얘쉬케, 티베트어 문법 jäschke, tibetan grammar (1883)

8/3/2019 , Jschke, Tibetan Grammar (1883)

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Vl'J 2

QJarnell Untorsttg Uihrarg3ttjats, Sfetu IJartt


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PL 3611.J22e" Un 'VerSi,y Library

3 1924 026 914 188 .


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Cornell UniversityLibrary

The original of this book is inthe Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions inthe United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026914188


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TRUBNERS COLLECTION

SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARSOF THE PRINCIPAL

ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.EDITED BY

REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., Ph.D.

VII.TIBETAN.

BY H. A. jASCHKE.


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TRflBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THEPRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., Ph.D.I.HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN, AND ARABIC.

By the late E. H. Palmer, M.A.Price 5s.

II.HUNGARIAN.By I. Singer.Price As. Gd.

III.BASQUE.By W. Van Eys.

Price 3j. 9>d.IV.MALAGASY.

By G. W. Parker.Price 5s.

V.MODERN GREEK.By E. M. Geldart, M.A.

Price 2.T 6d.VI.ROUMANIAN.

By R. Torceanu.VII.TIBETAN.

By H. A. Jaschke.Grammars of the following are in preparation:

Albanese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese,Cymric and Gaelic, Danish, Finnish, Hebrew, Malay, Pali, Polish, Russian,Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, Swedish, Turkish.

London: TRUBNER & CO., Ludgate Hill.


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TIBETAN GRAMMARH. A. JASCHKEMOKAVIAH MISSIONARY.

SECOND EDITIONPREPARED BY

Dr. H. WENZEL.

LONDON:TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL.1883K| | v

[All rights reserved^ '

"Vffi >


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/i-/JZ6>4-7

A ., rn i. if! sVi ft ' "i t".. iU, 1*.3 &*i*-e Writ u s; * Sf


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Preface.Ihe present new edition of Mr. JaSCHKe's Tibetan

Grammar scarcely needs a word of apology. As the firstedition which was lithographed at Kyelan in 1865 in a limitednumber of copies has long been out of print, Dr. Rosturged the author to revise his grammar for the purpose ofbringing it out in an improved form. The latter, preventedby ill-health from undertaking the task, placed the matterin my hands, and had the goodness to make over to mehis own manuscript notes and additions to the originalwork. Without his personal cooperation, however, I wasunable to make any but a very sparing use of these, add-ing only a few remarks from Gyalrabs and Milaraspa, withsome further remarks on the local vernacular of WesternTibet. Indeed, special attention has been paid throughoutto this dialect; it is the one with which the author duringhis long residence at Kyelan had become most familiar,and with which the English in India are most likely to bebrought into direct contact.

Besides the above mentioned additions, I have takena number of examples from the Dzanlun, to make clearersome of the rules, and, with the same view, I have altered,here and there, the wording of the lithographed edition.


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VI Preface. Abbreviations.The order of the paragraphs has been retained throughout,and only one (23.) has been added for completeness' sake.

The system of transliteration is nearly the same as inthe Dictionary, only for ny, n is used, and instead of e, a(respectively a) has been thought to be a clearer represen-tation of the sound intended. For the niceties of pronun-ciation the reader is referred to the Dictionary, as in thisGrammar only the general rules have been given.

Finally I must express my warmest thanks to Dr. Rost,to whose exertions not only the printing of this Grammaris solely due, but who also rendered me much help in thecorrecting of the work.

Mayence, May 1883. H. Wenzel.

Abbreviations.

act. = active.C or CT = Central Tibet, espe-

cially the provinces of IJ andTsah.

cf. = confer, compare.Dzl. = Dzanlun.e. g. = exempli gratia, for in-

stance.

ET = East Tibet.fut. = future.imp. = imperative.inf. = infinitive.i. o. = instead of.Kbpp. = Koppen.

Kun. = Kunawur, province underEnglish protection.

Ld. = Ladak, province.Mil. = Milaraspa.neutr. = neuter verb,perf. or pf. = perfect,pres. = present,s. = see.term. = terminative case.Thgy. = Thar - gyan , scientific

treatises.v. - vide, see.vulg. = vulgar expression.W or WT = Western Tibet.


