceivedemspforemsptheemspinstrumentrsquoemspisemspfaremspfromemsphisemspaimemspIndeedemspfewemspguitaristsemspsurelyemspwouldemspconsideremspprogrammingemspaemspstraightforwardemsptranscriptionemspofemspsayemsplsquoVonemspderemspJugendrsquoemspforemspexactlyemsptheemspreasonsemspthatemspGalbraithemspadducesemspButemspplaceemsptheemspworkemspwithinemspprotectiveemspquotationemspmarksemspasemspRaise the Red LanternemspdoesemspandemspperformingemspitemspbecomesemspaemsppossibilityemspTheemspguitarrsquosemsptimbreemspandemspperhapsemspevenemsptheemspguitaristrsquosemspstrugglesemsptoemsprealiseemspsomethingemsplikeemspaemspMahleremspsongemspforemsptenoremspandemsporchestraemspbothemspmakeemsptheiremspironicemsppointemspTheemspmoreemspawareemsptheemsplisteneremspbecomesemsptheemspfurtheremspawayemsptheemspmusicemspseemsemspwhetheremspthroughemsptheemspdistanc-ingemspactionemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemsporemspthroughemsptheemspdistancingemspappealemsptoemspverbalemsp(andemspoftenemsperudite)emspthoughtemsp-emspandemspthenemspmostemspdrasticallyemsptheemspinsoucianceemsptowardsemspnotionsemspofemspcompositionalemspvoiceemspandemsptheemspsanctityemspofemsptheemspworkemsp

3emsp SeeemspforemspexampleemspCarmen Fantasyemsp(1998)emspandemspGnossiennes after Erik Satieemsp(2002)emspbothemspforemspguitaremspquartet

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 15: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

18

ByemspnowemspitemspisemspperhapsemspclearemspjustemsphowemspexceptionalemsptheemspfinalemspquotationemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspversionemspofemspOxenemspwasemspForemsponeemspthingemsptheemsptranscriptionemspworksemspalmostemspinemsptheemsptraditionalemspwayemsp-emspstunninglyemspsoemspasemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspeachemspphraseemspandemspitsemspinversionemspfallsemsponemsptoemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspasemspthoughemspintendedemspforemspthememspForemspanotheremspitsemspappearanceemspandemspplacementemspareemsppartemspofemspaemspmuchemspmoreemsptraditionallyemspcoherentemspschemeemspthanemspisemsppresentemspinemspanyemspofemsptheemspworksemspjustemspdiscussedemspAtemspleastemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspknowemsptheemspMetamorphoses after OvidemspthereemspisemspnotemsponlyemspintegrationemspwithinemsptheemspworkemspasemspaemspwholeemspbutemspalsoemspaemspsenseemspofemspprogressionemsplsquoPanrsquoemspbrieflyemspalludesemspclearlyemsptoemspBrittenemspbeforeemspbury-ingemspitemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsppartlyemsprevealsemspitsemspmodelemspbyemspparaphrasingemspitemspthroughoutemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspatemsplastemspstatesemspBrittenemspliterallyemspandemspinemspfullemspAboveemspallemspitemspbringsemspanemspelementemspofemspvariationemsptoemsptheemspmulti-movementemspformemspExample 8emspshowsemsphowemspanemspinversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspisemsptheemsppointemspofemspdepartureemspforemsptheemspwholeemspworkemspSinceemspBrittenrsquosemsp lsquoNarcissusrsquoemspalsoemspinvertsemspitsemspmelodyemspinemspitsemspcall-and-responseemspformemsptheemspcon-nectionemspisemsppartlyemspmadeemspforemsptheemsplisteneremspwhenemsptheemspfinalemspmovementemsparrivesemspThisemspopeningemspmovementemsplsquoSirensrsquoemspisemspofemspcourseemsponeemspofemsptheemsplsquoJoyceanrsquoemspmovementsemspinemsptheemspsetemspandemspanotheremspversionemspofemsptheemspmelodyemspappearsemspinemsponeemspofemsptheemspothersemsplsquoCircersquo

ByemspstatingemspitsemspmelodyemspclearlyemspthenemsptheemsporiginalemspversionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspbringsemspaemspsenseemspofemspcom-pletionemspevenemspresolutionemsptoemspbothemspthreadsemspinemsptheemspworkemspBrittenemspandemspJoyceemspTheemspcentralemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsp standsemsp outsideemsp theemsp processemsp Deepemsp inemsp theemsp backgroundemsp Oxenemsp becomesemsp aemsp theme-and-emspvariationemspsetemspinemspwhichemsptheemspthemeemspisemspplacedemspatemsptheemspendemspThisemspisemsptheemspveryemspformemspadoptedemspbyemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspNocturnalemspwhichemspStephenemspandemspIemsphademspworkedemsponemspaemspcoupleemspofemspyearsemspbeforeemspOxenemsp(asemspwellemspasemspotheremspBrittenemspworksemspsuchemspasemspLachrymaeemspforemspviolaemspandemsppiano)emspItemspisemspworthemsprecallingemsptooemspthatemspvariationsemspwereemspalreadyemspaemsppossibilityemspinemspStephenrsquosemspmindemspinemsptheemspdiaryemspentryemspquotedemspaboveemsplsquoInventionsemspasemspvari-ationsemsphellip[A]emspthemeemspinemsptheemspmiddleemsporemspatemsptheemspendrsquoemspToemsptheemspextentemspthatemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emspinemspitsemspfirstemspversionemsp-emspisemspaemsp theme-and-variationemspsetemsp thereemsp isemspnothingemspshockingemspaboutemsptheemsppresenceemspofemspanemspen-tireemspmovementemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspmoreemsptraditionalemspthanemsptoemspquoteemsptheemspthemeemsponemspwhichemsptheemsprestemspofemsptheemspworkemspisemspbased

SoemspitemspwasemspthatemspinemspMarchemsp2003emspIemspperformedemspOxen of the Sunemspforemsptheemspfirstemsptimeemspwithemsptheemsptran-scriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspasemsptheemspclosingemspmovementemspAndemspyetemspparadoxicalemspasemspitemspmayemspsoundemsp

Copyright copy 2005 Cadenza Music

Britten Narcissus bar 11 echo

6

Goss Sirensmp

rt

Goss Circe (line 3 in opening section)

f

2

Example 8 Comparison of Brittenrsquos lsquoNarcissusrsquo with Gossrsquos lsquoSirensrsquo and lsquoCircersquo

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 16: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

19

coherenceemsponemspsoemspmanyemsplevelsemspwasemsptooemspgoodemsptoemspbeemsptrueemspespeciallyemspinemspaemspworkemspbyemspStephenemspGossemspwhoemsprevelsemspinemsphintsemspdiscontinuitiesemspandemspblindemspalleysemspInemsponeemspwayemspOxen of the SunemspmarksemspaemspturningemsppointemspinemspStephenrsquosemspattitudeemsptoemspmulti-movementemspformemspawayemspfromemsppluralistemsppotpourriemsptowardsemspaemspgreateremspdegreeemspofemspinterrelationemspbetweenemsptheemspmovementsemspPerhapsemspStephenrsquosemspSonataemspforemspguitaremspofemsp2006emspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspbeenemspwrittenemspwithoutemspOxenemspButemsptheemspmovementemspthatemsptiesemspsoemspmanyemspthreadsemspto-getheremsptheemsptranscriptionemspofemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspwasemsptoemspbeemspreplacedemspwithemspaemspnewemspfinaleemspthatemspwouldemspleaveemsptheemspstructureemspmoreemspopen-endedemspmoreemsptantalisingemspyetemspmoreemspcathartic

A New lsquoNarcissusrsquo

AfteremsptheemsppremiereemspIemspwasemspsurprisedemspthatemsptheemsponlyemspreviewemsp(inemspClassical Guitaremspmagazine)emspdidemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspasemspmentionemsptheemspextensiveemspquotationemspatemsptheemspcloseemspofemsptheemspworkemsp(theemspmovementemspappearedemspinemsptheemspprogrammeemspasemsplsquoNarcissusemsp[Britten]rsquo)emspButemsptheemspworkemspwasemspreceivedemspallemsptheemspsameemspwithemspsomeemspexcitementemsp andemsp notemsp onlyemsp foremsp itsemsp ostentatiousemsp instrumentalemsp conceptemsp manyemsp listenersemsp foundemsp theemspworkemsptouchingemspAemspfewemspitemspisemsptrueemspfoundemsptheemsppreponderanceemspofemspslowemspandemspquietemspmusicemspexcessiveemspbutemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspworkemspwasemspaskingemsplistenersemsptoemspacceptemspthisemsppreponderanceemspinemspaemsplegitimateemspwayemspthatemspre-mindedemspmeemspofemsptheemspmusicemspofemspFedericoemspMompou

