Many Thousand of years ago there was a land bridge between Asia and North America. oPresent Day Russia and Alaska

During the Ice Age, people were able to walk back and forth

First Peoples of America were Nomads.◦ Nomads do not have a permanent place

to live.◦ Moved with their food

About 7,000 years ago they learned how to farm.◦ Set up a community and population

began to grow.◦ The Native Americans settled in arctic

ice fields, mountains, and deserts.

With FarmingoNo longer chasing food.

oAble to specialize in a certain type of job.

•Weaving, Pottery, and building.

Native Americans of the Arctic

Inuit ( IN-oo-it)o Eskimoso “The People”

Lived:o Northwestern Alaskao Northern Canadao Greenland

Adaptedo Changes that allowed people to survive in an

environment.

Housing:

Inuits Adapted to their environment by created housing that helped to survive in the extreme weather. •During the winter they lived in Igloos•Animal Skinned Tents.

Foodo Whales, Walruses, Seals, Salmon. o Caribou, Polar Bears, Artic Foxes,o Squirrels, and Birds.

o Inuits adapted by:• Eating all wildlife that was Around.

Natural Resourceso The Animals they captured.

Used all resources from the animalso Ate the meato Sewed animal skins for

• Clothing• Blankets• Tents

o Animal fat for fuelo Bones for dogsleds, tent frames, and tools

• Knives• Harpoons

Region: Northwest Coast◦ Coast Alaska to California◦ Still there today

Climate: ◦ coast, mild winters, cool summers,

wet climate Northwest coast- wet climate, helped a rich variety of plants to grow

Long House Plank Houses- Large (up to 100 feet

long) Housed several

families from the same clan As many as 50 people Had rooms for storage.

Tall Logs carved with many designs. 60 feet

Honor families or chiefs

Family History Status.

◦ Farming was difficult◦Due to land and climate

◦ Adapted to rely on other Natural Resources Roots and berries Gathered from the forests

Fish & sea animals. From the Ocean and Rivers.

An activity that everyone in the community participates in.

Salmon Run Salmon swim back up the rivers in which they were born This allows them to lay eggs where they were born.

Salmon- ◦ Important source of food

◦A family could catch◦1,000 pounds of fish

To keep fish all year around: Depending on the species of salmon Roasted Dried Smoked.

Fish Trapo Wooden Fence

Stretched across a stream or river.

o Salmon passed through the openings

o Into woven baskets.

Canoeso Aided in fishing

Fish Hooks Fish Spears

Other Natural Resources:◦ Wood◦ Plants◦ Animals

◦ They were used for:◦Food◦Shelter◦Clothing ◦Blankets ◦Boats.

Technology Made life easier◦ Plenty of time for Technology

◦ Plentiful supply of Natural Resources.

Due to Water Ways◦ Tribes were able to trade with other Tribes

◦ Lots to trade because of their free time to work on technology.

◦ Made them very wealthy.

Beadwork Bag Beaded Band

Potlatch-◦special feasts ◦Guests receive gifts◦Takes years to prepare

This occasion for:honoring a new chief celebrate a wedding.

Potlatch:

◦ Host Distributes HUNDREDS of gifts.

◦ Host gets the Respect.

◦ Each host tries to out do the other hosts.

U.S. government forced Northwest Coast people to move far from the ocean

1971- a law that gave back to the Native American in Alaska over 44 million acres of their original homelands

Hopiti

oGentle people

oTypically farmers

Region:◦ Southwest

Desert

◦ Environment- land mostly made of tall mountains, deep

canyons, steep mesas

◦ Mesas is an elevated area of land with a flat top

and sides that are usually steep cliffs.

Climate: Very dry, hardly any rain

Very hot (day) Freezing (night)

Blizzards and Flooding

Adaptations:◦ Dry Farming

way of growing crops in places where there is little water

built dams & irrigation canals. Farmed in Flood plains near and

around mesas◦ Hardy crops:

corn with long roots, squash, beans, cotton.

◦ Very sacred to the Hopi everyone had a job.

Natural ResourcesoNot manyoHad to improvise with invention

Adobe BricksoMud mixed with straw

Shelter◦Pueblos-(villages) adobe(clay) apartment style homes-protection from heat and extreme cold

To keep out intruders◦1st floor of the pueblos was built with out doors or windows used ladders

Kachina ceremonies Religious Belief System

Spirits that visit the villagesBelieve they bring rain to help crops grow.