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Contents.I. Phonology. Page

1. Alphabet ... . ... ... 12. Remarks ... 33. Vowels .... . . .34. Syllables . .45. Final Consonants . 56. Diphthongs . . . . 67. Compound Consonants . . ..... 78. Prefixed Letters .... 119. Word; Accent; Quantity . . 12

10. Punctuation 14II. Etymology.

I. Article.11. Peculiarities of the Tibetan Article . 1712. Difference of the Articles ... . . 1813. The Indefinite Article 19

II. Substantive.14. Number 2015. Declension .21

III. Adjective.16. Eelation to the Substantive ... 2517. Comparison ... 26

IV. Numerals.18. Cardinal numerals 2819. Ordinal numerals . . . . . 3120. Remarks

.

... 3121. Distributive numerals . ... 3322. Adverbial numerals ... .... . . .3323. Fractional numerals . ... . . . . .33


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VIII Contents.

V. Pronouns24. Personal pronouns ....25. Possessive pronouns

.

26. Reflective pronouns . .27. Demonstrative pronouns28. Interrogative pronouns . .29. Relative pronouns

VI. Verb.SO. Introduction . . . .31. Inflection32. Infinitive .33. Participle . ....34. Finite Verb .35. Present36. Preterit37. Future . ...38. Imperative39. Intensive...40. Substantive Verbs41. Gerunds and Supines . . ,42. VII. Adverb . .43. VIII. Postposition .44. IX. Conjunction . .45. X. Interjection .

XI. Derivation:46. Derivation of Substantives .47. Derivation of Adjectives .

III.48. Arrangement of Words49. Use of the Cases50. Simple Sentences51. Compound Sentences .

Syntax.

Appendix.Phrases .Reading Exercise

.

Verbs ....

Page

, 34. 36. 37

37. 38

38

40414243454647484950515465677476

80818283

869299


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page 23, line 1 read motion.26,


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Part I.

Phonology.1. The Alphabet. The Tibetan Alphabet was adapted

from the Lahca (f&) form of the Indian letters by Ton-mi-sam-bhp-ta (Ipr&T^W^TR) minister of king &ron-tsqn-gam-po (^ZR^^ffi) about the year 632 (s. Kopp. II,56). The Indian letters out of which the single Tibetancharacters were formed are given in the following table intheir Nagari shape.


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'2. Remarks. 3. Vowels. 32. Remarks. 1. Regarding the pronunciation of the

single letters, as given above, it is to be born in mind, thatsurds IT W CJ" are uttered without the least admixture ofan aspiration, viz. as k, t, p are pronounced in the wordsskate, stale, spear; the aspirates [ZJ' ^' 5J" forcibly, ratherharder than the same in Kate, tale, peer; the sonants SIT^* ^' like g, d, b in gate, dale, beer. 2. The same differenceof hardness is to be observed in -5' &>' ET or c, c, } (c oc-curs in church; c, the same without aspiration; ) in judge)and in -3" cb" K or ts, t's, ds. 3. (3' is the soft modifica-tion of s or the s in leisure (French -j in jamais, but morepalatal). 4. C is the English w# in sm#, but occurs inTibetan often filf the commencement of a syllable. 5. "h" nis the Hindi 5f, or the initial sound in the word new, whichwould be spelled V hu. 6. In the dialects of Eastern orChinese-Tibet, however, the soft consonants ^Tj" ^' ^" ET E;',when occurring as initials, are pronounced with an aspi-ration, similar to the Hindi tet, ^, v(, ^j, or indeed so thatthey often scarcely differ from the common English k, t, p,ch; also (3' and 5' are more difficult to distinguish from4T and $J' than in the Western provinces (Exceptions s. 7. 8).3. Vowels. 1. Since every consonant sign implies, likeits Sanscrit prototype, a following a, unless some othervowel sign is attached to it, no particular sign is wantedto denote this vowel, except in some cases specified in the


