Mineral REFUELINGMineral REFUELING

BATU BARABATU BARAForm of coal in a way that is very complex and require a long time (tens to hundreds of millions of years) under the influence of physics, chemistry, geology or circumstances. To understand how the form of coal plants will need to know where the coal and form factors akan mempengaruhinya , and the form of a layer of coal.

PLACE TERBENTUKNYA BATU BARA

Terbentuknya to explain the 2 types of coalknown theory:a. Theory Insitu

This theory says that the materials forming a layer of coal, terbentuknya place where plants are home. Thus, after the plants are dead, have not experienced the process of transportation immediately closed by sediment layer and the process of coalification. That type of coal in a way has a broad and equitable distribution of, the quality is better because the degree abunya relatively small. Coal made like this in Indonesia established in the field of coal Eneem Estuary (South Sumatra).

b. Theory driftb. Theory drift

This theory states that the materials forming a layer of coal occur in a This theory states that the materials forming a layer of coal occur in a different place with all the plants alive and growing so that the different place with all the plants alive and growing so that the plants have died of water transported by the media and plants have died of water transported by the media and berakumulasi disuatu place, closed by rock sedemen and berakumulasi disuatu place, closed by rock sedemen and experience the process of coalification. That type of coal this way experience the process of coalification. That type of coal this way does not have the distribution area, but found on the place, quality does not have the distribution area, but found on the place, quality is less good because many contain material that polluter is less good because many contain material that polluter terangkut together, during the transportation from place to place terangkut together, during the transportation from place to place of origin of the plant sedimentation. Batubara that as this was of origin of the plant sedimentation. Batubara that as this was found in Indonesia in the field of coal Ancient Mahakam delta found in Indonesia in the field of coal Ancient Mahakam delta (East Kalimantan).(East Kalimantan).

PROSES TERJADINYA BATU BARAPROSES TERJADINYA BATU BARAProcess biochemistry• The process of demolition by the bacteria "Anaerobic" of material

timberman (the rest of the plant) so that the form "gel" (gelatinous) called "Gelly"

• Bacteria "anaerob" is a bacteria that lives in a place (water) that contain less oxygen. That is the dirty water, eg the swamps. Akan this rot bacteria / food materials timberman (the rest of the plant)

• Results of the process is Biokimia terbentuknya "gel" as a material forming a layer of coal. The material is then akan terendapkan / collected as a mass of solid, which is called PEAT (turf).

• PEAT (turf) is the result of the process of settling pemanpatan and use of opium from the material forming a layer of coal.

• For the formation of PEAT setebal 1ft, take ± 100 th.• Sometimes in a layer of coal found the wood structure that is still clear

and intact. This is because in the process of its establishment, the bacteria does not work perfectly (the process of bacterial metabolism is not perfect).

• Off the bacteria, because bacteria are exposed to poison (toxin), so that the various woods that will remain intact until the formation of coal.

2. Termodinamik Process• PEAT process of change into a layer of coal by the heat and pressure, also from

outside the process, such as geological processes (bed, etc.).• From the heat and pressure (T and P), the layer of coal will, from PEAT become LIGNIT

to anthracite (in some class or "rank"). The classification is dependent on the intensity of heat and pressure.

• The reaction Batubara• 5 (C6H10O5) = C20H22O4 + 3CH4 + 8H2O + 6CO2 + CO• Cellulosa Lignit Gas metan• dirawa• 6 (C6H10O5) = C22H20O34 + 5CH4 + 8H2O + 6CO2 + CO• Cellulosa Bitumineous Gas metan• Cellulosa (z-organic substances) are substances forming coal.• Degree C Lignit <Bitumineous• Pembatubaraan Lignit degrees less than perfect Bitumineous• Comparison• Element C Lignit <Bituminous• The major elements of the old C →• Element H Lignit> Bituminous• The bigger, the elements H → more young,• Compound CH4 Lignit <Bitominous• The greater the older → CH4• Materials batubaran composer called MACERAL (composer called rock: mineral).