EvenemspsoemspalthoughemspIemspwasemspdelightedemspwithemsptheemspworkemspandemspplayedemspitemspinemspalmostemspeveryemsprecitalemspforemsptheemspnextemspeighteenemspmonthsemspIemspfeltemspthatemsptheemspendingemspwasemspnotemspasemspeffectiveemspasemspitemspmightemspbeemspTheemspsenseemspofemspre-leaseemspthatemspmightemspbeemspprovidedemspbyemspBrittenrsquosemspmoreemsptraditionalemsptonalityemspandemspphraseemspstructureemspdoesemspnotemspcomeemspoutemspofemspanyemspagitationemsptheemsponlyemspbigemspclimaxemsphappensemspratheremspearlyemsptowardsemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspItemspseemedemsptoemspmeemspthatemsptheemspendemspofemsplsquoCircersquoemspneededemsptoemspextendemspandemspaccelerateemspintoemspaemspclimaxemspatemspleastemspasemspbigemspandemsptoemspprojectemspaemspvirtuosicemspimageemspforemsptheemsplastemsptimeemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspBrittenemspquotationemspratheremspasemsptheemspfinalemsppassacagliaemspofemspNocturnalemspdoesemspbeforeemspsettlingemspintoemsptheemspmusicemspofemspDowland

SomethingemspelseemspwasemsponemspmyemspmindemspMyemspsenseemspofemsptheemsppossibilitiesemspofemsptheemsptwo-guitaremspcombinationemsphademspdevelopedemspsomewhatemspthroughemsptheemspexperienceemspofemspworkingemsponemspOxenemspNewemspwaysemspofemspcreatingemspaemspcontinuousemsptextureemspwithemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsp-emspmoreemsprapidemspthanemspthatemspofemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemsporemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsp-emsphademspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspandemspIemspwasemsphopingemsptoemsphaveemspthememspincorporatedemspintoemspsomeemspextraemsppassageemspjustemsplikeemsptheemsponeemspdescribedemsporemspevenemspintoemspanotheremspsoloemspforemsptwoemspguitarsemspIemsphademspfoundemsponeemspofemspthememspwhileemspplay-ingemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspAtemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspdialogueemspbetweenemspNarcissusemspandemsphisemspreflectionemspIemsphademspslightlyemspredistributedemspBrittenrsquosemsppart-writingemspforemsptheemspsakeemspofemspmoreemspspeedemspandemspeaseemsp(example 9)emspInemspthisemspredis-tributionemsptheemsprightemsphandemspplucksemspopenemspstringsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspandemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphammersemsponemspandemsppullsemspoffemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspotheremspBothemsptheemspspeedemspandemsptheemspsonorityemspofemspthisemsptechniqueemspareemspratheremspstrikingemspandemspmuchemspmoreemspobviouslyemspvirtuosicemspthanemspanythingemspIemsphademspbeenemspableemsptoemspshowemspStephenemspinemsptheemsppastemspItemspoccurredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspaemspwholeemsprangeemspofemsptetrachordsemspcouldemspbeemspplayedemspthisemspwayemsp-emspprobablyemspenoughemsptoemspmakeemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspdespiteemsptheemsplimitationemspthatemsptwoemspofemsptheemspfouremspnotesemspmustemspbeemspopenemspstrings

Inemsp shortemsp Iemsp hademsp developedemsp asemsp anemsp exponentemsp ofemsp thisemsp Siamese-twin-likeemsp combinationemsp preciselyemspbecauseemspofemspplayingemspOxen of the SunemspIndeedemsptwoemspfurtheremspadditionsemsptoemsptheemspcompendiumemsphademspoc-curredemsptoemspmeemspthatemspIemspfeltemsppushedemsptheemspboundariesemspofemsptheemspmediumemsptowardsemspgreateremspvirtuosityemspandemsp

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 17: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

20

Example 9 lsquoNarcissusrsquo (first version) the approach to the climax

22

oboe

six-stringguitar

ten-stringguitar

Britten lsquoNarcissusrsquo

ff

Goss transcription of lsquoNarcissusrsquoright hand

ff

left hand alone

dramaemspTheemspfirstemsppossibilityemspwasemspthatemspofemspcombiningemspfullemspstrummedemspchordsemsponemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspwithemspchordsemsphammeredemsponemspbyemsptheemspleftemsphandemspTheemspalternationemspofemsphandsemspwouldemspgiveemsptimeemsptoemspmoveemsprapidlyemspbetweenemspguitarsemspandemspalthoughemspitemspwouldemspbeemspdifficultemsptoemsphammeremsponemspanythingemspotheremspthanemspbarredemspchordsemspsomeemspinterestingemspharmoniesemspmightemspstillemspemergeemspfromemsptheemspcombinationemspofemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsponeemspguitaremspwithemsptheemspbarredemspchordemspofemsptheemspotheremspTheemspotheremsptechniqueemspwhichemspIemsphademspbeenemspexperimentingemspwithemspwasemspagainemspratheremsptiedemsptoemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspbutemspwasemspcapableemspofemspgeneratingemspsomeemspspeedemspandemspthatemspwasemspsimplyemsptoemspalternateemsptheemsprightemspandemspleftemspthumbsemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitars

MeanwhileemspweemspwereemspstartingemsptoemsplookemsptowardsemsptheemsppossibilityemspofemsppublishingemspandemsprecordingemspOxenemspandemsptheemspquestionemspofemspcopyrightemsptoemsptheemspBrittenemspmovementemspremainedemspaemspnaggingemsponeemspStephenemsphademspcontactedemsptheemspBrittenemspestateemspandemspobtainedemsppermissionemspforemsptheemsptranscriptionemspbutemspweemspwonderedemsphowemsptheemspestateemspmightemspreactemsptoemspitsemspincorporationemspintoemspaemspworkemspbyemspanotheremspcomposeremspnotemspleastemspinemspaemsprecord-ingemspAtemsptheemspsameemsptimeemspStephenemsphademspalwaysemspintendedemsptoemsprevisitemspandemspreviseemsptheemspworkemspsinceemspheemsphademspbeenemspunderemspsomeemsppressureemsptoemspcompleteemspitemspinemspgoodemsptimeemspforemsptheemspfirstemspperformanceemspHeemspagreedemspinemspprincipleemspwithemsptheemspsuggestionemspofemspplacingemspanotheremspclimaxemspafteremsplsquoCircersquoemspbutemsptoemspmyemspsurpriseemspbeganemspinsteademsptoemspplanemspanemspentirelyemspnewemspfinalemspmovementemspstillemspentitledemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspInemspDecemberemsp2004emspIemspstayedemspwithemspStephenemspforemspaemspcoupleemspofemspdaysemspsoemspthatemspweemspcouldemspworkemsponemsptheemspnewemsptechniquesemsptoemspbeemspusedemsp

BeforeemspmyemspvisitemspStephenemsphademspalreadyemspmadeemspaemspplanemspforemsptheemspmovement

IdeasemspforemspaemspnewemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp29themspNovemberemsp2004emsp

Tuning10-stringemspopenemsp-emsp6-stringemspwithemspaemspcapoemspatemspfretemsp4Thisemspgeneratesemspaemsp9-noteemsp2-octaveemspopen-stringemspscaleemspbuiltemspusingemspmajoremsp3rdsemspandemspsemitonesEemspGemspAemspCemspDemspFemspGemspBemspDemspE(ItrsquosemspveryemspsimilaremsptoemspmyemspHCEemspscaleemsp-emspBemspnaturalemspCemspEemsp-emspwhichemspgeneratesemspaemsp24-noteemspscaleemspoveremsptwoemspoctavesemspwithemspeveryemspchromaticemspnoteemsptwiceemspbyemspalternatingemspminoremsp2ndsemspandemspmajoremsp3rds)4Aemspbeautifulemspopen-stringemspstrumemspisemsp6-stringemsptop-downemsp10-stringemspbottom-up

4emsp emspTheemspreferenceemsphereemspisemsptoemspaemspcollectionemspusedemspinemspGossrsquosemspDreamchildemsp(1994ndash5)emspaemspsongemspcycleemspforemspsopranoemspandemsplargeemsp

ensembleemsp

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 18: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

21

The PieceTheemsppieceemspwillemspstartemsponemspBemsp-emsptheemspfulcrumemspnoteemspinemsptheemspscaleemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspalternatingemsp(2ndemspstringemsponemsp10-stringemsp3rdemspstringemsponemsp6-string)emspSomeemspkindemspofemspsingle-noteemspfastemsppassageemspwithemspoccasionalemsp2-noteemspchordsemspwithemsponeemspnoteemspperemspguitaremspThereemspmayemspbeemspechoemspmomentsemsporemspreflectiveemsppauses

AsemsptheemsppieceemspgainsemspenergyemspandemspmomentumemspandemsptheemspintensityemspbuildsemspupemspchordsemspalternateemspquicklyemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspGinastera-styleemspstrumemspdampingemsphelpsemsptoemspaccentuateemsptheemsprhythmemspTheemsprhythmemspshouldemspbeemspirregularemspwithemspgroupsemspofemsp2emsp3emsp4emspandemsp5emspallemspmixedemspupemspAemspclimaxemsporemspcrisisemspmomentemspisemspreachedemspIemspamemspundecidedemspaboutemsptheemspendingemsp-emspeitheremspaemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemsporemspaemspwindemspdownemspAemspdanceemsptoemsptheemspdeathemspprobablyemspSomethingemspinsanelyemspvirtuosicemsp

OKemspthatrsquosemspitemspsoemspfaremspItemspwouldemspbeemspmostemspusefulemspifemspweemspcouldemspgetemsptogetheremspandemspworkemspsomethingemspfinalemspoutemspIemsphaveemspsoemspmanyemspquestionsemspaboutemsphandsemspandemsppositionemspandemspwhatemspthingsemspsoundemsplikeemspIemspwantemsptoemspuseemspaemspnumberemspofemspthingsemspthatemspweemspdiscussedemsplastemsptimeemspbutemspIemspwonderemsphowemspmuchemspfurtheremspweemspcouldemspgoemspIemspthinkemspifemspweemspspentemspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemsptogetheremspIemspcouldemspfinishemspthingsemspoffemspquiteemspquicklyemspItemspmayemspjustemspbeemspaemspcaseemspofemspgettingemspyouemsptoemspimproviseemsparoundemsptheseemspideasemspandemspthenemsptakeemspallemsptheemspgesturesemspandemspfinaliseemsptheemsppieceemspCollaborationemspindeed

Example 10emspillustratesemsptheemsptuningemspandemsppitchemspcollectionemspreferredemsptoemspinemsptheemspquotedemsppassageemspItemspwasemspclearemspthatemsptheemspopen-stringemspgamutemspprovidedemspbyemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementsemspneededemspvaryingemspforemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspjustemspasemspimportantlyemsptheemspnewemspnoteemspcollectionemsphademspaemspunisonemspBemspsurroundedemspbyemspsymmetri-calemspintervalsemspsuggestingemspNarcissusrsquosemspreflectionemspinemsptheemspwater

IemsphademspalreadyemspmentionedemsptoemspStephenemspthatemspIemsphademspnewemspideasemspforemspfastemspopen-stringemsppassageworkemspandemspstrummingemsponemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspNowemspIemsphademsptoemspshowemsphimemspmyemspideaemspforemsptheemspfastemsptetrachordsemsp-emspIemsphademspalsoemspfoundemspthatemspIemspcouldemspplayemspharmonicsemspwithemsptheemsprightemsphandemspaloneemspinsteademspofemspopenemspstringsemspmak-ingemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspplayemsptetrachordsemspinemsptheemsphighemspregisteremspAndemspsoemspitemspwasemspthatemspweemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemspimprovisingemsponemsptheseemsptechniquesemsp(IemspplayedemspandemspStephenemspmadeemspsuggestions)emspuntilemspweemsphademspdiscov-eredemspsomeemspparticularlyemspattractiveemspsoundsemspunisonsemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptetrachordsemspwithemspbothemspopenemspstringsemspandemspharmonicsemspandemspbassemspstringsemspthatemspwouldemspcombineemspwithemspthememspandemspcombinationsemspofemspstrummedemspopen-stringemspchordsemsponemsponeemspguitaremspwithemspbaremspchordsemsphammeredemsponemsptoemsptheemspotheremspgui-taremspAfteremspaemspcoupleemspofemsphoursemspevenemsptheemsporderemspinemspwhichemsptheseemspideasemspwouldemspoccuremsphademspbeenemspdecidedemspStephenemsprecordedemspouremspimprovisingemspandemsplateremspwroteemsptheemspshapeemspdownemspwithemspsomeemspextraemspdetailsemspinemsphisemspdiary

30emspDecemberemsp2004Narcissus2Section 1StartsemspwithemspopenemspBsemspplayedemspwithemsptheemspthumbs

Example 10 Tuning for lsquoNarcissusrsquo and nine-note scale

10-string guitar 6-string guitar(capo at fret 4)

scale on nine open strings

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 19: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

22

Movingemsptoemspthumbsemsponemspallemsptheemspotheremspstringsemsp10ndash6emspallemsptheemsptimeemspemspMovementemsptoemsptheemspFsemsponeemspopenemsp(6-string)emsponeemspasemspanemspoctaveemspharmonicemsp(10-string)GradualemspdescentemsptoemsptheemsplowemspGsemsploudemspandemspstrong

Section 2LowemspopenemspstringsemspareemspusedemsptoemspcolouremsptheemspGemspparticularlyemspFemspandemsplowemspBGraduallyemspthisemspmovesemspintoemsptheemsp4-noteemsppatternemspemspTheemsp4-noteemsptetrachordemsporemsptrichordemsppatternsemspworkemsptheiremspwayemspupemsp(notemspdirectly)emsptoemsptheemspDemspEemspCemspBemspTheseemspshouldemsptryemsptoemspcontainemsp3emspopenemspstringsemspandemsponeemspstoppedemspnoteemspHandsemspcanemspbeemspchangedemspbyemspgoingemspbackemsptoemspBsemspandemspslowingemspdownemspenoughemsptoemspswapemspoveremspDownemsptoemsptripletsemspandemspdupletsemspinemsptimeemspratheremspthanemsprallentandoemspSlowingemspdownemspandemspspeedingemspupemspwillemsphelpemspOpenemspstringsemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspsoundemspveryemspgoodemsphereemsp-emsptrackemsp4emsp[onemsprecording]emsp

Section 3Theemspbassemspnotesemspareemspgraduallyemspaddedemsp-emsptheemspAemspandemspCemsptogetheremspsomeemspsubtleemspdissonancesGraduallyemsptheemspstrummingemsptakesemspoveremspandemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremoved

Section 4Theemspstrummingemspsection

Section 5Theemspfinalemspgestureemsp emsp1emspbothemspopenemspstringemspsetsemspplayedemsptogetheremsp2emsp10-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp3emsp6-stringemsp12themspfretemspharmonicemspsemi-dampingemsp4emspfade

Becauseemspthisemspmovementemspgrewemspoutemspofemspliveemspimprovisationemsplearningemsptheemspfinishedemspcompositionemsppre-sentedemsp perhapsemsp feweremsp difficultiesemsp thanemsp anyemsp ofemsp theemsp previousemsp movementsemsp Iemsp suggestedemsp onlyemsp oneemspchangeemsptoemsptheemspfinishedemspscoreemspandemspthatemspwasemsptwoemspinsertemsptwoemspclimacticemspchordsemspinemsphighemspharmonicsemsprightemspbeforeemsptheemspfinalemspopen-stringemspgestureemspInemspexampleemsp11emsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspareemspmarkedemspinemspbaremsp34emsp(inemsptheemsplastemsplineemspofemsptheemspexample)emspAfteremsptheseemspchordsemspcomesemsptheemspgestureemspdescribedemspinemspsectionemsp5emspofemspStephenrsquosemspplanemspwhichemspsoundsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemspbothemspguitarsemspandemspconvertsemspthememsptoemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspIemspfeltemspthatemspthisemspgestureemspwhichemspweemsphademspworkedemspoutemspinemspouremspmeetingemsplostemspsomeemspofemspitsemspeffectemspbecauseemsptheemspclimaxemspofemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemsp(baremsp33)emspalsoemspsoundsemsponlyemspopenemspstringsemspTheemspsecondemspofemspmyemsptwoemspinsertedemspchordsemspconvertsemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspintoemspharmonicsemspsoundingemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspandemsptwoemspoctavesemspaboveemsp(theemspfifthemsppartial)emspformingemspaemspdissonanceemspwithemsptheemspoctaveemspharmonicsemspofemspmyemspfirstemspinsertedemspchordemsp

Notemsponlyemspdoesemspthisemspdissonanceemspcreateemspaemspmomentemspofemspinstabilityemspjustemspbeforeemsptheemspcadenceemspfollow-ingemsptheemspmodelemspofemspmanyemspaemsptonalemspcadenceemspitemspsumsemspupemsptheemsppitchemsporganisationemspofemsptheemspmovementemspTheemsptopemsplineemspofemspexampleemsp11emsprecallsemspwhatemspexampleemsp10emsphasemspalreadyemspshownemspthatemspinemspsectionemsp1emspallemsptheemsppitchemspmaterialemspisemspderivedemspfromemsptheemspopenemspstringsemspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspwithemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptransposedemspupemspaemspmajoremspthirdemspbyemsptheemspuseemspofemspaemspcapoemspInemspsectionemsp3emsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspsoemspthatemsptheemspopenemspstringsemsp

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 20: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