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4 4. Syllables.following . The special vowel signs are , , , ^,pronounced respectivily as e, i, o, u are in German, Italianand most otter European languages, viz. -^- like ay in say,or e in ten; ^- like i in machine, tin; like o in so, on;-^ like u in rule, pull. It ought to be specially remarkedthat all vowels, including e and o (unlike the Sanscrit vowelsfrom whom they have taken their signs) are short, sinceno long vowels at all occur in the Tibetan language, exceptparticular circumstances, mentioned below (s. 9. 5, 6).2. When vowels are initial, I?J is used as their base, as ist in Urdu, e.g. l?J"SJ" ama, ,mother'. 3. (^ is originallydifferent from l?J", as the latter denotes the opening of thepreviously closed throat for pronouncing a vowel with thatslight explosive sound which the Arabs mean by I (j^j*^),as the a in the words: the lily, an endogen, which wouldbe in Tibetan characters GfOfl?K"; Q" on the contrary isthe mere vowel without that audible opening of the throat(as Arabic I without *), as in Lilian, frj'&TOdi' In EasternTibet this difference is strictly observed ; and if the vowelis o or u the intentional exercion for avoiding the sound ofl^T makes it resemble to wo and wu: Q.'5J" ,the milk', al-most like wo-ma,


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5. Final consonants. 5component! parts cannot, in every case, be recognised intheir individuality. The mark for the end of such a syllableis a dot, called SsPft t'seg, put at the right side of the upperpart of the closing letter, such as TI" the syllable ka. Thist'seg must invariably be put down at the end of each writtensyllable, except before a sad ( 10), in which case only' na retains its t'seg. If therefore such a dot is found aftertwo or more consonants, this will indicate that all of them,some way or other, form one syllable with only one vowelin it: Tj'*,' ka-ra, T|^' kar (cf. 5. 8).

5. Final consonants. 1. Only the following ten: *Tr C^' 5" Cf' |" Q^

^" OJ" ?f (and the four with affixed ^J

,

v. 5) occur at the end of a syllable. 2. It must be observed,that ^1' ^' CJ' as finals are never pronounced like the Eng-lish^, d, b in leg, bad, cab, but are transformed differentlyin the different provinces. In Ladak they sound like k, t, pe. g. P|' = sock, *TK" = ,90^, 1JCJ'= top. 3. In all CentralTibet, moreover, final ^" and


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g (i. Diphthongs.

^TJ5>'Sf5=n' kon-choa*) 4. Final 5f is sounded as s onlyin Northern Ladak; elsewhere it changes into i ordissappears entirely, prolonging, or even modifying at thesame time the preceding vowel. Thus the following words:3K\' ,barley', 3$J" ,know', ^Sf ,figure', elsSf ,religion', Q?J",body', are pronounced in Northern Ladak: nets, ses, ris,cos, Ivs; in Lahoul: nai, shei, rt, co, lit; in Lhasa, andconsequently by everyone who wishes to speak elegantly:nq, se, /v, co, Up. 5. In some words final $J" occurs asa second closing letter (affix), after ZT|" C^ f r 5J", as in3PW ,forest', ^M ,glacier-ice', ^W ,means', ^5J$J",indigo'; these are pronounced in N. Ladak : nacks, gans, taps,rams, elsewhere nack (in U: no), gan (ET ghang), tap, ram.6. 5* before J" and SJ" is especially in ET very often pro-nounced to, e.g.^'CJ" ham-pa, ^\"^I* 6'wi-pa,5j5J"C]" nevi-pa.

6. Dipthongs. 1. They occur in Tibetan writing onlywhere one of the vowels i, o, u have to be added to a wordending with an other vowel (s. 15. 1; 33. 1; 45. 2). Theseadditional vowels are then always written (3" Q"5 f^'never t^" etc. (cf. 3.3); and the combinations at, oi, ui(as in J

rn^', ^n\


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7. Compound consonants. 7

R]Q^ can only in some vulgar dialects be distinguished fromthose mentioned in 5. 4. 2. The others ao, eo, io, oo, uo,au, eu, in (qTJ^, |(^, qg^, Qfffi, Qfiff, q|,9^> u^>") are pronounced in rapid conjunction, buteither vowel is distinctly audible. In prosody they are ge-nerally regarded as one syllable, but if the verse shouldrequire it they may be counted as two.

7. Compound consonants. 1. They are expressed inwriting by putting one below the other, in which caseseveral change their original figure.

