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OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP Session 4 World War I Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930s World War II Test Taking Tips & Strategies

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Page 1: WWI had multiple causes & effects, arising from militarism, imperialism, nationalism & alliances.  The global scope of WWI increased the human costs

OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP

Session 4World War I

Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930sWorld War II

Test Taking Tips & Strategies

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World War I

WWI had multiple causes & effects, arising from militarism, imperialism, nationalism & alliances.

The global scope of WWI increased the human costs of war.

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World War I

New technologies & practices [use of poison “mustard” gas, trench warfare, machine guns, airplanes (for reconnaissance), submarines, & tanks] affected the outcome of the war

WWI was fought mostly in Europe; the United States became one of the Allied Powers.

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World War I

After the Treaty of Versailles ended WWI, the League of Nations as formed in an attempt to create a forum for peacefully solving disputes between nations.

The failure of President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points for peace, along with the refusal of the United States to join the League of Nations, had far-reaching consequences

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WWI – Causes – Imperialism(may also be considered Expansion)

By the early 1900s, much of Asia and nearly all of Africa had been colonized by European nations.

Colonies provided raw materials and new markets for European manufacturing.

Desire to increase their empires led to competition and power struggles among European nations.

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WWI – Causes – Militarism

The spread of nationalism in Europe led to a dangerous arms race, in which nations built up their armies (& navies, for some) to maintain equal strength with their neighbors.› Britain had the world’s strongest naval power.

Other European nations built up their navies to be able to compete with Britain.

› By 1900, Germany had largest & best-trained army in Europe Draft increased the size of army during peacetime.

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WWI – Causes – Alliances(Sshhh… Some of them are secret!)

Military agreements to protect the other in case of attack.

Long chains of allying countries formed.› Several countries could be drawn into

conflict if one was attacked by one other. Since many of the agreements were secret,

attacking country may not know the consequences of their actions until it was too, late.

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WWI – Causes – Alliances

Central Powers – Germany & Austria-Hungary

Later joined by Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire

Allies – Great Britain, France, and Russia› The United States (eventually) joined the

side of the Allies.

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WWI – Causes - Nationalism Feeling of pride and loyalty people have for

their country or for other people who share a common history, language, or culture.

Swept the European continent during the 1800s.

Rise of nationalism led to minority groups to call for independence› Czechs and Slovaks in Austria-Hungary –

wished to form their own nation› Poles wanted an independent Poland – had

been divided by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

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WWI – Causes – Nationalism Bosnia area was part of the Austria-

Hungary Empire, but many Serbs lived there.› Serbs and Serbia wanted Bosnia to be part

of Serbia.› Black Hand – Gavrilo Princip – assassinated

Archduke Francis Ferdinand – heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. THIS WAS THE SPARK THAT IGNITED ALL THE

CAUSES TO EXPLODE INTO WWI.

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WWI - Causes

The assassination of Francis Ferdinand (a sign of showing nationalism) sparked the alliances into action!

European nations were already heated with one another over imperialistic competition.

European nations were ready to go to war, due to their militarism efforts.

An assassination of one person, no matter what his position, should never be able to lead to WORLD WAR, but everything else was in place, and thus, World War I began.

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Which term is defined largely by feelings of intense patriotism?

Neutrality Militarism Nationalism Imperialism

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Which term is defined largely by feelings of intense patriotism?

Neutrality Militarism Nationalism Imperialism

If you said NATIONALISM, you would be CORRECT!

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WWI – Causes - Writing Response

Explain how the system of alliances that was formed in Europe before WWI caused most European nations to draw into the conflict.

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Possible Answer Alliances were formed between European nations. Many of them were secret agreements. An attack against one nation would be considered

an attack against any of the nations in alliance with the nation that was attacked.

Attacking nations had alliances as well, and often didn’t know who the country they attacked was in alliance with.

An attack against one nation could result in MANY nations going to war with one another as a matter of defending those in their alliance.

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WWI – Causes – US Entering Remember: The United States tried to

remain NEUTRAL – not taking sides in the conflict – when WWI began in Europe.

US was trading with both sides and benefitting financially.

Americans were divided among ethnic lines, due to common heritage – Some favored the Central Powers; some favored the Allied Powers.

America had long-standing ties with Britain (our fore-fathers were from there) and France (helped us in the Revolutionary War).

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Why did the US enter WWI?

Germany used U-boats, submarines, to sink neutral ships going in and out of Britain.› They would attack without warning.› Wilson issued a warning to knock it off- OR

ELSE.› Germany didn’t want US to enter the war

yet… Sussex Pledge – said they would give warning and investigate before sinking ships.

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Why did the US enter WWI?

Germany sank the Lusitania – a British passenger ship that had 128 Americans on board.

Zimmerman Note – Germany offered Mexico help getting back “lost lands” (NM, TX, AZ, CA) if Mexico would declare war against the United States and, thus, join WWI on the side of the Central Powers.› This would make the US have to focus on

Mexico and not be able to send all troops to Europe to help the Allied Powers.

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Congress voted to declare war on Germany for several reasons. Which of these did NOT contribute to Congress’s decision to declare war on Germany?

The Zimmerman Note Shared German ancestry The sinking of the Lusitania Germany’s submarine warfare.

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Congress voted to declare war on Germany for several reasons. Which of these did NOT contribute to Congress’s decision to declare war on Germany?

The Zimmerman Note Shared German ancestry The sinking of the Lusitania Germany’s submarine warfare.If you said SHARED GERMAN ANCESTRY, you would be CORRECT!

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Negotiations for Peace

Fourteen Points – Peace plan developed by Wilson› Self-Determination – Right of national groups to

have their independence and own governments; Countries formed around nationalities of people, rather than splitting national groups by borders.

› End to secret agreements.› Free sees and trade› Disarmament (reducing of military force) of major

powers.› Fair hearings on colonial claims – giving colonized

people an equal voice in decisions.

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Negotiations for peace – Fourteen Points

Formation of the League of Nations – 14th Point – to handle international disputes BEFORE they caused war.

Wilson pushed for Peace Without Victory› Wilson realized that if you punished Germany

too, much they would want revenge later.› Britain, France, and other European countries

wanted Germany to pay for starting the war.

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Treaty of Versailles Not signed by US – Congress would not sign

because the League of Nations would lead the US to become entangled in European affairs in the future.

German colonies in Africa and Asia were given to Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

Poland was re-created – taking land from Germany and Russia

Germany had to pay LARGE reparations. Germany had to take full blame for the war. Germany had to limit their military

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Treaty of Versailles Land Germany gained from Russia (Treaty

of Brest-Litovsk) was made into Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (Taken from Germany and not given back to Russia).

Austria-Hungary Empire Divided› Austria and Hungary became independent

nations.› Italy & Romania took some of the land that

was once A-H› Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia were created –

Grouped together different ethnic groups – major impact later in the 20th century.

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Treaty of Versailles

Ottoman Empire broken up› Turkey, Greece, and Britain took over

former Ottoman lands.

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WWI - Costs Central Powers were defeated, but

destruction was felt on both sides. Western Front – much of France – lay in

ruins. 30+ nations involved Nearly 8 million soldiers died. 24 million soldiers wounded. Many civilians were killed or wounded. Total Dollar Amount – Around $186

billion

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Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930s – In Europe (In a nutshell)

Countries were rebuilding after WWI - Had to borrow money from other countries to rebuild, putting them even more in debt.

Bitter resentment built up from the Treaty of Versailles caused countries like Germany to want revenge.

When the Depression spread from the US to Europe, countries turned to dictatorial leaders to return them to their former glory. (No money makes people feel even worse… THEY WANT ANSWERS & HELP and NOW!)› Germany – Hitler - Nazism

Italy – Mussolini - FascismSpain – Franco - FascismRussia –Lenin - then Stalin - CommunismJapan – Hirohito - Militarism

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Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930s

Civil War (Russian Revolution) & WWI left Russia in shambles… New Communist regime under Lenin… Sounded good at first, but after Lenin died, Stalin defeated rivals and became dictator and wanted to build a powerful industrial economy… He killed his enemies and objectors by the 1000s.

Foreshadowing: The Russian Revolution set the stage for the basic conflict of the 20th century: Communism vs. Capitalism – Russia vs. United States – COLD WAR

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Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930s

Colonial Rebellion in Asia & the Middle East

All of SE Asia was taken over by European powers during the 19th century. But after WWI, Burma, Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam) and Indonesia began to seek independence. The demand for self-rule would not lead to complete independence for several decades.

