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Baroque

Striving to Impress

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Baroque: Definition

A period of history

A description of artistic/musicalstyle after the Renaissance

Originally a derogatory term

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Causes and Origins

Counter reformation movement

(glory of the church) Rulers wanted a style signifying glory

Artists desire to be more expressive Originated in Italy

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Characteristics

How does Baroque compare with the

Renaissance? Unique contributions

Emotion/Religious fervor/RealismDramatic (light and shade/perspective)

Exploration of form (elaborateness,exaggeration) but all in control

Virtuosity

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Architecture and Sculpture

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Architecture Style

Versailles

Landscaping

Hall of Mirrors

Extravagance

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Architecture Style

St. Peters Square (Bernini)

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Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Baldacchino(Altar

covering in St. Peters)

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Bernini

Ecstasy ofSt. Theresa

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Reading 76From Saint Teresas Visions

It pleased the Lord that I should sometimes see the following vision. Iwould see beside me, on my left hand, an angel in bodily forma type ofvision which I am not in the habit of seeing, except very rarely. Though Ioften see representations of angels, my visions of them are of the typewhich I first mentioned. It pleased the Lord that I should see this angel in

the following way. He was not tall, but short, and very beautiful, his faceaflame that he appeared to be one of the highest types of angel who seemto be all afire. They must be those who are called cherubim: they do not tellme their names but I am well aware that there is a great difference betweencertain angels and others, and between these and others still, of a kind thatI could not possibly explain. In his hands I saw a long golden spear and at

the end of the iron tip I seemed to see a point of fire. With this he seemedto pierce my heart several times so that it penetrated to my entrails. Whenhe drew it out, I thought he was drawing them out with it and he left mecompletely afire with a great love for God. The pain was so sharp that itmade me utter several moans; and so excessive was the sweetness causedme by this intense pain that one can never wish to lose it, nor will ones soul

be content with anything less than God. It is not bodily pain, but spiritual,though the body has a share in it indeed, a great share. So sweet are thecolloquies of love which pass between the soul and God that if anyone thinksI am lying I beseech God, in His goodness, to give him the same experience.

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Bernini

David

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"Bernini criticized Michelangelo for failingto make his figures appear as if made of

flesh, and bragged that stone was 'likepasta' in his handsthat he could fashionmarble like wax. And indeed he could.His genius for manipulating the act ofperceptionby altering perspective, or

highlighting certain details in a rendering,or using materials and techniques to blurthe lines between sculpture and painting

allowed Bernini to achieve new levels ofauthenticity in bringing a scene to life."

Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 23.

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Bernini

Apollo and

Daphne

Pluto andPersephone

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Caravaggio(Michelangelo Merisi)

The Calling of

Saint Matthew Chiaroscuro

Realism

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Caravaggio

TheMartyrdom ofSaint Matthew

Emotion

Perspective

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Caravaggio

David with thehead of Goliath

Emotion/realism Perspective

(foreshortening)

Light/darkness

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Caravaggio: The Supper at Emmaus

Perspective Realism

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Artemesia Gentileschi

Judith andHolofornes

Emotion

Realism

Perspective

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El Greco

The Burial of

Count OrgazReligious fervor

Virtuosity (color)

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Diego

Velazquez

Las Meninas(Maids of Honor) Perspective

Virtuosity (detail) The art of

creating art

(similar to theview of literaturemaking literaturein Don Quixote)

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Velazquez: The Surrender of

Breda (Las Lances) Perspective

Virtuosity

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Peter Paul Rubens

Henri IVReceiving the

Portrait ofMarie DeMedici

Rape of the

Daughters ofLeucippus

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Anthony Van DykeCharles I onHorseback

Charles I: King ofEngland at the Hunt

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Rembrandt:Night Watch

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Rembrandt

Dr. TulpsAnatomy

Lesson

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Frans Hals

TheLaughing

Cavalier

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Jan Vermeer

The Art of Painting

Study of a YoungWoman

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Georges de

La TourChrist in the

Carpenters Shop

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Music

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Baroque Music Innovations

Invention of Opera

Homophony Development of the orchestra and types of

orchestration

Development of new forms of vocal music

Development of purely instrumental music

New instruments Temperament

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Invention of Opera

Singing and orchestra work together

Use of an overture, several acts, etc Size of the orchestra increased

Homophony

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Claudio Monteverdi

Made opera popular

Technique to conveyemotion

Orfeo The Coronation of Poppea

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Development of Instrumental

Music Luther

God could be experienced throughmusic

The Devil flees from the voice of music just as

he flees from the words of theology.

New vocal forms

Hymn, anthem, cantata, oratorio

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Baroque Music Innovations

Purely instrumental music

Counterpoint (a type of polyphony) Fugues

Sonata, concerto, suite

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Violin Invention

Cremona, Italy

Amati, Stradivari, Guarneri Became the heart of the orchestra

Construction has not changed

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Temperament

Tempering: tuning that resulted

in pleasant scalesThe Well Tempered Clavier

Preludes and fugues written in allmajor and minor keys

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Circle of Fifths

do re mi fa sol la ti do re mi fa sol la ti do re mi fa sol la ti do re mi fa sol la ti do

1st fifth 2nd fifth 3rd fifth 4th fifth 5th fifth 6th fifth 7th fifth

Notes

defined: do, sol re la mi ti fa do

The ratio of the two "do" notes should be an even whole number

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"The problem...began with the Greeks,

who mistakenly believed that 3:2 was thereal ratio of a perfect fifth, when it isobviously only an approximation. Anyonewho multiplies this ratio and realizes thatits 'circle' of twelve tones produces a lastnote that is out of tune with the first, yetcontinues to maintain 'that the ratio 3:2 is

the actual one, he in truth ignores theessential character of addition andsubtraction of ratios.' Any such person isstubbornly resisting the plain truth; his

position is irrational and absurd."

Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books,

2001, p. 145.

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"Acceptance [of equal temperament] didnot come easily. Critics claimed theresulting music had been robbed of itsbeauty and emotional impact; supporterscountered that since all things are

subjective, human ears and minds wouldlearn to adapt. The arguments, however,went well beyond musical aesthetics.Equal temperament represented anassault on an idea that had grippedthinkers in nearly every field as a powerfulmetaphor for a universe ruled by

mathematical law."

Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books,2001, p. 6.

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"Tempering meant that the principle

of usefulness was more basic thanthe principle of purity."

Adapted from: Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, VintageBooks, 2001, p. 8.

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Innovations in Orchestra

Concertos

Solo instruments Grosso led to orchestra works

Composers notation:

Specified instrumental parts

Dynamic markings and speed

Key signature in the title

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Antonio Vivaldi

Red Priest

Details and complexity Operas

Influenced Bach The Four Seasons

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Vivaldi: Sonnet forSpring

Spring has come with its gaiety,The birds salute it with joyous song,And the brooks, caressed by ZephyrFlow meanwhile with sweet murmur.

The sky is covered with dark cloudsAnnounced by lightning and thunder,But when they are silenced, the little birdsReturn to fill the air with their song:

Then does the meadow, in full flower,

Ripple with its leafy plants.The goatherd dozes, guarded by his faithful dog.

Rejoicing in the pastoral bagpipes,

Nymphs and Shepherds dance neath heavens canopy,For the radiant onset of Springtime.

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George Frederick Handel

Personal Life

Watermusic Royal Fireworks

OperasCompany in London

Wrote castratosLargo fromXerxes

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George Frederick Handel

Oratorios

Long text with chorus and orchestraNo costumes and staging

Developed after lack of interest for

operas Messiah

OvertureGlory to God

Hallelujah Chorus

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Johann Sebastian Bach

Personal life

Work life Over 1000 musical pieces

Public complained for his

flowery music Musicians felt his

music too difficult

Engaged the mind insearch for God

After death becamewell known

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Since the best man could not beobtained, mediocre ones would haveto be accepted.

-Leipzig town council member commenting on the hiring ofBach

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Johann Sebastian Bach

Musical Contributions:

Over 1000 pieces in every genre exceptopera

Cantatas (one per week for 8 years)

#140 part 1 part 4 part 7Protestant themes (in search of God)

Counterpoint/fugue

Complex compositions (upside down)

Hymns (A Mighty Fortress)

Brandenburg Concertos

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Literature

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Cervantes

Don Quixote de la Mancha

Greatest literature work inSpanish

First Novel

Reality versus illusion

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Don Quixote

(Sanchos early opinion of Don Quixote)

I have seen from countless signs that this masterof mine is a raving lunatic who ought to be tied up and me, I cant be much better, for since I followhim and serve him, Im more of a fool than he

(Sanchos later view of reality)

Anythings possiblefor her beauty confused me,as her ugliness did your worship. But lets leave itall in Gods hands.

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John Milton

Devout Puritan

Defender of CromwellianCommonwealth

Political Activist and Essayist Paradise Lost

SonnetWhen I consider

Paradise Lost

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Paradise Lost

(Milton)At the days dawning, having said their morningprayers, Adam and Eve began considering howthey might best accomplish their growing work.

(Simple)

They said their prayers and planned their work.

(Simpler)

They prayed and worked hard.

(Simplest)They had too much to do.

Paradise Lost

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Paradise Lost

Hail, horrors! Hail,Infernal World! And thou, profoundest Hell,Receive thy new possessor one who brings

A mind not to be changed by place or time.The mind is its own place, and in itselfCan make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.What matter where, if I be still the same,And what I should be, all but less than heWhom thunder hath made greater? Here at leastWe shall be free; the Almighty hath not built

Here for his envy, will not drive us hence:Here we may reign secure; and, in my choice,To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:

Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.- Satan in Paradise Lost

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When I Consider How My Life is Spent

When I consider how my light is spent,Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,And that one Talent which is death to hide,

Lodgd with me useless, though my Soul more bentTo serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, least he returning chide,

Doth God exact day-labour, light denied,I fondly ask; But patience to preventThat murmur, soon replies, God doth not need

Either mans work or his own gifts; his StateIs Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speedAnd post ore Land and Ocean without rest:They also serve who only stand and wait.

- John Milton

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Thank You

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Messiah

No tongue can speak, neither can

there be written by any man, neithercan the hearts of men conceive sogreat and marvelous things as weboth saw and heard Jesus speak;and no one can conceive of the joy

which filled our souls at the time weheard him pray for us unto theFather. (3 Ne. 17:17)

Moliere

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Moliere

(Jean Baptiste Poquelin) Baroque comedy

Targeted the Catholic church

Tartuffe

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"[Those] who insist on believing inthe purity of the simple ratios of old

over all aural evidence to thecontrary...they are like the personwho proclaims, 'The sun may lie, but

not the clock.'"

Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 146.