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Page 1: 1. 2 3 4 5 Translation Definition Translation Translation The actual process of protein synthesis where mRNA, made during transcription, leaves the

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Translation DefinitionTranslation Definition

TranslationTranslation The actual process of protein synthesis where The actual process of protein synthesis where

mRNA, made during transcription, leaves the mRNA, made during transcription, leaves the nucleus, through nuclear pores located on the nucleus, through nuclear pores located on the nuclear envelope, and attaches to a ribosomenuclear envelope, and attaches to a ribosome

The production of a polypeptide (protein) whose The production of a polypeptide (protein) whose amino acid sequence is derived from codon amino acid sequence is derived from codon sequencessequences

Put a star next to this--we will come backPut a star next to this--we will come back

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Playas of TranslationPlayas of Translation RNARNA

Ribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid A single stranded nucleic acid similar to DNAA single stranded nucleic acid similar to DNA Sugar is Ribose--not Deoxyribose that is found in DNASugar is Ribose--not Deoxyribose that is found in DNA Uracil replaces thymine as the nitrogen baseUracil replaces thymine as the nitrogen base

mRNAmRNA Messenger RNAMessenger RNA

An RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a geneAn RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene Proteins are translated from mRNA by the help of Proteins are translated from mRNA by the help of RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES Carries the Carries the GENETIC CODE,GENETIC CODE, from DNA, used to create proteins from DNA, used to create proteins

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Playas of Translation IIPlayas of Translation II tRNAtRNA

Transfer RNATransfer RNA Transports amino acid molecules to the ribosomeTransports amino acid molecules to the ribosome Class of small RNA molecules that bear/carry specific Class of small RNA molecules that bear/carry specific amino acidsamino acids to the to the

ribsomeribsome during translation during translation What are the building blocks of proteins?What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino AcidsAmino Acids The amino acids will be used to create a protein chainThe amino acids will be used to create a protein chain

RibosomeRibosome Acts as the site of protein synthesis in the cellActs as the site of protein synthesis in the cell

How do we form the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?How do we form the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? When ribosomes bind to mRNAWhen ribosomes bind to mRNA

Composed of Large subunits and small subunitsComposed of Large subunits and small subunits Difference depends on type of rRNADifference depends on type of rRNA

Has three sites (EPA)Has three sites (EPA)

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rRNArRNA

Large SubunitsLarge Subunits Contain 30SContain 30S

Small SubunitsSmall Subunits Contain 15SContain 15S Please remember that the size of the ribosome is Please remember that the size of the ribosome is

determined by the amount of rRNA subunitsdetermined by the amount of rRNA subunits

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Playas of Translation IIIPlayas of Translation III rRNArRNA

Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNA RNA that makes up the ribosomesRNA that makes up the ribosomes

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Playas of Translation IVPlayas of Translation IVCracking the Genetic CodeCracking the Genetic Code

CodonCodon A group of three neucleotides that provide the information necessary to A group of three neucleotides that provide the information necessary to

code for a single, specific amino acidcode for a single, specific amino acid AUGAUG UAGUAG

A section of RNA (three nucleotide pairs in length) that encodes a A section of RNA (three nucleotide pairs in length) that encodes a single amino acidsingle amino acid

Found on mRNAFound on mRNA AnticodonAnticodon

A nucleotide triplet, found on tRNA, that aligns with a particular codon A nucleotide triplet, found on tRNA, that aligns with a particular codon in the mRNAin the mRNA

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TranslationTranslationStep A InitiationStep A Initiation

All Biology LevelsAll Biology Levels Ribosome binds to the mRNARibosome binds to the mRNA

Small subunit binds to mRNASmall subunit binds to mRNA Initiator tRNA binds at start codonInitiator tRNA binds at start codon

Start codon = AUGStart codon = AUG tRNA carries anti-codon UACtRNA carries anti-codon UAC Initiator tRNA carries amino acid METInitiator tRNA carries amino acid MET

Ribosome binds to mRNARibosome binds to mRNA Large subunit binds to mRNALarge subunit binds to mRNA

Initiator tRNA will be located at the P site of large Initiator tRNA will be located at the P site of large subunitsubunit

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Steps A - ESteps A - EBiology I & Biology I HonorsBiology I & Biology I Honors

A. Initiation A. Initiation B. Peptide Bond FormationB. Peptide Bond Formation C. ElongationC. Elongation D. TranslocationD. Translocation E. TerminationE. Termination

Stop Codons are recognizedStop Codons are recognized All playas are releasedAll playas are released

Where do the proteins go after they are finished Where do the proteins go after they are finished made?made?