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Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930s

British rule in India – Mohandas Gandhi urged people to resist the government nonviolently…. › After 15 years of resistance, the British

government created the Government of India Act (1935) – Britain remained in power, but Indians were given a voice in government and established provinces governed only by Indians.

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Between the Wars – 1920s & 1930s

Nations in the Middle East had expected to become independent after WWI. They had been loyal to the Allies, providing much needed oil…› Britain & France established control of the oil-rich ME

through the League of Nations.› Arab nations sought to gain independence from

imperialist control. 1922 – British allowed an Arab prince to become king of

Iraq; North African nation of Egypt won independence 1925 – Iran was taken over by an army officer who

became the shah (king) 1932 – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established.

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Effects of the Great Depression in Europe

Much like in the US… Businesses closed. People were unable to pay loans. People were out of work. There were limited sources to obtain money.

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

US entered the 1920s PROSPEROUS! US was turning toward isolationism

again, but had mutually acceptable trade relations with Latin American countries.

Industry was booming – More consumer goods were available› Workers had more free time – more time to

spend money

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Middle class prosperity attributed to several factors: Economy expanded, wages rose, work house decreased.

Farmers (for the most part) did not feel the upside of the roaring 20s. › They had mortgaged more land to produce

the food needed for the war effort.› After the war was over, they had to cut back› Surpluses drove prices for farm goods down.

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Red Scare developed – Fear of communist and anarchist take over – because union membership grew and unions were strong.

Immigration Restriction Act (1924) – growing distrust of immigrants – Nativism increased in the US.

Reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan› Fear that African-Americans would demand more

rights; Many African-Americans fought in Europe for Europeans’ independence, yet they didn’t enjoy the rights they fought for abroad at home.

› African-Americans faced lynchings; Race riots peaked after WWI.

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Great Migration – Millions of African-Americans left the rural South for Northern and Western cities (NY, Chicago, Detroit, LA), due to mistreatment/Jim Crow laws in the South.

Harlem Renaissance and the Jazz Age› Centered in Harlem, NYC› Authors: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston,

Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Jean Toomer

› Jazz Musicians: Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

African-Americans put the US on the map, culturally, with Jazz.› Prior to the Jazz Age, most American music

was “borrowed” from some place else.› Jazz combined blues, ragtime, New Orleans

brass band music, and spiritual hymns.› It was a innovation! It spread throughout

the US and into Europe and then the rest of the world!

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

REPUBLICAN DECADEPresidents: (Pro business/Laissez-faire policies)

› Warren Harding› Calvin Coolidge› Herbert HooverAmendments› 18th – Prohibition› 19th – Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote)

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Stock Market Speculation & CrashNot all Americans enjoyed economic prosperity. African Americans had a much higher unemployment rate than other American groups. Many who lived in cities couldn’t afford life’s basic necessities. Yet, many Americans prospered and the it seemed limitless!

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Economy had started to slow, but it wasn’t realized until too, late. (Records were not kept regarding business sales, demand decreases, etc. as they are now.)

Banks were making risky/unwise loans to stock market investors.

Buying stock ON MARGIN – Only had to put a portion of the cost of the stock down… You could sell before paying it off… Inflated the stock market.

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Stock market was riding the bubble, and on Wednesday, October 23, 1929, the bubble burst… Next day – Black Thursday.› Investors rushed to cash in their investments.› Stock prices fell› Panic fed itself… People began withdrawing

their money from banks.› Banks couldn’t meet depositors demands and

closed… People lost their life savings.› Crash: BLACK TUESDAY – October 29, 1929.

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Between the Wars – The 1920s in the US

Hoover didn’t do enough to help people after the crash. › He believed in “the American system of

rugged individualism.” Basically, he believed that everything would work itself out and that the government shouldn’t step in to fix something that was in the business realm.

› He eventually established the Reconstruction Finance Corp to channel assistance to farmers and businesses in need, but it was too little, too late.

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US

Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt easily beat Hoover in the election of 1932.

FDR immediately started working to fix the Depression… He believed that the government should try anything… If it didn’t work, move on and try something else.

