03 wcdma radio network coverage planning

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Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Radio

Network Coverage

Planning


Objectives

� Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

� Know the contents and process of radio network planning

� Understand uplink budget and related parameters

� Understand downlink budget and related parameters


Contents

1. WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process

2. R99 Coverage Planning

3. HSDPA Coverage Planning


Capacity, Coverage, Quality

� Capacity & Coverage

� ↑ Users� ↑ Cell Load � ↑ Interference Level � ↓ Cell Coverage

� ↑ Cell Coverage � Cell Load ↓ �Capacity ↓

� Capacity & Quality

� ↑ Users� ↑ Cell Load � ↑ Interference Level � ↓ Quality

� ↑ Quality ( BLERtar ↓ ) � ↓ Capacity

� Coverage & Quality

� ↑ Quality ( AMR ↑ ) � ↓ Cell Coverage

Capacity

Quality Coverage

COST


WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process

� Radio Network Planning (RNP) Process

� Step1 : Radio network dimensioning

� Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network

� Step3 : Cell planning of radio network



� Step1 : Radio network dimensioning

� Radio network dimensioning includes coverage

dimensioning and capacity dimensioning.

� Obtain the scale of sites and configuration according to

input requirements when the coverage and capacity are

balanced.



� Input & output of radio network dimensioning

Capacity Related-Spectrum Available

-Subscriber Growth Forecast

-Traffic Density

Coverage Related-Coverage Region

-Area Type Information

-Propagation Condition

QoS Related-Blocking Probability

-Indoor Coverage

Input

� Number of NodeB

� Carrier configuration

� CE configuration

� Iub configuration

� ……

-Coverage Probability



� Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network – Initial Site Selection

� Based on RND, radio network pre-planning is intended to

determine:

� Theoretical location of sites

� Implementation parameters

� Cell parameters



� Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - Prediction

� Based on RND result, sites location, implementation parameters

and cell parameters, we should predict coverage results such as

best serving cell, pilot strength, overlapping zone

� We should carry out detailed adjustment (such as NodeB number,

NodeB configuration, antenna parameters) after analyzing the

coverage prediction results

� Finally ,we obtain proper site location and parameters that should

satisfy coverage requirement



� Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - Prediction

Coverage by transmitter:Display the best server coverage

Coverage by signal level: Display the signal level across the studied area

Overlapping zones:Display the signal level across the studied area



� Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Site Survey

� We have to select backup location for site if theoretical location is

not available

� Based on experience , backup site location is selected in search

ring scope , search ring =1/4×R



� Step3 : Cell planning of radio network – Simulation

� U-Net use Monte Carlo simulation to generate user distributions

(snapshots)

� By iteration, U-Net get the UL/DL cell load, connection status and

rejected reason for each mobile

� The example of Monte Carlo simulation:



� The following takes coverage probability for an example to

further understand how Monte Carlo simulation is performed

100%100% 100%100%20%20% 60%60%

0%0% 75%75% 40%40%60%60%

Simulation resultSimulation resultSimulation resultSimulation result

1st snapshot1st snapshot1st snapshot1st snapshot

3rd snapshot3rd snapshot3rd snapshot3rd snapshot

2nd snapshot2nd snapshot2nd snapshot2nd snapshot



� Step3 : Cell planning of radio network – Simulation

� Generate certain quantity of network instantaneous state (snapshot)

� Obtain connection performance between terminals and UTRAN by

incremental operation



� Step3 : Cell planning of radio network - Simulation

� Measure and analyze results of multiple “snapshots” to have a

overall understanding of network performance

Handover Status:Display areas depending on the probe mobile handover status

Pilot Quality (Ec/Io):Displays the pilot quality across the certain area

Pilot Pollution:Displays pilot pollution statistics across the certain area


Contents





Contents


2.1 Process of R99 Coverage Planning

2.2 R99 Uplink Budget

2.3 R99 Downlink Budget


Process of R99 Coverage Planning

� Goal of R99 coverage planning

� obtain the cell radius

� estimate NodeB number that could satisfy coverage requirement

Start

Link Budget

Cell Radius

NodeB Coverage Area

NodeB Number

End

Propagation model

Path Loss

R

R23*

8

9RArea =

23*2

3RArea =

area coverage NodeB

area coverage Total

number NodeB

=


Contents






Uplink Budget Principle

Path Loss

Cable Loss

Antenna Gain

NodeBSensitivity Penetration

Loss

UE Transmit Power

UE Antenna Gain

NodeB Antenna Gain

SHO Gain against fastfading

SHO Gain against Slowfading Slow fading margin

Fast fading margin

Interference margin

Body Loss

Cable Loss

Penetration Loss

Maximum

Allowed path loss

UPLINK BUDGET

Antenna Gain

NodeB reception sensitivity

SHO Gain

Margin

Loss


Element of Uplink Budget

1. UE_TransmissionPower ( dBm )

� The UE maximum transmit power is determined by the power

class of the UE, which is specified by the 3GPP standard

� The Class 4 UE, with maximum power 21 dBm, are normally

considered due to their popularity in the market

Grade of UE power （TS 25.101 )