Show people how to live, behave, bring peace & prosperity

Ceremonies held through out the 6 months the Kachina Spirits were in the village.

Each Dancer represented a differed Kachina

Other dancers are Tcutckutuo They cause Mischief

Takes years to train to become a dancer.

Example of a Sun Kachina Represents Spirit of the Sun Main source of their

survival

Eagle Kachina Air Freedom Movement

NataskaFeared Ogre.

The Nataska make horrible noises to scare the children.

From the earliest ages,o Hopi children have heard o Nataska would abduct

children and eat them,o The parents negotiate

with the Nataska.o Parents become the hero.

Clown Kachina Represents The clown would

o Misbehaveo Make fun of the

ceremony He would be taught a

lessono Moral of the Ceremonyo Teaches children

• To behave• Expectations

Region:◦ Great Plains

Middle West◦ Prairie

Flat or gentle rolling land covered with grass and wildflowers.

◦ Black Hills◦ Villages

located near rivers, plenty of water for farming

Climate:◦ Summers Extremely Hot

◦ Winters Extremely Cold

◦ Lack of Rain made farming difficult Only farmed near rivers.

Village Living◦ Lodges homes made of logs covered w/ grasses, sticks, & soil.

◦From Buffalo caught Made Beef Jerky

Food◦Men left their villages to hunt buffalo in the summer

◦Lived in Teepees.

Teepees (adaptation)◦cone-shaped tents made of animals.

◦ easily folded up & moved to follow the buffalo.

Travois◦sled-like device for carrying people & belongings

Modern Made Teepee Authentic Teepee.

Utilized the Buffalo with everything that they did

o Teepee

o Food

o Clothing

Horses◦ 1500s, Spanish arrived, in NA w/ horses that

changed the Plains’ lives

◦ Sioux tamed wild horses that escaped from the Spanish.

◦ Buffalo took place of farming and many stopped living in Villages. Started to live and follow the buffalo.

Battles were fought to prove courage.◦ Weapons

Coup Stick- French for “strike” or “hit”

used in a battle Did not strike to kill.

◦ Bow and Arrows◦ Rifles

After the Spanish.

Boyso Hunted with their

fathers.o Schoolo Choreso Lacross

Girls◦ School◦ Chores◦ Dolls◦ Helped mothers build

houses

Sun Dance

12 Day Summer RitualSelf-sacrifice.Bonding of the Men of the tribe.Dancing and inflicting wounds.

Two Main Languages Spoken:◦Algonquian◦IroquoisBoth Very similar to each other since they are from the same region.

Region:◦ Eastern Woodlands.

◦ Present Day North East Region.

◦ Near the top of the Appalachian Mountains.

◦ Near the Great Lakes

Climate:oHumidoWetoCold WintersoCool Summerso4 distinct seasons

Shelter: Iroquois where called

◦ Hoddenosaunee-”people of the longhouse”

Longhouses◦ long buildings made of poles covered w/ sheets

of bark.◦ Can be 200ft. long, provided a home for several

families Common Cooking area Separate living areas

a long rectangular piece of tanned deerskin, cloth, or animal fur.

It is worn between the legs and tucked over a belt, so that the flaps fall down in front and behind.

Sometimes it is also called a breechclout, loincloth, skin clout, or just a flap.

Food(Natural Resources)o Ideal Climate for Farming

• 16 types of Corn• 60 types of Beans

o Women were in charge of Farming.o Forest:

• Animals, Syrup, nuts, roots, vegetables, oils, fruits, berries, teas, and herbs for medicine.

o Oceans provided plenty of Sea Food• Seals, Fish, Shrimp, Scallops.

Technology:o Wampum (Not a Natural Resource)• consisted of small, polished beads • Usually made from shells & then

strung or woven together. • Woven into a necklace or a belt.

o Given as a gift on special occasions

Often made to help remember an important event.

Clano Group of families who share the same

ancestors Clan mother

o Men were the head of each clan, • Women held a great deal of power in the

Iroquois world.• Clan mothers and other clan women

chose the male leaders but if unhappy replaced him.

How did the different tribes have to adapt to their living environments?

How did different landforms help the different tribes?

What different aspects of culture did you notice from the different tribes?