Porifera Invertabrate Lacks any true tissues Endoskeleton consist of hard needle-like structures of inorganic material

Hoplolaimus Galeatus Has an hydrostaticskeleton Muscle Contraction resultsin thrashing motion Body wall muscles aligned longitudinally

Scorpio Maurus Relies on exoskeleton for structure Segmented body with jointed appendages

for movement

PHYLA MAMMILIA

H. Sapien

Three types of muscle-Skeletal-Cardiac- Smooth

Skeletal muscle is voluntary, so you can move at will. It’s attached by tendons and ligaments to bones throughout the body

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and contracts in response to electrical stimulation in the heart

Smooth muscles are involuntary internal muscles that form the walls of organs and blood vessels. They respond to both nervous stimulation and movement of the skeletal muscles.

The breakdown of a muscle fiber

Tropomyosin and troponin are both regulatoryproteins bound to strands of actin.

A muscle fiber at rest, tropomyosin coversthe myosin-binding sites. This preventsactin and myosin from interacting.

When Calcium Ions accumulate in the cytosol, theyBind to the troponin complex. This causes it toShift along the actin strand exposing differentMyosin-binding sites

When Calcium ion concentration rises, thethin and thick filaments slide past each otherand the fiber contracts

Conversely when the concentration is lowered, the binging sites are covered and contraction stops

Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into movement

With the muscle attaching to two parts of the skeleton, muscle fibers can be shortened in a contraction producing a movement

Hardened internal skeletons are called endoskeletons

Three major types of joints on the human body are-Ball and Socket joint-Hinge joint-Pivot joint

Each one has a different range of motion

Rare genetic disorder Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy First discovered in beef cattle in late 1990’s Prevents the body from producing myostatin a limiting factor to

muscle size Little to no body fat Incredibly fast metabolism Little is known about the disorder, but side effects of a child

without body fat can lead to stunted growth and impaired central nervous system

(MD) is an inherited muscle disease in which muscle fiber are unusually susceptible to damage

Primarily affects voluntary muscles, which become progressively weaker throughout the stages

Fat and connective tissue often begin to replace muscle fibers Some types of MD affect cardiac muscle as well

Signs and symptoms of MD include-Muscle weakness-Apparent lack of coordination-Progressive crippling, resulting in fixations of the muscles around yourjoints and loss of mobility.

Specific signs and symptoms vary from each form of the disease. Muscular Dystrophy is a general term describing a group of inheriteddiseases.

Each form of MD involves a genetic mutation. The most common types appear to be caused by a genetic deficiency of the muscle proteindystrophin

Presently we do not have a cure for muscular dystrophy.

The best we can offer are physical therapies to reduce the pain

of the muscles contracting or surgery if necessary

However in some cases doctors may prescribe medication that

Is capable of slowing the muscle deterioration. The anti- inflammatory corticosteroid prednisone may help improve muscle strength and delay the progression of some muscular dystrophies