Coal bedCoal bed

Deposit Batubara bentuk Horse Back

Deposit Batubara bentuk Pinch

Deposit Batubara bentuk Clay Vein

Deposit Batubara bentuk Burried Hill

Deposit Batubara bentuk Fault

Deposit Batubara bentuk Fold

Coal CharacteristicsCoal Characteristics

• The nature of anthracite coal type:• Black and very flash, compact.• Kalor value is very high, very high carbon.• Uterus is very little water• Uterus is very little gray• Gynecology sulfur is very small.

• The nature of coal type bitumine / subbitumine:

• Black shine, less compact.• Kalor high value, relatively high carbon.• Gynecology little water• Gynecology little gray• Gynecology little sulfur

• Lignit nature of coal type (brown coal):• Black, very brittle.• Kalor low value, less carbon.• Gynecology high water.• Gynecology many gray.• Gynecology many sulfur

The occurrence of The occurrence of IMPURITISIMPURITIS

a. Inherent impurities• polluter is a gift that is in coal. Batubara

already washed clean (nugget form), when the burnt-out was still to provide the remaining ashes. polluter default occurs together in the coal forming process occurs (when the form is still gelly). polluter is can be a mineral such as: gipsum, anhidrit, pirit, silica, and can also markasit bone-shaped animal bones (known compound posfor have the results of analysis of gray). 

b. External impurities• polluter is the outside, which comes from

the mining process, among others, the cover layer terbawanya. The public is very difficult and avoided, especially in the mine activities

PARAMETER Coal 

• Moisture (water contents)– Free moisture– Inharent moisture

• Substance fly (floated matters)• Solid carbon (fixed carbon)• Ash content (ash)• Kalor value (calorific value)

• In the cement industry• MgO content is too high will damage the quality of

cement.• In the industry listri (PLTU)• Na2O and K2O content is too high> 6% of the total

ash content - mempengaurhi akan TITIK melt ABU (Ash Fusion Temperature) to go down.

• In the steel industry• P2O5 content is too high will damage the quality of

steel produced. 

Gynecology / elements of coal Gynecology / elements of coal that is not desired on insdutri:that is not desired on insdutri:

BRIKET CoalBRIKET Coal

Nature BRIKET ARE GOOD Nature BRIKET ARE GOOD 

• Do not smoke and does not smell when burning.• Have a certain strength so that it does not

shatter easily lifted and moved the time-change.• Have a fixed temperature combustion (± 3500C)

in a time period long enough (8-10 hours)• After burning still have a certain strength, so it's

easy to remove from the stove cooking.• Result of burning gas does not contain carbon

monoxide gas is high.

ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT

Briket Yontan process is quite simple. Batubara powder (5 mm) were given water (10%) is pressed with a machine press pembriketan at 120 Kg/cm2 pressure so that briket. For the type necessary, by having a speech impediment molases (7%) and in the roll on the machine briket type roll.

Negate ASAP AND Bau 

Experiment to reduce / negate the smoke and the smell of coal briket was done with the volatile matter. This can be conducted with the carbonization of coal at low temperatures, and was successful. Only problem long time briket of burning coal is still relatively short, namely ± 4 hours.

Stone Coal AS HOME hydrocarbons

• Results of research shows that coal terkahir also holds an important role in the world oil industry, particularly for exploration of gas and oil.

• In general, in the coal there are three elements of the organic material known as maceral the maceral vitrinite, inertinite and eksinite.

• Research of coal under the microscope showed a few shows that coal play an active role in the formation of hydrocarbons. This also includes the fiber-fiber didapatkannya (veins) of the elements in the bitumen in coal maceral and maceral-indicates that the material with the same element bitumen

MACERALMACERAL• Maceral vitrinite derived from cell wall material or wood

fiber-fiber from a plant. Eksinite are derived from the elements that contain a wax or resin plant, as well as the spore, cuticle, gangang (algae)and sap. Maceral inertinite material actually came from the same material forming the maceral vitrinite, but the materials have undergone the process of oxidation .