NEW DEAL – FDR’s plan to attack the Depression

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US

New Deal outlined 3 main goals:› Relief for the Jobless› Plans for Economic Recovery› Prevent Another Depression (Reform)

The New Deal enlarged the federal government- Created a slew of agencies &

organizations- Often called “Alphabet Soup” agencies.

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US

Alphabet Soup lives on!› Social Security Administration› Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC) insures bank deposits› Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

regulates the stock market› National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

protects and regulates labor unions› Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

offers loans & insurance to homeowners

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US

Cultural Environment› Artists and writers used the Depression as

the backdrop/topic for their work and used their work for social commentary. Works Progress Administration (WPA) put

artists to work writing local folk lore, painting murals, putting on performances, etc.

Some famous works, which you may have heard: War of the Worlds (radio broadcast), Snow White & the Seven Dwarves, Gone With the Wind, The Grapes of Wrath

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US

There is debate about how much good the New Deal did for the United States.› Critics would claim that the Federal

Government’s deficit spending (spending more than it takes in through taxes), putting the nation into debt.

› The critics also believed that the New Deal was interfering too, much in people’s lives and was giving the federal government too, much power.

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US› Supporters felt that the New Deal efforts

gave the American people hope and provided them with money to be able to eat and survive.

› Supporters also argued that it saved the nation’s democratic system, as the US was able NOT to turn to a dictatorial government, like many of the nations in Europe had/were done/doing.

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The Great Depression – 1930s in the US› Looking back (hindsight is 20/20) we can

see that the New Deal did NOT end the Great Depression… World War II began in Europe in 1939, when

Hitler invaded Poland, and the United States started producing for the war effort… That’s what took the United States out of the Great Depression

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WWII – It’s Important Points:

WWII started in Europe with Germany invading its neighbors, and spread into the Pacific, with Japan conquering China and many Pacific Island nations.

The causes of WWII included a policy of appeasement toward Hitler, the expansion of the Axis powers and the actions of the Allies.

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WWII – It’s Important Points:

The US maintained an isolationist stance while helping its European allies until Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor caused the US to enter the war.

As US soldiers went to war, Americans at home mobilized to support the war effort.

A tragic part of the war was the shameful internment of Japanese Americans (and others with Axis ancestry).

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WWII – It’s Important Points:

The United States emerged from WWII as one of the dominant powers in world affairs.

The end of WWII was quickly followed by the beginning of the Cold War.

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World War II - Causes Some are the same/similar to those of WWI:

› Nationalism› Imperialism & Expansion (Appeasement of Germany

added to this cause; Continuing to sell Japan items needed for their war/military efforts added to this cause.)

› Alliances› Militarism (Continuing to sell Japan items needed for their

war/military efforts added to this cause.)

Some are different:› Treaty of Versailles (Bitterness & Resentment

and consequences of such)› The Great Depression

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World War II Germany wanted to expand its territory

and power in Europe.› March 1938 – Marched into Austria and made it

a province› British (Neville Chamberlain) believed it would

be better to give Hitler what he wanted to avoid war --- APPEASEMENT.

› September 1938 – Hitler moved to take over the Sudetenland in Western Czechoslovakia; Munich Conference – Britain, France, & Italy agreed to permit Hitler to take over the Sudetenland if he promised not to take the rest of Czechoslovakia. --- APPEASEMENT AGAIN!

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World War II Appeasement did not work! Hitler began looking at Poland as a

potential land to conquer; Britain warned that it would defend Poland.

September 1, 1939 – Germany invaded Poland; Blitzkrieg – Lightening War

2 days later (September 3rd) – Britain & France declared war on Germany.

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WWII – Nazi-Soviet Pact Before WWII began, Germany & the

Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact… Both agreed not to attack each other.

In June of 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union (Breaking the pact).› May have cost Germany the war.› Soviets now could attack Germany from

the east.› Germany had to divide its troops to fight

on both sides.

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World War II Americans maintained a policy of

isolationism. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts –

forbidding the US to sell weapons or give help to countries at war.› Germany invaded France and threatened Britain.› FDR persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease

Act (1941) – Allowed US to give American ships and supplies to Britain & the Soviet Union… FDR promised “all measures short of war” to help.

› US had created an “Arsenal of Democracy” – way to explain why we weren’t completely neutral or isolated.