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Step BStep BPeptide Bond FormationPeptide Bond Formation

Biology I Honors & AP BiologyBiology I Honors & AP Biology

Ribosome (rRNA) catalyzes the formation Ribosome (rRNA) catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the new amino of a peptide bond between the new amino acid and the carboxyl end of the growing acid and the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptidepolypeptide

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Step CStep C

ElongationElongation Occurs when the incoming amino acid binds to the Occurs when the incoming amino acid binds to the

polypeptide chain through the formation of a polypeptide chain through the formation of a peptide bond.peptide bond.

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Step DStep DTranslocationTranslocation

Biology I Honors & AP BiologyBiology I Honors & AP Biology

The ribosomes move allowing the tRNA’s The ribosomes move allowing the tRNA’s to switch sitesto switch sites

tRNA in the A (addition) site is translocated tRNA in the A (addition) site is translocated to the P (polypeptide) siteto the P (polypeptide) site

tRNA in the E (exit site) leaves the ribsometRNA in the E (exit site) leaves the ribsome mRNA shifts positionmRNA shifts position New tRNA with anticodon enters the A siteNew tRNA with anticodon enters the A site

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Step EStep ETerminationTermination

Biology I Honors & AP BiologyBiology I Honors & AP Biology Release factor (a protein) binds at stop codonRelease factor (a protein) binds at stop codon Polypeptide chain released from tRNAPolypeptide chain released from tRNA tRNA released from P sitetRNA released from P site Ribosomes released from mRNARibosomes released from mRNA

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Gene MutationsGene Mutations

Discussed previouslyDiscussed previously When the base sequence of a molecule of When the base sequence of a molecule of

DNA is altered, the amino acid sequence of DNA is altered, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide for which it codes will the polypeptide for which it codes will likewise be altered.likewise be altered.

This affects the operation of enzymesThis affects the operation of enzymes Remember enzymes are created from proteinsRemember enzymes are created from proteins

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Mutations ContinuedMutations Continued

DNA mutationsDNA mutations Frame ShiftsFrame Shifts

Addition of NucleotidesAddition of Nucleotides Deletion of NucleotidesDeletion of Nucleotides Can result in genetic disorders previously discussedCan result in genetic disorders previously discussed

Huntington DiseaseHuntington Disease This is how we get the dominant allele disorderThis is how we get the dominant allele disorder

Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis Autosomal recessive disorderAutosomal recessive disorder Excess excretion of lung mucousExcess excretion of lung mucous

HemophiliaHemophilia X-linked recessive disorderX-linked recessive disorder Inability to clot bloodInability to clot blood

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Types of MutationsTypes of Mutations Point MutationPoint Mutation

Change a single nucleotide of a gene.Change a single nucleotide of a gene. Frameshift MutationFrameshift Mutation

Mutation that occurswhen the number of nucleotides inserted or Mutation that occurswhen the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codonsthe following nucleotides into codons

Missense MutationMissense Mutation The most common type of mutation where the new codon still codes The most common type of mutation where the new codon still codes

for AN amino acid (not necessarily the same amino acid)for AN amino acid (not necessarily the same amino acid) Nonsense MutationNonsense Mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to an amino acid codon A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to an amino acid codon that is a stop codon--usually resulting in a shorter, and non-functional that is a stop codon--usually resulting in a shorter, and non-functional form, of a proteinform, of a protein

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Mutations ContinuedMutations Continued

Substitution of BasesSubstitution of Bases U for T in DNAU for T in DNA

UV light raysUV light rays UV rays, from sunlight, enters the skin cellsUV rays, from sunlight, enters the skin cells The proliferation genes, located on chromosomes The proliferation genes, located on chromosomes

inside the skin cells, are mutatedinside the skin cells, are mutated Thymine changes in UracilThymine changes in Uracil

That results in the proliferation genes being That results in the proliferation genes being constantly turned onconstantly turned on

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TranslationTranslationStep by StepStep by Step

IPETTIPETT InitiationInitiation

Small subunit (ribosome) binds to the mRNASmall subunit (ribosome) binds to the mRNA Initiator tRNA binds at the start codon (AUG)Initiator tRNA binds at the start codon (AUG) Large subunit (ribosome) binds on the mRNALarge subunit (ribosome) binds on the mRNA tRNA moves to the P site of the large subunittRNA moves to the P site of the large subunit

Peptide bond formationPeptide bond formation ElongationElongation TranslocationTranslocation Termination (stop codons)Termination (stop codons)