23

1ndash6emspofemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmatchemspinemsppitchemsplineemsp2emspofemsptheemspexampleemspshowsemsphowemspatemsptheemspmomentemsptheemspcapoemspisemspremovedemspallemspofemsptheseemsppitchemsprelationshipsemspareemspmadeemspexplicitemspInemspbaremsp17emsptheemspstraightenedemspleftemspindexemspfingeremspisemspusedemsplikeemspaemspcapoemsptoemsprehearseemsptheemspmajoremspthirdemspopen-stringemsptranspositionemsponceemspmoreemspemsponemspbothemspguitarsemspInemsptheemspstrummingemspsectionemspthatemspfollowsemsp(sectionemsp4)emsptheemspindexemspfingeremspcontinuesemsptoemspbeemspusedemspinemspthisemspwayemspbutemsponemspdifferentemspfretsemspAtemsptheemspendemsptheemspinsertedemspchordsemspinemspcombinationemspwithemsptheemspfinalemspgestureemspconvertemsptheemspcomplexemspofemspopen-stringemsptranspositionsemsp(unisonoctaveemspandemspmajoremspthird)emspintoemspnaturalemspharmonics

15

33

Broad

lsquoNarcissusrsquo open strings of the two guitarsgenerating much of the pitch material throughout

6-string hascapo at 4th fretbars 1ndash15

capo removedfrom 6-stringbars 15curren

lsquoNarcissusrsquo bars 15ndash17

f

remove capoand sound chord pp

ff

ff

(lv)

f

(lv)

lsquoNarcissusrsquo ending

L L R L

L R

times manyaccel possibile

fff

chords added by JL

4

L

f possibile

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

12

rasgR

lightly touch strings at fret 12to sound harmonics

Example 11 lsquoNarcissusrsquo

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 21: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

24

AtemsptheemspcentreemspofemsptheemspmovementemspisemsptheemsptetrachordemspfoundemspatemsptheemspclimaxemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemsp(ex-ampleemsp9)emspThisemspisemsptheemsponlyemspreferenceemsptoemspBrittenemspinemsptheemspmovementemspbutemspifemsptheemspmomentemspofemspclimaxemspcanemspbeemspsaidemsptoemspincludeemsporemspimplyemsptheemspmovementemspasemspaemspwholeemspitemspisemspaemsptellingemspresidue

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 22: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

25

IIIemsp TheemspAnxietyemspofemsptheemspDedicatee

The Notion of the Original

WhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspfinishedemspInemsptheemsppianoemspliteratureemspChopinemspandemspLisztemspspringemsptoemspmindemspasemspcomposersemspwhoemsprevisitedemsptheiremspmusicemspoveremsplongemspperiodsemspeffectivelyemspcreatingemspaemspseriesemspofemspUrtexts andemspforemsptheemspinterpreteremspsomeemspfascinatingemspchoicesemspInemsptheemspguitarrsquosemsptwentieth-centuryemspliteratureemsptheemspquestionemspmayemspbeemspmoreemspintractableemspstillemspwhenemspisemspaemsppieceemspstartedemspEveremspsinceemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspfirstemspserialemspcollaboratoremspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspbeganemsptoemspcommissionemspworksemspfromemsptheemspcomposersemspheemspfavouredemsptheemspfirstemspfairemspcopiesemspofemsptheemspresultingemspmusicemsphaveemsphademspinemspmanyemspcasesemspaemspratheremspprovisionalemsplookemsplackingemsptheemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemsptheemsppublishedemspeditionsemspmanifestemspAndemspifemsptheemspcomposeremspwhoemspreturnsemsptoemspreviseemspanemspearlyemspworkemspisemsponemspoccasionemspjudgedemsptoemsphaveemspinterferedemspratheremspthanemspimprovedemspinemsptheemspcaseemspofemsptheemspguitaremsprepertoireemspthereemspisemspusuallyemspaemspmuchemspmoreemspsuspiciousemsppresenceemsptoemspdealemspwithemsptheemspdedi-cateeemspManyemspofemsptheemsplandmarksemspinemsptheemspguitarrsquosemspmodernemsprepertoireemspareemsptheemspresultemspofemspaemspcollaborationemspwithemspanemspinfluentialemspperformeremspwhoseemspfingerprintsemspmayemspusuallyemspbeemspdiscernedemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspedi-tionemspTheemspeditionsemspmadeemspbyemspAndreacutesemspSegoviaemspofemsptheemspworksemspwrittenemspforemsphimemspforemspinstanceemspcontainemspaemspnumberemspofemspidiosyncrasiesemspthatemspdissatisfyemspmanyemspguitaristsemspofemsptheemsppresentemspdayemspAndemspyetemspthereemspisemspnoemspguaranteeemspthatemspaemspsearchemspforemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspwillemspturnemspupemspmoreemspthanemspaemspdraftemspfullemspofemspimpracticalitiesemspandemspguesswork

Example 11emspshowsemsptwoemspversionsemsp-emsptwoemspstatesemsp-emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsptheemspfifthemspmovementemspofemspOxen of the SunemspTheemspupperemspsystememspshowsemspStephenrsquosemspfirstemspdraftemsp(IemspreceivedemspitemspbyemspemailemsponemspFebruaryemsp14emsp2003)emsptheemsploweremspasemspitemspappearsemspinemsptheemspeditionemsppublishedemsparoundemspthreeemspyearsemsplateremspStephenrsquosemspnoteemspinemspbaremsp15emsplsquoUseemspsix-stringemspwhenemspfeasiblersquoemspgaveemspmeemsptheemsptaskemspinemspeffectemspofemspfinishingemsptheemsppieceemspandemspIemspquicklyemspreal-isedemspthatemsptheemspwayemspStephenemsphademspchosenemsptoemspdivideemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspwasemsplargelyemspim-possibleemspIemsphademspparticularlyemspaskedemsphimemsptoemspwriteemspsomeemspcontinuousemspmusicemspforemsptheemspmediumemspbutemsphademspneveremspspeltemspoutemspthatemsponeemspcanemspmoveemsprapidlyemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemspanotheremsponlyemspwhileemspplayingemspaemspnoteemspwithemsponeemsphandemsp(theemsplsquopivotemspnotesrsquoemspthatemspIemspdefinedemspinemsppartemspI)

ForemsptheemsptimeemspbeingemspouremspcollaborationemsphademsptoemspprogressemspbyemspemailemspInemsphisemspnoteemspaccompanyingemsptheemspdraftemspStephenemsphademspwrittenemsp

lsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemsptheemspmostemsptrickyemspmovementemsptoemspplayemspItemspisemspaemspcompanionemsppieceemsptoemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspasemsptheemspotheremspharp-likeemsppieceemspSomeemspofemsptheemspcross-guitaremspstuffemspmightemspproveemspimpossibleemspifemspsoemspjustemspputemsptheemspnotesemsponemsptheemsp10-stringemspandemspdonrsquotemspworryemspthatemsptheemsp6-stringemspisnrsquotemspsoemspinvolvedemspinemspthisemspmovement

TheemspnextemspdayemspIemspreplied

YesemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspisemspgoingemsptoemspbeemspveryemsphardemspandemspIemspcanrsquotemspalwaysemspgetemspfromemsponeemspguitaremsptoemsptheemspotheremspinemsptimeemspForemspexampleemspIemspcanrsquotemspthinkemspofemspaemspwayemspofemspstoppingemspandemsppluckingemspnotesemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspthenemspinterpolatingemspsix-stringemspnotesemspasemspinemspbarsemsp23emspffemspBeautifulemsppassageemspButemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspandemspnewemspideasemspcomeemspupemspeveryemsptimeemspIemspsitemspdownemspandemsptryemspagainemsp

ForemspexampleemspjustemspthisemspmomentemspIrsquomemspexperimentingemspwithemspplayingemspbarsemsp14ndash22emspofemsplsquoArethusarsquoemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspandemspbarsemsp23ndash27emsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspreachingemspoveremspandemspstoppingemspstringsemspwithemspmyemsp

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 23: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

26

10

19

25

six-string

guitar

First draft February 14 2003Largamente e = 148ndash160

f espress (or p espress)

sim

sim

ten-string

guitar

f

six-string

guitar

Published version 2006Largamente e = 126c

ten-string

guitar

f espressivo lv

f

use 6-string when feasible

f

f

mf

mf

f

+

f

Example 11 A comparison of the first draft and the published version of lsquoArethusarsquo (continued overleaf )

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 24: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

27

leftemsphandemspasemspnecessaryemspItrsquosemspjustemspanemspideaemsptheemspleftemsphandemsphasemsptoemspthinkemspinemspreverseemspwithemsp4emspplayingemsptheemsplowestemspfretemspandemsp1emsptheemsphighestemspMaybeemspitemspwonrsquotemspworkemspinemsptheemspendemspButemspIrsquomemspthinkingemspallemsptheemsptimeemspofemsptheemspvisualemspinterplayemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemsphandsemspandemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspandemspalsoemsptheemspsoundemspIrsquomemspnotemspoftenemspsatisfiedemspwithemsptheemspsoundemspofemsptheemspleft-handemspfingersemsppluckingemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspwithemspcapoemspbutemspitemspsoundsemspfineemspveryemspquietemspandemspIrsquomemsplearningemsptoemsppluckemspwithemspmyemspleft-handemspthumbemspandemspnailemsp

30

36

40

f

f f

9 9

ff

f

ff

9

mp

6

mp

96

Example 11 continued

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 25: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

28

IrsquomemspalsoemspseeingemspifemspIemspcanemsplearnemsptoemspplayemspharmonicsemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspwithemspjustemspmyemspleftemsphandemsp-emspleftemspthumbemspplucksemsp3emsporemsp4emsptouchesemspstringemspPerhapsemspIemspshouldnrsquotemspletemspyouemspinemsponemsptheseemspideasemspasemsptheyemspareemspjustemspexperimentsemspandemspIemspthinkemspitemspmightemspbeemspgoodemsptoemsphaveemspsomeemsptricksemspupemspmyemspsleeveemspEverythingemspisemspharderemspthanemspitemsplooksemspandemspmyemspveryemspfirstemsptryemspoutemspwithemsplsquoOrpheusrsquoemspwasemspdepressingemspandemspscaryemspButemspIrsquoveemspcheeredemspupemspnowemspandemspfeelemspsureemspthatemspwersquollemsphaveemspsomethingemspbeautifulemspnextemspmonthemspOfemspcourseemspinemsptheemsplastemspresortemspthereemspisnrsquotemspanythingemsponeemspcanrsquotemspplayemsponemsptheemspten-stringemspaloneemspsoemsptherersquosemspalwaysemspthatemspwayemspoutemspinemspaemspdifficultemspbar

MyemspbiggestemspdifficultyemspwasemspthatemspinemspexperimentingemspwithemspthisemspnewemspmediumemspIemspcouldemspnotemspalwaysemsptellemspwhatemspcouldemspbeemspachievedemspwithemsppracticeemspoveremsptimeemspIemspspentemspsomeemsptimeemsponemsptheemspmiddleemspepisodesemspinemsppar-ticularemspwithemspuncertainemspresultsemspEventuallyemspIemspnoticedemspthatemsptheemspthirdemspepisodeemspinemspbarsemsp15ndash22emspfittedemsptheemsprangeemspofemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspveryemspwellemspandemspwonderedemspifemspthisemspmightemspbeemsptheemspkeyemsptoemspdevelopingemspanemspexcitingemspchoreographyemspNowhereemspelseemspinemsptheemspworkemspdidemspIemsphaveemsptoemspleanemspforwardemspandemspplayemspanemspextendedemsppassageemspwithemspfrettedemspnotesemsponemsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremspandemsptoemspdoemspsoemspnowemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspmerelyemspaemspvisualemspeffectemspwithemsptheemspcapoemspsettingemspitsemsppitchemspaemspwholeemspperfectemspfifthemsphigheremsptheemspsix-stringemspguitaremsptakesemsponemspaemspdistinctiveemsptimbreemspOneemspcanemsphearemspthatemsptheemsppassageemspisemspcomposedemsp(accidentallyemspitemspisemsptrue)emspwithinemsptheemsplimitationsemspimposedemspbyemsptheemspcapoemspTheemspfollowingemspschemeemspemerged

Episodeemsp1emsp 1ndash7emsp emsp InterplayemspofemsptwoemspguitarsEpisodeemsp2emsp 8ndash14emsp emsp Ten-stringemspaloneemsp(afteremspfirstemspbar)Episodeemsp3emsp 15ndash22emsp emsp Six-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp4emsp 23ndash30emsp emsp Afteremspsomeemspinitialemspcombiningemspsix-stringemspaloneEpisodeemsp5emsp 31ndash44emsp emsp Veryemspcloseemspinterplayemspincludingemspalternatingemspsemiquaversemspandemspaemspemspemsp emsp emsp emsp finalemspsweepemspexchangedemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspinstruments

ThisemspisemsptheemspschemeemspadoptedemspinemsptheemspfinalemspversionemspshownemspinemsptheemsploweremspsystememspofemsptheemspexampleemspTheemsppivotemspnotesemspareemspnotatedemspwithemsptheiremspownemspstememspInemsptheemspfinalemspepisodeemspIemspwantedemsptoemsppreserveemsptheemspcross-guitaremsppatternemspbeginningemspinemspbaremsp33emspandemspsoemspIemspproposedemsptheemspten-stringemspglissandiemsptoemspmakeemspitemsppossibleemsptoemspgetemsptoemsptheemspfirstemspnoteemsponemspstringemsptenemspwithoutemspanyemsppause

EvenemspwithemspthisemspschemeemspitemspwasemspimpossibleemspforemspmeemspinemsptheemsppassagesemspcombiningemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemsptoemspapproachemspStephenrsquosemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkingemsp(119136emsp=emsp148ndash160)emspbecauseemsptheemspguitarsemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspatemspleastemspaemsplittleemspdistanceemspawayemspfromemsponeemspanotheremspandemspIemspcouldemspnotemspmoveemspmyemsphandsemspbetweenemspguitarsemspfastemspenoughemspEventuallyemspIemspaskedemspStephenemsptoemspsanctionemspaemsploweremspvalueemsptoemsptheemspquaveremspaboutemsp126emspwhichemspdou-blesemsptheemsptempoemspofemsptheemsppreviousemspmovementemsplsquoOrpheusrsquo

ItemspisemspinemspanemspaccountemspsuchemspasemspthisemspthatemsptheemspanxietyemspofemsptheemspdedicateeemspemergesemsptheemspanxietyemspofemspbeingemsptheemspfirstemsponeemsptoemspplayemsptheemspworkemspandemsptheemsponeemspwhoemspasksemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemspapproveemspchangesemspinemsptheemspscoreemspLikeemspmanyemspperformersemspofemspmyemspgenerationemspIemsphaveemspbeenemspraisedemsptoemspascribeemspaemspkindemspofemspdivineemspstatusemsptoemsptheemspcomposeremspWhatemspifemspmyemsplimitationsemspandemspidiosyncrasiesemsphaveemsptaintedemsphisemspcreationemsp(BrittenrsquosemspandemspGossrsquos)emspTheemspfinishedemspscoreemspnowemsphasemspaemspnewemsptempoemspforemspothersemsptoemspfollowemspandemsptheemspfasteremsptempoemsphasemspbeenemspsuppressedemspTheemspten-stringemspglissandiemspareemspjustemsponeemspofemspaemspnumberemspofemsplsquoflashyrsquoemspidiomaticemspfeaturesemspthatemspIemspaddedemspthroughoutemspOxenemspIemspsoughtemsptheemsppermissionemspofemsptheemspcomposeremspcertainlyemspbutemspifemspanotheremsp

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 26: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

29

performeremspshouldemspfindemspthememspvulgaremspthatemspdefenceemspIemspsuspectemspwillemspbeemsptoemsplittleemspavailemspweemspdedicateesemspcanemspbeemspveryemsppersuasiveemspandemspweemspknowemsphowemsptoemspgiveemsptheemspcomposeremsplittleemspchoice

Butemsp thisemsp isemsp theemspconditionemspofemspcollaborationemsp Inemsp thisemspcaseemsp thereemsp isemspnoemsporiginalemsp toemspreturnemsptoemspnoemspUrtextemspCertainlyemspanotheremspperformeremspsuspiciousemspofemspmyemspmanipulationsemspcouldemspunearthemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspandemsprejectemspeveryemsponeemspofemspmyemspdecisionsemspAfteremspallemspitemspwouldemspnotemspbeemspinconsistentemspwithemsptheemsppsy-chologyemspofemspmanyemspaemspspecialist-interpreteremsptoemspmakeemspaemspdistinctionemspbetweenemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsplsquodivinersquoemspaspectemspexpressedemsphereemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspandemsptheemspearthlyemsppersonalityemspexpressedemspinemsptheemspsameemsppersonrsquosemspemailemspinemspwhichemspheemspgivesemspmeemsptheemspfreedomemsptoemspdeviseemspaemspchoreographyemspforemsptheemspmovementemspandemspdiscussemspitemspwithemsphimemspButemspsinceemsptheemspsharingemspofemsptheemspfigurationemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspisemspunrealis-ableemspinemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspdraftemspaemspdifferentemspchoreographyemspwouldemsphaveemsptoemspbeemspdevisedemspandemsptheemspresultingemspperformanceemspwouldemspnoemspmoreemsprepresentemsptheemsplsquooriginalrsquoemspthanemspmineemspdoesemspNoremspwouldemspitemsprepresentemspaemspcollaboration

AnemspalternativeemsppublishemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemspwithemspnoemspindicationemspofemsphowemsptoemspshareemsptheemsplineemspbetweenemsptheemspguitarsemspandemspaemsptempoemsprangeemspAskemsptheemspperformeremsptoemsprealiseemspitemsponemsptheemspmediumemspad libitumemspandemsprel-egateemspmyemspversionemsptoemspanemspappendixemspButemspthisemspmovementemspmarksemspanemspextremeemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspproc-essemspeveryemspmovementemspcontainedemspproblemsemspforemspmeemsptoemspsolveemspeveryemspmovementemsphademspitsemsptrailemspofemspemailsemspToemsptryemsptoemspreturnemsptheemspscoreemsptoemspaemsppureemsppre-collaborativeemspstateemspwouldemspbeemsptoemspcreateemspanemspindeterminateemsppieceemsp

The Dedicatee as Transcriber

SettingemspasideemspforemspaemspmomentemsptheemsppitchemspfiltersemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspmightemspbeemspthoughtemspofemspasemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspBrittenrsquosemsporiginalemspaemsptranscriptionemspinemspwhichemspIemspplayedemspanemspimportantemsproleemspAsemspIemsptriedemspoutemsponeemspoptionemspafteremspanotheremsplookingemspforemsptheemspmostemspelegantemspwayemsptoemspletemsptheemspfountainemspofemspnotesemspflowemspbetweenemsptheemsptwoemspguitarsemspmyemspinabilityemsptoemspachieveemsptheemspsuggestedemsptempoemsp-emsptheemsptempoemspanemspoboistemspmightemspnaturallyemsptakeemspinemsptheemsporiginalemsp-emsptroubledemspmeemspincreasinglyemspTranscriptionsemspforemspguitaremspthatemspareemspmuchemspharderemsptoemspplayemspthanemsptheiremsporiginalsemspareemspnowemspaemspcommonplaceemspinemsptheemsprepertoireemspasemsptheemspambitionsemspofemspguitaristsemsphaveemspgrownemspAemspguitaristemspwhoemspchoosesemsptoemspplayemspforemspinstanceemspBachrsquosemspFirstemspPartitaemspforemspkeyboardemspcanemspplayemspeveryemspmovementemspatemspaemspcredibleemsptempoemsptoemspbeemspsureemspbutemsptheemspsheeremspdifficultyemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspim-posesemspsevereemsplimitationsemspnotemspjustemsponemsptheemsptempoemspbutemsponemsptheemsprangeemspofemspvoicingsemspandemsparticulationemsp-emspinemspshortemsponemsptheemspperformerrsquosemspimaginationemsp

Thereemspisemspaemspfurtheremsppoint ease andemspdifficulty canemspbeemspexpressiveemspaspects inemspthemselvesemspfrequentlyemsplostemspinemsptranscriptionemspAemspsimpleemspclassicalemsppianoemspsonataemspcanemspbecomeemspanemspEverestemsponemsptheemspguitaremspandemspthusemspaffordsemspaemspdifferentemspkindemspofemspaestheticemspexperienceemspfromemsptheemsporiginalemspSimilarlyemspwhenemspaemspcom-poseremsppresentsemspmeemspwithemspanemspextremelyemspdifficultemsppassageemspIemspaskemspmyselfemspwhetheremspdifficulty isemspanemspexpres-siveemspaspectemspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspnotemspthenemspIemspsuggestemsprevisionsemspHoweveremspvirtuosicemsponersquosemsptechniqueemspisemsptheemspsoundemspofemspdifficultyemspisemspunmistakable

Inemsp theemsp caseemsp ofemsp lsquoArethusarsquoemsp thoughemsp anemsp importantemsp distinctionemsp mustemsp beemsp madeemsp Asemsp muchemsp asemspStephenrsquosemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspandemspBrittenrsquosemspresembleemsponeemspanotheremsponemsptheemsppageemsptheemspformeremspisemspreallyemspanemspelab-orationemspofemsptheemsplatteremspItemspisemsptrueemspthatemsptheemsptwo-guitaremsplsquoArethusarsquoemspdoesemspnotemspintroduceemspdivisionsemspintoemsptheemspfigurationemspexceptemspinemsptheemspfinalemspbarsemspbutemsptheemspconstantemspswitchingemspbetweenemspinstrumentsemspcreatesemsp

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 27: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

30

aemspceaselessemspinterplayemspofemspcoloursemspandemspsonoritiesemspthatemspisemspnotemsppartemspofemsptheemspoboeemsporiginalemspthereemspareemspaemspgreateremspnumberemspofemspeventsemspinemsptheemspmusicemspOnemspthisemspviewemspaemspfaireremspcomparisonemspmayemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspwithemspaemsptranscriptionemspofemspaemspBachemspkeyboardemsppartitaemspasemspwithemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemsptranscriptionsemspofemspPaganiniemspInemsptheemspcaseemspofemspaemspworkemspsuchemspasemspLisztrsquosemspversionemspofemspLa Campanellaemsp(s141)emsptheemspreductionemspinemsptempoemspisemspwellemsp establishedemsp inemsppracticeemspAemspviolinistemspplayingemsp theemsporiginalemsp (theemsp lastemspmovementemspofemspPaganinirsquosemspConcertoemspnoemsp2emspopemsp7)emspmightemsptypicallyemspsetemsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspatemsparoundemspMMemsp80emspbutemspLisztrsquosemsppianoemspversionemsphasemsptoemspaccommodateemspsuchemspelaborateemspsubdivisionsemspthatemspaemsptempoemspcloseremsptoemspMMemsp60emspisemsptypicalemspofemsptodayrsquosemspvirtuosiemspAemspsimilaremspreductionemspinemsptempoemspwouldemspveryemsplikelyemsphaveemspbeenemspexpectedemspinemsptheemspintabulationsemspofemsptheemsp16themspandemsp17themspcenturiesemspwhenemsplutenistsemsprealisedemsptheemsporiginalemspvocalemsplinesemspwithemspcopiousemspdivisions

AllemspofemsptheseemspversionsemspincludingemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspareemspelaborationsemspbecauseemsptheyemspareemspdenseremspthanemsptheemsporiginalsemspTheemspratioemsp-emspaboutemsp34emsp-emspbyemspwhichemspIemspreducedemsptheemsptempoemspcorrespondsemspcloselyemspwithemsptheemspex-pectedemspreductionemspfromemspPaganiniemsptoemspLisztemspalbeitemspforemspdifferentemspspecificemspreasons

OneemspfeatureemspofemsptheemsptranscriptionemspremainsemspinemsplsquoArethusarsquoemspinemsptheemspchoreographyemspIemspdevisedemspforemspitemsptheemspperformeremspwillemspneedemsptoemsptakeemsptimeemsptoemspcoveremsptheemspspaceemspbetweenemsptheemsp instrumentsemspandemspalmostemspcer-tainlyemspadoptemspaemspcertainemsprubatoemsptoemspsmoothemspoveremsptheemspbiggeremspdifficultiesemspTheemspcomposeremsphasemsptoemspacceptemspaemspcertainemspplayingemspstyleemsptheemspperformeremspisemsprestrictedemspinemsptheemspkindemspofemspperformanceemspheemsporemspsheemspcanemspgiveemspTheemsplackemspofemsprealemspchoiceemspinemsptempoemspandemspperformingemspstyleemspcanemspbeemspinemspmyemspexperienceemspaemspsourceemspofemspanxi-etyemspinemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspCanemspIemspperformemspthisemsppieceemspasemspitemspshouldemspbeemspperformedemspShouldemspIemsphaveemspaskedemsptheemspcomposeremsptoemsprewriteemspsoemspextensivelyemspthatemspIemspcanemspdecideemsptempoemspandemsptimingemsponemspmoreemsplsquoobjectiversquoemspthatemspisemsptoemspsayemspimaginativeemspgrounds

Transposition of Topics

WhenemspconfrontedemspwithemspanemspestablishedemspclassicemspIemspbecomeemspanemspinterpreteremspIemspassumeemspthatemsptheemspnotationemspisemspthereemsptoemspconveyemspaemspseriesemspofemspgesturesemspwhichemsptheemspcomposeremspvividlyemspexperiencedemspIemsphaveemsptoemspdiscoveremspifemsponlyemspforemspmyselfemsphowemsptheemsppieceemspgoesemspTheemspapproachemspofemspaemspGlennemspGouldemspwhichemspseemsemsptoemsptreatemspaemspworkemspasemspaemspstructureemspfromemspwhichemspmanyemspcharactersemspcanemspemergeemspisemspsurelyemspexceptionalemsp-emspindeedemspitemspisemspforemspthisemspdisregardemspofemspcharacteremspinemspfavouremspofemspstructureemspthatemspAlfredemspBrendelemspattacksemspGouldemspinemspaemsprecentemspinterview

[I]temspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthatemspheemsphasemspnoemspinterestemspatemspallemspinemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemsppieceemspHeemspisemspnotemspawareemspthatemspitemspexistshellipHeemspdoesemspnotemspconsideremspthatemspthereemspmightemspbeemspaemspcharacteremspwhichemspisemspindissolublyemspconnectedemspwithemsptheemsppieceemspwhichemsponeemspmustemspfindemspandemspbringemsptoemsplifeemsp(Brendelemsp2002emsp201)