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World War II

Japan wanted to increase its holdings in the Pacific› Went to war with China (1937)

Britain & US condemned Japan’s actions, but continued to sell machinery, oil, steel, and scrap metal to the Japanese

› Japan had taken over French & Dutch territories in the Pacific when WWII broke out in Europe.

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World War II

When war began in Europe and the Japanese supported Germany and took over the French & Dutch territories in Asia -- the U.S. cut off sales of oil and scrap metal to the Japanese (embargo) and began sending warships into Asian waters.› US and Japan tried to negotiate and talk

things out…› Talks were abruptly halted….

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World War II Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on

December 7, 1941.› SURPRISE ATTACK!› Killed 2500 Americans› Sank or damaged 8 battleships› Destroyed 8 airplanes› Shocked the American public!December 8, 1941 – Congress declared war on Japan.Germany & Italy immediately declared war on the U.S.

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WWII – On the US Home Front

TOTAL WAR situation – All resources organized for the war effort

Women worked in the factories (Rosie the

Riveter posters) and served in the armed forces – noncombat duties.

Draft extended to men ages 18-45 Factories made planes and tanks. Farmers produced more to feed soldiers

overseas and civilians at home. Rationing & recycling employed.

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WWII – On the US Home Front Americans were worried about enemy spies.

Discrimination against German, Italian, and Japanese Americans was prevalent.

Japanese-Americans were put into relocation (internment) camps for fear that they would aid the enemy.› In 1988, Congress awarded (surviving)

Japanese-Americans who had been interned $20,000 as an official apology from the federal government.

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World War II

War fought on two fronts, or in two different “theaters”.

WWII Theaters of War:› European Theater› Pacific Theater

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World War II At first, the US concentrated its efforts in

the Pacific & in Italy/North Africa. The US (Dwight Eisenhower) in charge of

D-Day invasion (Operation Overlord)› Largest seaborne operation in military history.› More than 140,000 soldiers (American,

British, & Canadian) stormed the beaches of Normandy France on June 6, 1944 This effort eventually allowed the Allies to push

the Germans back across Europe from the west, while the Soviets (Russians) were crushing from the east.

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World War II

Eventually, the Allied forces met in Torgau, south of Berlin.

They stormed into Berlin. Hitler committed suicide and the Allies

captured Berlin.› VE Day (Victory in Europe Day) – May 8,

1945

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World War II US used island hopping strategy and

the help of the Navajo Code Talkers in the Pacific.› Conquered islands one by one on the way

to main land Japan.› Navajo (Native American) soldiers were

able to talk in their native language to give directions/orders to pilots. The enemy couldn’t understand them.

› June 1942 – Americans broke Japan’s secret communication codes; Won Battle of Midway

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WWII – US involvement FDR died (April 1945); Truman takes

over.› Truman learns of secret new weapon –

Manhattan Project – atomic bomb› Bomb tested in July of 1945

Allied leaders meet in Potsdam Germany› Truman issues warning to Japan: Surrender

or face “prompt and utter destruction.”› Japan ignores warning (Potsdam Declaration)

› US drops atomic bombs on Japan August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima

August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki

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World War II – General Timeline

1941December 7 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor1942June- US defeats Japan at the Battle of MidwayNov 8 – Allied army

invades North Africa1943February – German forces in Stalingrad surrender to the Soviet Red ArmyJuly 10 – Allied army invades Italy

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World War II – General Timeline

1944June 6 – D-Day – Allied army invades German-occupied FranceOctober – US Navy destroys Japanese naval forces at Leyte Gulf

December – Battle of the Bulge begins; Germans make strong stand before being defeated in January 1945.

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World War II – General Timeline

1945January – Allies win Battle of the Bulge(In 1945 – not exact date)

Concentration camps are discovered (Examples: Auschwitz & Dachau)

April 12 – FDR dies; Harry Truman becomes PresidentMay 8 – V-E Day – Germany surrenders; War ends in Europe

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World War II – General Timeline

1945 (Continued)

August 6 & 9 – US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and NagasakiAugust 14 – Japan agrees to surrender

September 2 – V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day); Japan officially surrenders aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

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WWII Impact & Aftermath Estimated deaths: 13 million soldiers 23 million soldiers wounded 75 million people world wide may have

died. Millions lost their homes & possessions

– became refugees Much of Europe & Japan destroyed Europe’s economy ruined – millions in

poverty

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WWII Impact & Aftermath

Estimated 6 million Jews died in concentration camps in Germany & Poland… THE HOLOCAUST

Nuremberg Trials – Leaders of Germany & Japan put on trial› 12 sentenced to death› Hideki Tojo – Japanese General who

ordered attack on Pearl Harbor - executed

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WWII Impact & Aftermath

Stronger sense of nationalism throughout the world increased› Colonies in Africa & Asia demanded

independence from European rule.› British granted India independence› French were forced out of SE Asia› Other European colonies in Africa & Asia

received their independence

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WWII Impact & Aftermath

Soviet Union and United States emerged from WWII as the world’s 2 most powerful nations.› Soviets refused to remove armies from

Eastern Europe after the war. Soon cut off all contact between Eastern

Europe and the West. Intense rivalry developed between

democratic nations (led by the US) and Communist nations (led by the Soviet Union) COLD WAR BEGINS!

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WWII Impact & Aftermath UNITED NATIONS FORMEDBecause of the terrible destructiveness of WWII, the Allies were determined to keep the postwar world at peace and to prevent the rise of powerful, warlike dictatorships. The US, along with Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and China, took the lead in establishing the UN.

Originally 50 member nations. (Today- 191)Japan not allowed to become a member until 1953 (punishment); Italy had to wait until 1955; Germany – 1973.

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Establishment of Israel Both Palestinian Arabs & Jews lived

together in the region in the Middle East known as Palestine for 100s of years.

Jerusalem – Holy to Muslims, Jews, & Christians

After WWI, Britain was put in charge of Palestine.› British had promised to support a Jewish

homeland in Palestine, much to the dismay of Arabs in the region – wanted Palestine to be part of a new Arab state.

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Establishment of Israel Fighting between Jews & Arabs broke

out in the region following WWII. British handed over the problem to the

UN in 1947. UN chose to divide Palestine into Jewish

and Arab regions, but Arab nations opposed the idea.

1948 – Jewish residents of Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel.

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Establishment of Israel Combined army (Egypt, Syria, Jordan,

Lebanon, & Iraq) invaded Israel, but was crushed by the Israeli army.› The US immediately recognized Israel as a

nation.› Arab nations in the region did NOT.

The conflict ensued!(More about the Israeli-Arab-Palestinian conflict when we talk about The Cold War and Post-Cold War Era.)

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Test Taking Tips & Strategies

This is a continuation of Test Taking Tips and Strategies that have been presented in Sessions 1-3.

To be sure you’ve got all of the strategies, refer to the past OGT Social Studies Prep PowerPoint presentations

OGT Social Studies Prep PowerPoints can be found on Ms. E’s web page – www.copley-fairlawn.org/estright

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Face Value When in doubt, use common sense. Accept the situation in the problem at

face value…› DON’T READ TOO MUCH INTO IT!› These problems will not require you to

make huge leaps of logic.› If you have to go beyond creativity and

make a leap of logic in order to have an answer choice answer the question – LOOK AT THE OTHER CHOICES!

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Face Value (Continued) Don’t overcomplicate the problem by

creating relationships or explanations that don’t exist.› These are normal problems – rooted in

REALITY – so don’t “what if” or “it would, if…”!

Applicable relationships or explanations may not be readily apparent… › You just have to figure things out.› Use your common sense to interpret

anything that is not clear.

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Prefixes & Suffixes If you’re having trouble with a word in

the question or answer choice, try breaking it down/dissecting it.

Take advantage of EVERY CLUE that the word might include.

Prefixes & suffixes can be a big help; they usually allow you to determine basic meaning.› Examples: Pre = Before; Post = After; Pro

= Positive; De = Negative

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Prefixes & Suffixes (Continued)

From prefixes & suffixes, you can get an idea of the general meaning of a word.› Try to put it in context.

Beware of any traps.› Example: Just because CON is the

opposite of PRO does NOT mean that CONgress is the opposite of PROgress.

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Hedge Phrases(Watch out for them!)

Hedge Phrases are phrases such as: likely, may, can, will often, sometimes, almost, mostly, usually, generally, rarely, and sometimes.

They are inserted to cover every possibility.› Often an answer choice will be wrong simply

because it leaves no room for exception.› Avoid answer choices that have DEFINITIVE

WORDS like “exactly” and “always.”

