Organic Compound: chemicals that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are involved in metabolic reactions. Metabolism: process by which food is used by a living organism. Major types found in body: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Note: Table 2-3 gives examples, and functions of each. Structure: Proteins are large molecules formed by the linkage of amino acids; one of the basic building blocks of the body. Function: Proteins participate in chemical processes of the body. Functional proteins include some of the hormones. Most hormones are proteins, growth factors, cell membrane channels, receptors, and enzymes. Structure: Lipids are organic compounds composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. The building blocks that make up lipids are glycerol and fatty acids. The types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (cholesterol). Function: Triglycerides are a major source of stored energy. They also function to insulate and protect body organs. Structure: Carbohydrates are organic compounds such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made up of six-carbon subunits called monosaccharide units (e.g., sucrose, lactose) and polysaccharides, which are made up of many monosaccharide units (e.g., glycogen, made up of many glucose units). Function: To store energy for later use. Structure: Nucleic acids are a group of high- molecular-weight substances found in cells of all living things. They consist of (1) nucleotide units, (2) DNA, and (3) RNA. Function: By directing the formation of structural and functional proteins, nucleic acids ultimately direct overall body structure and function. Unit 2 Cells and Tissues Identify and discuss the basic structure and function of the three major components of a cell. List and briefly discuss the functions of the primary cellular organelles. Compare and discuss DNA and RNA and their function in protein synthesis. Discuss the stages of mitosis and explain the importance of cellular reproduction. Explain how epithelial tissue can be grouped according to shape and arrangement of cells. List and briefly discuss the major types of connective tissue and muscle tissue. List the three structural components of a neuron. Describe a cell What makes a cell different from an atom or a molecule? Are all cells the same? Size and shape Human cells vary considerably in size All are microscopic Cells differ notably in shape Composition Cytoplasm containing specialized organelles surrounded by a plasma membrane Organization of cytoplasmic substances important for life Composition Structural parts Plasma Membrane or Cytoplasmic Membrane Forms outer boundary of cell Thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins Is selectively permeable Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Ribosomes -May attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm -Manufacture proteins -Often called protein factories Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -Network of connecting sacs and canals -Carry substances through cytoplasm -Types are rough and smooth -Rough ER collects and transports proteins made by ribosomes -Smooth ER synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Golgi apparatus -Group of flattened sacs near nucleus -Collect chemicals that move from the smooth ER in vesicles -Called the chemical processing and packaging center Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Mitochondria - Composed of inner and outer membranes - Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions - Often called power plants of the cell - Contains one DNA molecule Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Lysosomes -Membranous-walled organelles -Contain digestive enzymes -Have protective function (eat microbes) -Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death) Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Centrioles -Paired organelles -Lie at right angles to each other near nucleus -Function in cell reproduction Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Microvilli -Small, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane -Increase absorptive surface area of the cell Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Cilia -Fine, hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells -Capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion Composition Structural parts Cytoplasm Organelles Flagella -Single projections extending from cell surfaces -Much larger than cilia -Tails of sperm cells only example of flagella in humans Composition Nucleus Controls cell because it contains the genetic code instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function Component structures include nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin granules 46 chromosomes contain DNA, which contains the genetic code Regulation of life processes Survival of species through reproduction of the individual Relationship of structure to function apparent in number and type of organelles seen in different cells Heart muscle cells contain many mitochondria required to produce adequate energy needed for continued contractions Flagellum of sperm cell gives motility, allowing movement of sperm through female reproductive tract, thus increasing chances for fertilization Stages of mitosis Prophasefirst stage Chromatin granules become organized Chromosomes (pairs of linked chromatids) appear Centrioles move away from nucleus Nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material Spindle fibers appear Stages of mitosis Metaphasesecond stage Chromosomes align across center of cell Spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid Stages of mitosis Anaphasethird stage Centromeres break apart Separated chromatids now called chromosomes Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase Stages of mitosis Telophasefourth stage Cell division is completed Nuclei appear in daughter cells Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear Cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis) Daughter cells become fully functional ..interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase Two identical cells Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Simple squamous epithelium Webanatomy.net What is the most abundant tissue in the body? Connective tissue ! Table 3-8. Areolar connective tissue Adipose or fat Fibrous connective tissue Bone Cartilage Blood Hematopoietic tissue Are they voluntary or involuntary? Skeletal Cardiac Smooth What are examples of each? Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Skeletal Voluntary, and attached to bone Cardiac Involuntary, and make up walls of heart Smooth Involuntary, and found in digestive tract, blood vessels and respiratory system. Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Function = communication Structures Nerve cells = neurons Glia = supporting cells Cell body = made of axon and dendrites Tissue repairusually accomplished by means of regeneration of tissue Epithelial and connective tissues regenerate easily Muscle and nervous tissues have very limited abilities to repair themselves Suny.edu/faculty/MichaelGregory Lets Review A.Cube shaped B.Tall, narrow C.Flattened, scalelike D.Spherical E.Blood Sli de 49 A.Skeletal muscle B.Smooth muscle C.Cardiac muscle D.Biceps brachii muscle E.Connective muscle Sli de 50 What are the three main parts of a cell? (1) (2) (3) What are the three main parts of a cell? (1) Cytoplasmic Membrane (2) Cytoplasm (3) Nucleus Name the four main kinds of tissue that primarily compose the bodys organs. (1) (2) (3) (4) Name the four main kinds of tissue that primarily compose the bodys organs. (1) Epithelial (2) Connective (3) Muscle (4) Nervous What is the most abundant tissue in the body? Connective Tissue There are three kinds if muscle tissue. Name them. (1)Skeletal (2)Smooth (3)Cardiac Label the Organelles What are the organelles found in cells and what is the function of each? Ribosomes = protein synthesis ER = smooth (synthesizes lipids); rough (transports proteins). Golgi = processes and packages from ER Mitochondria = powerhouse Lysosome = digestive system Centrioles= cell reproduction Cilia= move substances along surface Nucleus= dictates protein synthesis Nucleolus = formation of ribosomes Identify and discuss the basic structure and function of the three major components of a cell. List and briefly discuss the functions of the primary cellular organelles. The following organelles are found in the cytoplasm of cells. Compare the major passive and active transport processes that act to move substances through cell membranes. Compare and discuss DNA and RNA and their function in protein synthesis. Discuss the stages of mitosis and explain the importance of cellular reproduction. Explain how epithelial tissue can be grouped according to shape and arrangement of cells. List and briefly discuss the major types of connective tissue and muscle tissue. List the three structural components of a neuron. Dont forget your Project is Due before Tuesday at midnight ET!!!