Workingemsp withemsp manyemsp composersemsp onemsp theiremsp ownemsp musicemsp hasemsp disabusedemsp meemsp ofemsp theemsp ideaemsp Iemsp tookemsp foremspgrantedemspasemspaemspbeginneremspthatemspinemsptheemspprocessemspofemspcreationemsptheemspcomposeremspheardemspanemspidealemspperformanceemspStillemsptheemspideaemspremainsemspthatemspwhatemspisemspinemsptheemspscoreemspisemspthereemspbecauseemsptheemspcomposeremspwantedemsptoemspexpressemspaemspcharacteremspandemspthatemspcharacteremspmustemspimplyemspaemspcertainemsprangeemspofemsptempiemspandemsparticulations

AndemspyetemspinemspworkingemsponemspOxen of the SunemspIemspsometimesemspabandonedemspmyemspinterpretiveemspidealsemspdis-cardingemspcharacteremspandemspgestureemspwhileemsppreservingemsptheemspnotesemspTheemspopeningemspepisodeemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspinemsptheemspfirstemspdraftemsphademsptheemspdottedemspcrotchetemspsetemspatemsp112ndash120emspbutemspIemspfoundemspitemspquiteemspimpossibleemsptoemspjumpemspfromemsponeemsp

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 28: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

31

harmonicemsptoemspanotheremspatemspthatemsptempoemspAsemsptheemsprecordingemspandemsppublicationemspdatesemspapproachedemspIemspaskedemspStephenemspifemspIemspcouldemspfixemsptheemsptempoemspatemsp60ndash66emspaddingemspanemspaccelerandoemsptwoemspbarsemspbeforeemsptheemspnextemspsectionemspwhenemsptheemsporiginalemspmetronomeemspmarkemspbecameemsppossibleemspOfemspcourseemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspinemspthisemspwayemspdestroyedemsptheemsporiginalemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspIfemspIemsphademsptakenemspthatemspcharacteremspasemsptheemspessenceemspofemsptheemspmusicemsp-emspofemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspinspirationemsp-emspthanemspclearlyemspIemspcouldemspnotemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspsuggestionemspIemspdidemspRatheremspIemspwouldemsphaveemsphademsptoemspworkemspwithemspStephenemsponemspreworkingemsptheemsppitchesemsptoemspmakeemsptheemsporiginalemsptempoemsppossible

ThisemsplatitudeemspisemsppossibleemspbecauseemspinemsphalvingemsptheemsptempoemspatemsptheemspbeginningemspofemsplsquoAeolusrsquoemspIemspchangedemsponeemsptopicemspintoemspanotheremspandemspbothemspareemsptypicalemspofemspStephenrsquosemspmusicemspTheemspbeginningemspnowemspsoundsemsplim-pidemspevenemspglacialemspundisturbedemspsuchemsppassagesemspoccuremspinemspallemspofemspStephenrsquosemspextendedemspworks

Somethingemspsimilaremsphappenedemspinemsptheemspnewemspsemi-improvisedemsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspWhenemspIemspstartedemsptoemspworkemsponemspitemspIemspassumedemspthatemsptheemsptopicemspwasemspinemspaemspsenseemspimprovisationemsptheemsptexturesemspworkemspwithinemspaemsplargeemsprangeemspofemsppossibilitiesemspandemsptheemsptempoemspcanemspbeemspmanipulatedemspaccordingemsptoemsptheemspphysicalemspdemandsemspofemsptheemsppieceemspItemsponlyemsphasemsptoemspflowemspToemsplearnemsptheemsppieceemspIemsphademsptoemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemspextendedemsptechniquesemsptoemspfindemspoutemspwhatemspkindsemspofemspspeedsemspwereemsppossibleemsphowemspflexibleemsptheemsprhythmemspcouldemspbeemspandemsphowemsptoemspachieveemspaemspsenseemspofemspvirtuosityemspIemspplayedemspallemsptheemspwrittenemspnotesemspbutemspthisemspprocessemspcouldemspscarcelyemspbeemspcom-paredemsptoemspworkingemspoutemspanemspinterpretationemspofemspsayemspaemspBachemspluteemspsuite

Fixity and Fluidity

Likeemsp theemsp artistrsquosemsp sketchemsp theemsp detailemsp ofemsp aemsp photographemsp anemsp unfinishedemsp storyemsp thereemsp isemsp aemsp particularemspbeautyemsptoemspaemsppieceemspofemspmusicemspthatemspisemspnotemspyetemspfixedemspinemspitsemspfinalemspversionemspImprovisationemspplayedemspaemspdistinctemsproleemspinemsptheemspgenesisemspofemspOxen of the Sunemsp-emsplsquoNarcissusrsquoemspforemspexampleemspwasemsptoemspsomeemspextentemspimprovisedemspfiguresemspworkedemspintoemspaemspcoherentemspshapeemsp-emspandemspinemsptheemsppublishedemspscoreemspsomeemsplatitudeemspinemsprhythmemspandemsptheemsprealisationemspofemspextendedemsptechniquesemspremainsemspButemspforemspmeemspallemspofemsptheemspearlyemspperformancesemspofemspOxenemsphademspanemspimprovisatoryemspelementemspIemspfeltemspfreeemsptoemspplayemspwithemsptheemspmusicalemspgesturesemspinemspsearchemspofemspaemspviableemspandemspeffectiveemspworkemspIemspdidemspnotemspalwaysemspaskemsptheemspcomposerrsquosemsppermissionemspbeforeemsptryingemspsomethingemspoutemspinemsppublicemspaemspsinemspofemspomissionemspbutemspnotemspanemspunusualemsponeemspJulianemspBreamemsponceemsptoldemspmeemspthatemspinemsphisemspsecondemspperformanceemspofemspTippettrsquosemspThe Blue GuitaremspheemspdecidedemsptoemsptryemspleavingemspaemspfewemsppassagesemspoutemspofemsptheemsplastemspmovementemspHavingemspperformedemspitemspthatemspwayemspheemspconcludedemspthatemsptheemspmovementemspwasemspmuchemspmoreemspcon-vincingemspwithemsptheemspomissionsemspOnlyemspatemspthatemsppointemspdidemspheemspphoneemsptheemspcomposeremspTheemsppublishedemspscoreemspomitsemsptheseemsppassages

NowemspthatemsptheemsppieceemsphasemspbeenemsppublishedemspandemsprecordedemspIemsphaveemspmadeemsptheemspcrucialemspdecisionsemspbasedemsponemsptwoemspyearsemspofemspperformanceemspdiscussingemspeverythingemspwithemsptheemspcomposeremspWhenemspanemspimprovisationemspcrystallisesemspinemspthisemspwayemsplittleemspisemsplostemspforemsptheemsponeemspdoingemsptheemspimprovisingemspIemspamemspreadyemsptoemsplsquosettleemspdownrsquoemspButemspwhatemspofemspotheremspperformersemspOxen of the SunemspisemspnowemspnoemspdifferentemspfromemspotheremsppublishedemspworksemspaemspscoreemspwithemspmoreemsporemsplessemspsetemsptempiemspdynamicsemspandemsparticulationemspNewemspperformersemspmustemspmasteremspitsemsptechniquesemspandemspdevelopemspaemspfaithfulemspreadingemspThisemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspmoreemspdifficultemspaemspprocessemspthanemsptheemsponeemspIemspunderwentemspItemspmightemspresultemspinemspsuccessfulemspperformancesemspevenemspbetteremsponesemspbutemspthereemspareemspperform-ancesemspthatemspmayemspneveremspbeemspbecauseemsptheemsppieceemsphademsptoemspassumeemspaemspfinalemspversionemspInemspmyemspaccompanyingemsp

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults

Page 29: 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process …steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/...4 1. Developing a Medium: The Collaborative Process in Stephen Goss’s

32

notesemsptoemsptheemspscoreemspIemsptriedemsptoemsppointemsptoemspsomeemspofemsptheemspplacesemspwhereemsptheemspperformeremspcanemspexperimentemspwithemsptheemsptechniquesemspbutemspultimatelyemsptheemspfixityemspofemsptheemspnotationemspseemsemspintractable

Isemspthisemspwhyemspweemspguitaristsemspareemspsoemspfondemspofemsplookingemspatemspuneditedemspdraftsemspofemspcompositionsemspdecadesemspafteremsp theiremsp productionemsp-emspofemsp lookingemsp foremsp waysemsp toemsp forestallemsp inemsp retrospectemsp theemsp collaborativeemsp proc-essemspPerhapsemspbyemspplacingemspourselvesemspinemspaemspone-sidedemspconversationemspwithemspaemspcomposeremspwhoemspmayemspnotemspbeemsparoundemsptoemsprespondemspandemspsupplyingemsptheemspanswersemspweemspwantemsptoemsphearemspweemsphopeemsptoemspcreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspsenseemspofemspimprovisatoryemspfreedomemspthatemspmightemspenhanceemsptheemspfinalemspperformanceemsp-emsptoemsprecreateemspforemspourselvesemspthatemspblessedemspimprovisatoryemspstateemspthatemsptheemspcollaboratoremspenjoyedemspInemspthatemspcaseemspbyemspleavingemsptracesemspofemsp theemspprocessemsp inemspmanuscriptsemsp lettersemsp-emspevenemspwritingsemspsuchemspasemsp thisemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspcol-laboratoremspcanemsphelpemsptoemspmakeemspthatemspprocessemspmoreemspmeaningfulemspevenemspmoreemsphonestemspSoemspoftenemspitemspseemsemsptoemspmeemspthisemspessentiallyemspcreativeemspdefamiliarisingemspprocessemspofemspsubvertingemsphistoricalemspcollaborationsemspisemspconductedemspbyemspstealthemspitemspisemspadvertisedemspasemspaemspreturnemsptoemsptheemsporiginalemsptoemsptheemspUrtextemspevenemspthoughemspitemspmayemspentailemspplacingemspanemspidealisedemspcomposeremspinemspplaceemspofemsptheemsphumanemspbeingemspwhoemspwroteemsptheemsppieceemspwithemspaemspplayeremspinemspmindemspandemspletemsphimemsporemspheremspbeemsppartemspofemspitsemspcreationemspWorkingemspasemspaemspcollaboratoremspmyselfemsphasemspmadeemspmeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemspprotectiveemspofemsptheemspversionemspforemspwhichemspIemspactedemspasemspmidwifeemspasemspsympatheticemsptoemspthoseemspwhoemspwouldemspseekemspaemspversionemspofemsptheiremspown

Canemsp oneemsp analyseemsp aemsp composer-performeremsp collaborationemsp withemsp anyemsp rigouremsp Asemsp aemsp reflectiveemsp per-formeremspIemspamemspsurprisedemsptoemspdiscoveremspthatemspforemspmeemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemsptheemsplastemspbastionemspofemsptheemsppurelyemspintuitiveemspSomeemspthingsemspgrowemspbestemspinemsptheemspdarkemspAndemspyetemspsomeemspkindemspofemspreflectionemspisemspnecessaryemspAtemspleastemspbyemspworkingemspwithemspcomposersemspIemspknowemspbetteremspwhatemsptheemspcollaborativeemspprocessemspisemspnotemspItemspisemspnotemsptamperingemspwithemspaemsppristineemsporiginalemspforemspthereemspneveremspwasemsponeemspItemspisemspnotemsptranscriptionemspinemsptheemspconven-tionalemspsenseemspbecauseemspthatemspisemspallemsptooemspfaithfulemsptooemspanxiousemsptoemspleaveemsptheemspcharacteremspofemsptheemspmusicemspun-touchedemspIsemspitemspcomposingemspThatemspisemsptoemspclaimemsptooemspmuchemspbutemspmanyemspofemsptheemspbestemspcollaborativeemspperform-ersemspareemspcomposersemspmanqueacutesemspItemspmayemspwellemspbeemspthatemspanyemspnotatedemspscoreemspisemspnotemsponlyemspaemsppooremsptranslationemspofemspaemspcomposerrsquosemspinneremspimaginingsemspbutemspalsoemspsomethingemspincompleteemspThoseemspinneremspimaginingsemspmayemspnotemsptakeemsptheemspformemspofemspanemspimaginaryemspperformanceemspbutemspsomethingemspslightlyemspmoreemspabstractemspsomethingemspnotemspquiteemspinemsptimeemspreadyemsptoemspexplodeemspintoemspperformanceemspInemspthatemspcaseemsptheemsptaskemspofemspanyemspinterpretationemspmightemspbeemspnotemspsoemspmuchemsptoemspgoemspbackemsptoemsprecoveremsptheemspcomposerrsquosemspimperfectlyemspnotatedemspintentionsemspasemsptoemspgoemsponemsptoemspputemsponeselfemsphonestlyemspatemsptheemspserviceemspofemsptheemspenergyemspcontainedemspinemsptheemspscoreemspandemspbyemspsupply-ingemsponersquosemspownemspintentionsemsptoemspfinishemsptheemspworkemspandemsptoemspacceptemsptheemspdoubleemspimageemsp-emspcomposeremspandemspper-formeremsp-emspthatemspinevitablyemspresults


2014-2015€¦ · Ernie Goss’s Letter. In this pursuit, the Institute promotes the partnership of social scientists and practitioners to further the study and practice of human

Collaborative Problem Solving - Collaborative Leaders Networkcollaborativeleadersnetwork.org/.../Collaborative-Problem-Solving... · CLN - Collaborative Problem Solving Page 3 of

Collaborative Procurement - Constructing Excellenceconstructingexcellence.org.uk/.../Collaborative_Procurement_Guide.pdf · 4 4 Collaborative working or Collaborative Procurement

Goss's Wilt on Grass Hosts - Purdue Agriculture Wilt research... · 2015-06-16 · 1 D C PUU NION PURDUE EXTENSION. DISEASES OF CORN | RESEARCH UPDATE. Goss’s Wilt on Grass Hosts

Interview John Williams - steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1 ...steve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/.../John_Williams... · John Williams’ latest disc, Concerto, is a

CHAT Asthma Collaborative Safety and Quality Collaborative

Fostering Collaborative Learning and Mass … Collaborative Learning and Mass-Customization of ... Fostering Collaborative Learning and Mass ... the theory of collaborative learning

Faith FFaiaitthh Faith LLYNNLYNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE ...€¦ · LLYNNLYNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE LYNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE YNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE

2018 ANNUAL COLLABORATIVE NEWSLETTER COLLABORATIVE …

Stephen Goss Matthew Wadsworth Theorbosteve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/uploadedfiles/000/... · works, Goss would often solve the problem by denying it: by juxtaposing

Collaborative Management...Collaborative Management iii Are You a Collaborative Leader? .....11 4. COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT – COLLABORATIVE APPROACH ..... 13Collaborative Approach

G1675 Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Corn Wilt.pdf · Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight of corn, caused by the Gram positive bacterium, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp

Parallel Session 2.8 SEPSIS and VTE Collaborative – Breakthrough Series Collaborative within a Collaborative

Minnesota HIPAA Collaborative Minnesota HIPAA Collaborative

Designing Puzzles for Collaborative Gaming Experience ... · design and collaborative games. COLLABORATIVE PLAY The importance of supporting collaborative activities through virtual

From Collaborative Initiatives to Collaborative Culture

IFS COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH GRANTS Collaborative Research... · Pilot Collaborative Research Grants Approach, ... Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, ... IFS Collaborative Research

Collaborative Mentoring Webinar Series · Collaborative Mentoring Webinar Series 2017 Collaborative Mentoring Webinar Series Planning Team The Collaborative Mentoring Webinar Series

LYLYNNLYNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE LYNN CATHOLIC ... › bcd › Bulletins › ... · LYLYNNLYNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE LYNN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE NN CATHOLIC COLLABORATIVE CATHOLIC

From Collaborative Economy to Collaborative Organization

Collaborative Ventures, Collaborative Gains

COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING

« Baromètre Conditions de travail - ts-paperclip.s3-eu

Goss’s Wilt Disease Surveillance in Manitoba · Goss’s Wilt Disease Surveillance in Manitoba Pratisara Bajracharya1, Morgan Cott2, Lorne Adam3, Atta Soliman3, Earl Bargen1, Rejean

Goss’s Wilt Management in Corn - Purdue University · ®, TM, SM Trademarks and service marks of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. ©2011, PHII ... Goss’s wilt may be transmitted

G1675 Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Cornextensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1675.pdfG1675 Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Corn Tamra A. Jackson, Extension

The Midas Collaborative Innovative Investments ... · in Microenterprise in Massachusetts The Midas Collaborative The Midas Collaborative The Midas Collaborative The Midas Collaborative

Interview - Amazon Web Servicessteve-paperclip.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/documents/uploadedfiles/000/... · Thomas Carroll, Jonathan Leathwood, and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Steve is

Corn Disease Management: Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Blight · Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Blight Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight of corn is an economically serious disease of

Collaborative Crossover: Identifying Classical Vocal Collaborative

Goss’s wilt: Get the facts! Alison Robertson Charlie Hurburgh Lisa Shepherd Charlie Block and Roger Elmore

COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A COLLABORATIVE ...mdh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:208401/FULLTEXT03.pdf · COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING

Collaborative cities for collaborative entrepreneurs ...biogov.uclouvain.be/application2017/Docs/city4coEN-webversion.pdf · Collaborative cities for collaborative entrepreneurs (city4coEN)

CompetenCy 4: Collaborative Leadership...Collaborative Leadership What is it collaborative leadership? Collaborative leadership occurs when health providers/ students work together

What is Collaborative Mental Health Care? An Introduction ... · Collaborative Mental Health Care Framework Canadian Collaborative Mental Health Initiative Canadian Collaborative