• Maceral-of maceral group vitrinite and inertinite has the potential 1: 10 compared to maceral eksinit to form hydrocarbons are maceral inertinite potential 1: 20 compared with the maceral eksinit

Turf Peat moss is the remaining pile of dead plants, and then described by aerobic bacteria anaerobik and components become more stable. In addition to organic substances that form the peat moss were also inorganic substances in small amounts.

TYPE turf 

• Turf ombrogenus the womb only water comes from rain water. Turf was formed in this type of environment where plants, precipitation during the forming of his life only to grow from rain water, so the measure is abunya original (inherent) from the plant itself.

• Turf topogenus the womb water comes from surface water. Diendapkan this type of turf from the rest of his life tumbuhkan during the growing influence of the water from the influence of surface water, so the degree abunya influenced by the elements that brought by the water's surface.

Topogenus turf areas more useful to agricultural land compared with the peat moss peat moss ombrogenus because topogenus contain relatively more nutrition. The two types of turf on the fact megaskopis quite difficult to define exactly because of the complex stages of decomposition.

UTILIZATION turf 

• As media seedling• Sabagai fuel• Acid can be extracted humat

Acid Extraction HUAMT Acid Extraction HUAMT  Turf

Diayak

Gambut KERING

Air = 5% - 10%Direaksikan

dengan NaOH 15%, ditambah

air dan dididihkanDidiamkan,

diendapkan selama 18 jam

Na-humat cair

Na-humat kristal

Dikeringkan

Asam gambut

PURPOSE acid HUMAT 

• The mortar• Pengencer drill mud

BUMI OILBUMI OIL• According to the theory of longAccording to the theory of long• Oil derived from the plankton (organic)Oil derived from the plankton (organic)• Based on the development of science is Based on the development of science is

based on researchbased on research• Origin of oil not only from the plankton, Origin of oil not only from the plankton,

but there's a plant there that's even but there's a plant there that's even inorganicinorganic

THEORY inorganic 

• Inorganic theory is a theory of thought that the oil and gas derived from inorganic processes. One theory is the Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) can form the oil and gas when the temperature and pressure conditions are extreme.

MACAM-MACAM HIDROKARBONMACAM-MACAM HIDROKARBON

• Solid hydrocarbons– Sand teer– Shale oil

• Liquid hydrocarbons– Oil

• Gas hydrocarbons– Gas

Migration BUMI OIL

• Oil comes from the parent rock layer, and then move to the reservoir rock that can enable oil terakumulasi inside.

• Process migration is the transfer of oil from the rock layers to the main reservoir rock layer to concentrate on.

Seepage BUMI OIL • The oil seep out dipermukaan called

Rembasan out of homoklin 

Jenis Rembasan Minyakbumi (menurut Link, 1952)

REMBASAN associated with the Tier FORMASI AND THE REMBASAN associated with the Tier FORMASI AND THE OIL IS form OIL IS form 

a.seepage path in the structure that is still intact where the oil and gas increased melui retakan-retakan insulator layer in a small 

B. The oil leak through the fracture-fracture above a small structure to produce a

C. Rembasan surface along sesar increased 

D. Rembasan along sesar low-rise-of how far from the fold that is underneath

REMBASAN out SEPANJANG REMBASAN out SEPANJANG KETIDAKSELARASAN KETIDAKSELARASAN 

A. Rembasan along ketidakselarasan and sesar (Venezuela) 

B. Rembasan along ketidakselarasan between structure and bending sesar the ditumpangi layers homoklin

C. Rembasan along ketidakselarasan oil layer and the wedge that tererosikan (Venezuela) 

D. Rembasan along ketidakselarasan on both fihak of the basin (Uinta Basin, USA)

REMBASAN BERASOSIASI the intrusionREMBASAN BERASOSIASI the intrusion  

Accumulation BUMI OIL Accumulation BUMI OIL 

• Akan terakumulasi oil in the reservoir layer after originally migrated from the parent rock. 

• Layer with the reservoir is closed and the top side is open and under.

PERANGKAP STRUKTURPERANGKAP STRUKTUR

STRATIGRAFI TRAPSTRATIGRAFI TRAP

HIDRODINAMIK TRAPHIDRODINAMIK TRAP

KOMBINASI TRAPKOMBINASI TRAP