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Switchback Words(Stay alert for them!)

Switchbacks are words and phrases frequently used to alert you to SHIFTS OF THOUGHT.› The most common switchback word is

“BUT.”› Others: Although, however, nevertheless,

on the other hand, even though, while, in spite of, despite, regardless of

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New Information CORRECT ANSWER CHOICES will rarely have

completely new information included.› Answer choices are typically straightforward reflections of

the material asked about and will directly relate to the question.

› If a new piece of information is included in an answer choice that doesn’t even seem to relate to the topic being asked, the answer choice is probably INCORRECT.

All of the information needed to answer the question is usually provided for you.› You should not have to make guesses that are

unsupported.› You should not have to choose answer choices that require

unknown information that cannot be reasoned on its own.

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Time Management Don’t get lost on technical terms. Don’t spend too much time on any one

question (Within reason… An extended response will likely take you longer than a multiple choice question and IT’LL BE WORTH MORE POINTS!)

You can’t use a dictionary, so if you don’t know what a term means, odds are you aren’t going much further with that!› You should immediately recognize terms as those

you know and those you don’t know.› If you don’t know a term, work with the other

clues you have and the other answer choices and terms provided… Then move on.

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Contextual Clues(Look for them!)

Contextual Clues will help you find the answer that is MOST right and IS CORRECT.› An answer can be right, but NOT correct.

Understand the context in which a phrase or statement is made.› This will help you make distinctions that

are important for choosing the right answer choice.

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DON’T PANIC!Panicking will NOT answer questions for you.

If your mind goes blank when seeing a question, TAKE A DEEP BREATH!

Force yourself to go through the question STEP BY STEP.› Mechanically go through the steps of

answering/solving the problem/question using the strategies that you know and have learned.

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Pace Yourself Don’t be a clock watcher. Stay calm Maintain a pace YOU’ve set for YOURself. When you get towards the end of testing

time, don’t freak out!› Remember you won’t have as much of the

test left at that point, so you’re right on track!› Take the remaining time provided if needed.› Don’t worry about how quickly others around

you are getting done.

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Answer Selection The BEST way to pick an answer choice is to

eliminate all of those that are wrong, until there’s only 1 left and you’ve confirmed it’s the right choice.

Be careful of going with the first choice that looks right.› Don’t make a mistake due to rushing.› READ THROUGH ALL THE CHOICES.

Make sure there’s not another choice that’s equally as obvious as the first you saw.

There are only 2 times you should stop before checking other answers: When you are positive the answer you’ve selected is correct and when time is almost out and you need to make a quick guess.

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Check Your Work Make sure you’ve answered all the

questions (on the OGT answer document). Get credit for everything that you know –

don’t miss questions due to careless mistakes.

If you have time, go back over the answer selection a 2nd time to make sure you’ve selected the BEST answer choice(s) and haven’t made a silly error – like marking something you didn’t mean to mark.› This quick check will be worth it!

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Beware of directly quoted answers.

More than likely, the correct answer choice will paraphrase or summarize a point and not use the exact same wording.› Sometimes an answer choice will repeat

word for word a portion of the question or reference section BEWARE! IT COULD BE A TRAP.

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Slang

Scientific/Scholarly sounding answers are better choices than those that use slang.› Example:

An answer choice beginning with the words “To compare the outcomes…” is more likely to be correct than one that starts “Because some people insisted…”

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Extreme Statements Avoid wild, “out there” answers. Avoid answer choices that have

controversial ideas presented as fact. Choose calm, rational answer choice

statements. Avoid choices that use definitive,

uncompromising, no-wiggle-room statements.

Choices that use hedge phrases give the answer “wiggle room” and should be looked at as possible correct answer choices.

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Answer Choice Families A family of answer choices is when 2 or 3 answer

choices are very similar in wording, yet they often have the opposite meaning.› Example:

According the map, you can deduce that the Republican candidate won the support of the Southern states.

According the map, you can deduce that the Democratic candidate won the support of the Southern states.

Usually the correct answer choice will be in that family of answer choices.› The “odd one out” answer choice or the one that doesn’t

seem to fit the wording of the other choices is more likely to be incorrect. Example: (This would be added with the ones in the example above.)

There’s no way to tell from the map which party won the Southern states.