+2/-2dB+21dBm4

+1/-3dB+24dBm3

+1/-3dB+27dBm2

+1/-3dB+33dBm1

ToleranceNominal maximum output powerPower Class



2. Body Loss ( dB )

� For voice, the body loss is 3 dB

� For the other service , the body loss is 0 dB

3. Gain of UE TX Antenna ( dBi )

� In general, the gain of UE antenna is 0 dBi



4. Penetration Loss ( dB )

� Indoor penetration loss means the difference between the

average signal strength outside the building and the average

signal strength of first floor of the building

� In terms of service coverage performance, micro-cells provide an

effective solution for achieving a high degree of indoor

penetration



5. NodeB_AntennaGain ( dB )

6. Cable loss ( dB )

- Cable loss between NodeB and antenna

- Jumper loss between NodeB and antenna

- Connectors loss between NodeB and antenna

206 Sector

183 Sector

182 Sector

11Omni

Gain of Antenna (dBi)Sector Type

Cab

le L

oss



� Path Loss and Fading

� Path Loss - fading due to propagation distance

� Long term (slow) fading - caused by shadowing

� Short term (fast) fading - caused by multi-path propagation



7. Slow Fading Margin

� Slow Fading Margin depends on

� Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge

The higher the coverage probability is, the more SFM is required

� Standard Deviation of Slow Fading

The higher the standard deviation is, the more SFM is required

Received Signal Level [dBm]

Pro

babi

lity

Den

sity

Fthreshold

Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge:

P COVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > Fthreshold ]

Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge:

P COVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > Fthreshold ]

SFM required

Without SFM

With SFM



8. SHO Gain against Slow Fading

� SHO reduces slow fading margin compared to the single cell case

� SHO gain against slow fading can improve the coverage probability

SHO Gain against slow fading = SFM without SHO - SFM with SHO

SHO Gain Against SFM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

98% 95% 92% 90% 85%Standard deviation=11.7Path loss slope=3.52 Area coverage probability

(dB)



9. Fast Fading Margin

� Fast fading margin

� required to guarantee fast power control

� the factors affect FFM include channel model, service type, BLER requirement

Uplink case: UE moves

towards the edge of the cell

Fast Fading Margin= Eb/No without fast PC - Eb/No wi th fast PC



10. SHO Gain against Fast fading

� SHO gain against fast fading reduces the Eb/No requirement

� SHO gain against fast fading leads to a gain for reception

sensitivity

� SHO gain against fast fading exists for both uplink and downlink

(Typical value of SHO gain against FFM is 1.5dB)

SHO Gain Against Fast Fading = Eb/No without SHO – E b/No with SHO



11. Interference Margin in Uplink

� Interference Margin is equal to Noise Rise

� Higher cell load leads to heavier interference

� Interference margin affects cell coverage

(((( )))) [[[[ ]]]]dBLogNoiseRise U Lηηηη−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−==== 110 10

UL Load

NoiseRise(dB)

Interference Curve in Uplink

50% UL Load — 3dB

60% UL Load — 4dB

75% UL Load — 6dB



12.NodeB Reception Sensitivity

� Nth : Thermal Noise

� NF: Noise Figure

� Eb/No : required Eb/No to maintain service quality

� PG: Processing Gain

PGNENFNsitivityceptionSen bth −++= 0/Re




� Nth : Thermal Noise is the noise density generated by environment

and equals to:

� K：Boltzmann constant, 1.38×10-23J/K

� T：Temperature in Kelvin, normal temperature: 290 K

� W：Signal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3.84MHz

� Nth = -108dBm/3.84MHz

)**log(10 WTKN th =




� NF: Noise Figure :

� For Huawei NodeB, latest NF is 1.6dB

� For commercial UE, typical NF is 7dB.




� PG: Processing Gain :

� Processing gain is related with the service bearer rate, and the detail

formula is present below:

)rate bit

rate chiplog(10Gain ocessPr =




� Eb/No is required bit energy over the density of total noise to

maintain service quality

� Eb/No is obtained from link simulation

� Eb/No is related to following factors

� Service type

� Multi-path channel model

� User speed

� The target BLER


Contents






Downlink Budget Principle

Path Loss

CableLoss

Antenna Gain

UESensitivity

PenetrationLoss

NodeB Transmit Power

UE Antenna Gain

NodeB Antenna Gain

SHO Gain against fastfading

SHO Gain against Slowfading Slow fading margin

Fast fading margin

Interference margin

Body Loss

Cable Loss

Penetration Loss

DOWNLINK BUDGET

Maximumallowed path loss

UE reception sensitivity

Antenna Gain

SHO Gain

Margin

Loss


Element of Downlink Budget

� Interference Margin in Downlink

� Wherein, is non-orthogonality factor, f is the interference

ratio of other cell to own cell

� Interference margin is equal to noise rise

( )N

DLMax

N

otherownN

N

total

P

CLPfNo

P

IIP

P

INoiseRise

/ηα ⋅×++=++==

α

Interference Margin

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

120 125 130 135 140 145 150

IM(dB)

