4. SUPERSTRUCTURE

4.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

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BEAM

Beam is the horizontal member of a structure, carrying and transferring transverse loads across space to supporting elements. It is commonly reinforced with rebar.

CONCRETE BEAM

For our site, the beams are mostly made of concrete. There are two disctinc types of concrete beams, which are Pre cast and In Situ. Pre cast being beams that are pre casted off site and brought on site to be assembled on to the structure and In-Situ being casted on site using form work which was what mostly used in our site.

The beams and columns are built on site and are affected by the site conditions. The in-situ concrete structure mostly contains steel reinforcements for stronger support. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.

4.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

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Casted ground beams Preparation of formwork for ground beams

Casting of ground beams completed.

1. Casted ground beams with using reinforcement bar.

2. Preparation of formwork for ground beams

3. Pour concrete. Wait for the concrete dry up then remove the formwork.

4.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

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COLUMNS

Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members. The concrete column that is built in our site was built along with the concrete beam and slab.

Fix the reinforcement bar for the concrete column

Fix the formwork for the concrete

column

Pour concrete, wait for it to be cured then remove the formwork.

Concrete column section

CONCRETE COLUMN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Re-bards/formwork for columns in progress

The column that is applied in our site is concrete column.

Walls are often used to support loads, to insulate the building and to work as a climatic enclosure, protecting the building from sun, win and rain.

Walls can be load bearing, supporting the floor and roofs or non-load bearing. However, they always separate a place from another, working like filters in space. Their qualities affect the space they create.

Type of bricks that used in the building are mostly concrete bricks.Concrete and masonry walls qualify as noncombustible construction and rely on their mass for their load-carrying capability. While strong in compression, concrete and masonry require reinforcing o handle tensile stresses.

MORTAR

Mortar is a workable paste consists of cement or lime, or a combination of both with sand and water. It is used as a bonding agent in masonry construction. A standard mortar mix for new brickwork would be 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand) or 1:4 (Portland:cement:sand)

TYPES OF MORTAR JOINTS

4.2 WALL

TEY THIEN HEE -30-

Concrete bricks with mortar on site

Concave joint

"V" joint

Weather joint

Flush joint

Raked joint

Concrete wall on site

4.2 WALL

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

The process of making a wall begins with the intention of either making a normal wall or a special load bearing wall. Calculations are made, then layering styles are chosen the best fit the criteria. After that, the layering process begins. Cement thickness and concrete fills and all minute details are calculated out and determined and executed. This is to ensure no excess or unaccounted for the measurements to the buildings, or extra lengths are not added without notice. Reinforcement (if needed) such as steel bars and stirrups will be added in at this point, generally in between bricks in cement fills. Finally when the bricks are layered to completion, the wall is ready for the next step of the construction process.

The size and proportion of the units may be limited by the means of transportation. Fabrication in a factory environment enables the units to have a consistent quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates the need for on-site formwork. The modular nature of the standard-sized units, however, may not be suitable for irregular building shapes.

Example of precast concrete slab

Small openings may be cut in the field. Narrow openings parallel to slab span are preferred.v

Precast concrete

Wide opening may be cut, but required engineering analysis

Beam Support

Precast concrete slab is another common concrete slab used in big construction that could be used in our site.Precast concrete are cast and cured in industrial plants, transported to the construction job site, and erected as rigid components. Erection process is much faster than cast-in-place concrete because there is no formwork to be erected and little or no waiting for concrete to cure.

4.3 SLAB

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4.3.1 REFERENCES

4.3 SLAB

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Fresh concrete must be shaped and supported by formwork until it cures and can support itself.

Cast in place concrete slab construction process:1. Making Formwork.

2. Add welded wire fabric support.

3. Add concrete mixture.

4. Formwork dismantled after the concrete gain its strength.

2nd floor slab formwork being prepared for concrete casting.

Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both direction of a structural bay. Cast in place concrete slab was used in the site for floor and ceiling. Cast in place concrete slab is more reliable and required less transport compare to precast concrete.

4.3.2 ON SITE

Slab sheating, usually plywood

Metal or wood joist

Support (wood or steel)

STAIRCASE PRIMARY FUNCTION- Provide a means of circulation between floor levels.- Establish a safe means of travel between floor levels.- Provide an easy means of travel between floor levels.- Provide a means of conveying fittings and furniture between floor levels.

IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS - INCLINED SLAB STAIR- Landings span from well edge to load bearing wall.- Stair flights span from floor to landing and from landing to floor.

4.4 STAIRCASE

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Illustration of simple stairs

Key plan to stairs

Dimension of steps of stairs.

In plan, the risers in the upper flight are not in line with those in the lower flight. This is to ensure that the soffits of the two flights line through at their intersection with the soffit of the half space landing.

4.4 STAIRCASE

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Illustration on the detail of the staircase

4.4 STAIRCASE

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The formwork to construct a staircase The arrangement of steel bars

Section of the formwork

Staircase made of bricks

On site pictures, construction of staircase

CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE