供給與需求. 需求曲線 需求量 (quantity demanded)...

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  • (quantity demanded) (flow) (demand curve)
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  • vs
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  • vs
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  • (quantity supplied) (flow) (supply curve)
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  • vs
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  • vs
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  • (price mechanism)
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  • 91 (91 Express Lanes) This $130 million privately financed, fully automated facility is a 10-mile, four-lane toll project located within the median of an existing eight-lane freeway between State Route 55 in Orange County and the Riverside County line. This project connects rapidly growing residential areas in Riverside and San Bernardino counties with major employment centers in Orange and Los Angeles counties. The facility was opened to traffic on December 27, 1995 and is America's first toll road to employ variable congestion pricing. To maintain free- flow conditions, tolls vary during the day with traffic volumes, direction and other factors. The facility is also the world's first fully automated toll road utilizing electronic transponders to collect tolls.Orange CountyRiverside CountySan Bernardino Los Angeles
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  • (price ceiling) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control_in_New_York http://www.nypost.com/seven/02142009/postopinion/opedcolumnists/lawmakers_plan_to_revive_rent_stabilizat_155142. htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control_in_New_York http://www.nypost.com/seven/02142009/postopinion/opedcolumnists/lawmakers_plan_to_revive_rent_stabilizat_155142. htm
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  • =>
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  • = cS b = D
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  • = b = p b = x b
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  • (price floor) (price support)
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  • =>
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  • = dD b = S
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  • = b = p b = x b
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  • vs
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  • 2002 1 1 95% (WTO) WTO (Free Trade Area, FTA) (Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN)
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  • 2002 11 10 (Framework Agreement on ASEAN China Economic Cooperation) 10 ( )
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  • 2004 11 10 (Agreement on Trade in Goods of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation) 2010 4 5 2015
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  • 2004 ( ) 2012
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  • 2004 11 5 45.8% 2004 1,740 (62%) (16.2%) (12.8%)
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  • 3 10 (13.3%) (7.6%) (3.0%) 45% 55.6% 20%~25%
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  • 4%~7%
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  • 5% 19% 1 3