CL(dB)

=0.6, = 1.78,

PMax=20W,

α f

9.0=DLη


Case Study : R99 Uplink Budget


Case Study : R99 Downlink Budget


Contents





Link Budget Difference of HSDPA and R99

� Coverage Requirement

� R99: Based on target continuous coverage service

� HSDPA: Based on cell edge throughput

� Simulation KPI

� R99: Connect Success Rate, Coverage Probability, Pilot Pollution

Proportion and SHO

� HSDPA: Cell Average Throughput and Cell Edge Throughput



� Target Network Load

� R99: DL target load should be set to 75%

� HSDPA: DL target load can be raised to 90%

time

R99 DCH Power

CCH

Cell total power

75%

More power to ensure R99 capacity

Cell total power

HSDPA

power

90%

time

CCH

R99 DCH Power



� Other Parameters

� R99:

� Power control margin should be considered.

� SHO gain should be considered.

� HSDPA:

� Power control margin need not be considered.

� SHO gain should not be considered for HSDPA.

� Other elements: Number of HS-PDSCH, HSDPA power, etc.


HSDPA Deployment Strategy

Hot Spot & Dense Urban

Urban Suburban & Rural

Initial Phase

Mature Phase

Focus on:

� HSDPA Performance

Focus on:

� HSDPA coverage

� no impact on R99

R99 f1

f2

R99+HSDPA R99

R99+HSDPA

HSDPA+R99

f1

f2

R99+HSDPA

HSDPA+R99

R99+HSDPA

HSDPA+R99


HSDPA Link Budget Categories

� HSDPA Throughput RequirementHSDPA+R99

HSDPA+R99

R99

No WCDMA

� Guarantee R99 CS Traffic Capacity

� Not Change R99 Coverage

� HSDPA Throughput Requirement

� R99/R4 Capacity, Coverage Requirement

R99 requirement should be met first, and then HSDPA throughput !

R99 and HSDPA requirement should be met simultaneously !


HSDPA Link Budget Element

� DL Coupling Loss

� Cell edge Ec/No

LpSFMLbantennaGaBSLfDLPLssCouplingLoDL NSHO +++−+= ____

( ))

10

log(1010

_

max

NtNFCoupleLossDL

DL

DSCHHS

Pf

P

No

Ec＋＋

+××+×= −

ηα


HSDPA Link Budget Principle

� Goal of HSDPA link budget

� The HSDPA link budget is usually based on the R99 link budget to get the

cell edge throughput in downlink

� The HSDPA cell edge throughput need to be calculate depend on

simulation results, which is related with cell edge Ec/No

� Simulation Conditions

� Channel model-TU3

� 5 codes



� According to R99 Uplink Budget Result and HSDPA Power

Allocation, calculate Cell Edge Throughput

R99 Network Uplink Budget

Downlink Path Loss

Ec/No at Cell Edge

HSDPA power

Cell Edge Throughput

Simulation Results

(downlink pathloss = uplink pathloss+1.37) If ASSET or SPM is adopted

( ))

10

log(1010

_

max

NtNFCoupleLossDL

DL

DSCHHS

Pf

P

No

Ec＋＋

+××+×= −

ηα

DL_CoupleLoss=DL_PL+TxBodyLoss+TxCableLoss-TxAntennaGain+RxBodyLoss+

RxCableLoss-RxAntennaGain+PenetrationLoss+SlowFadingMargin

Downlink Coupling Loss



� According to R99 Cell Radius and HSDPA Power Allocation,

calculate Cell Edge Throughput

R99 Network Cell Radius

Downlink Path Loss

Ec/No at Cell Edge

HSDPA power


Simulation Results

( ))

10

log(1010

_

max

NtNFCoupleLossDL

DL

DSCHHS

Pf

P

No

Ec＋＋

+××+×= −

ηα

DL_CoupleLoss=DL_PL+TxBodyLoss+TxCableLoss-TxAntennaGain+RxBodyLoss+

RxCableLoss-RxAntennaGain+PenetrationLoss+SlowFadingMargin

Downlink Coupling Loss



� According to Cell Edge Throughput requirement and HSDPA

Power Allocation, calculate HSDPA Cell Radius


Ec/No at Cell Edge

Downlink Path Loss

HSDPA power

HSDPA Cell Radius

Simulation results

( )

NtNF

Pf

No

EcP

CoupleLossDL

DLDSCHHS

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03 wcdma radio network coverage planning

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