Subjoined consonants. 2. The letter y subjoinedto another is represented by the figure ^, and occurs inconnection with the three gutturals and labials, and withm, thus JTV FT fj S" 9T S' 5T- ^e former three havepreserved, in most cases, their original pronunciation kya,Kya, gya (the latter in ET: ghya s. 2. 6). In the Mongolpronunciation of Tibetan words, however, they have beencorrupted into c, c,j respectively, a well known instance ofwhich is the common pronunciation Kanjur i. o. kangyur,or eleg. ka-gyur (QfV^OM^), V\ 5J" ? O are almosteverywhere spoken without any difference from -5, eS, E(except in the "Western dialect before e and i, where the yis dropped and C] , S^ , ^ alone are pronounced). 5J isspoken ny = *h. 3. r occurs at the foot of the gutturals,dentals, labials, of , 5J , $f , and *o , in the shape of _j.In some parts of the country, as in Purig, these combina-


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8 8. Compound consonants.tions are pronounced literally, like kra, khra etc., but by-far the most general custom is to sound them like the In-dian cerebrals, viz. ^1 , 5 9 indiscriminately = ~z t; |^,gj, 5|= s ih; PJ, ^. g = T5 d (in CT: f%); only in thecase of Q the literal pronunciation br is not uncommon.In ' fsa, salt'; but,as it is spoken, in some words at least, in Balti (e. g. "3 ^ U> district.^S'CJ" en-pa, solitude.^^W yib(&), ib, figure.

^Tj^"J' kdr-po, white.

^ETj'C!' dd-wo, enemy.SJC^'SJ" ndr-mo, sweet.

^ M fourteen.^CJ" m, resp. head.

T3 PN breath.^9^"T yar'^a i summer.^^'^'.y^"""2! fi-wffl, difference.

9. Word; Accent; Quantity- 1- The peculiarity of theTibetan mode of writing in distinctly marking the word-syllables, but not the words (cf. 4) composed of two ormore of these, sometimes renders is doubtful what is to beregarded as one word. 2. There exist a great number of


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9. Word; Accent; Quantity. 13small monosyllables, which serve for denoting differentshades of notions, grammatical relations etc., and are post-poned to the word in question; but never alter its originalshape, though their own initials are not seldom influencedby its final consonant (cf. 15). 3. Such monosyllablesmay conveniently be regarded as terminations, formingone word together with the preceeding nominal or verbalroot. 4. The accent is, in such cases, most naturally givento the root, or, in compounds, generally to the latter partof the composition, as: FTT mig, ,eye', SCT'1!]* mig-gi, ,ofthe eye'; OCT' lag, ,hand', ap|/K[^' lag-sub(s), ,hand-covering, glove'. 5. Equally natural is, in W.T. , thequantity of the vowels: accentuated vowels, when closingthe syllable, are comparatively long (though never so longas in the English words bee, stay, or Hindi L>|. etc.),otherwise short, as 5f ml ,man', 5f1J" mi-Id ,to the man',but J^' mar, ,butter'. In CT, however, even accentuatedand closing vowels are uttered very shortly: ml, mi-la etc.,and long ones occur there only in the case of 5, 4. 5. and8,2., as PW la ,work'; e&3T cVJ ,religion'; SJ^" da,arrow'; ^H-V ,planet'; and in Lhasa especially : S^H^J"na ,forest'; Sf]$T]' le-pa ,good'; *J]$T ri , class, sort';OOT^J" Id ,side c ; PCT^' lu ,manner'. In Sanscrit wordsthe long vowels are marked by an 0\ beneath the conso-nant, as: 3j'5J" i^JV() ,called', SfOT (^f) ,root' (s. 3).


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14 10. Punctuation.10. Punctuation. For separating the members of a longer

period, a vertical stroke: J, called 4^J sad (sa), is used,which corresponds at once to our comma, semicolon andcolon; after the closing of a sentence the same is doubled;after a longer piece, e g. a chapter, four sack are put. Nomarks of interrogation or exlamation exist in punctuation.2. In metrical compositions, the double sad is used for se-parating the single verses; in that case the logical partitionof the sentence is not marked (cf. 4).

TJ-Jn' or pr^'A list of a few useful words.

kd-ra, Kd-ra,sugar.

[]"]" Ran-pa, house.jTir-- W: gait, C: (fan,

I which?ZTj^' W: gur, C: gur, tent.CW nal, fatigue.5' ci, what?rr-n- W: cad-pa, C: ca-

i pa, punishment.i5CCJ" cun-wa, little.

E" W: ja, C: )' a, tea.$"5J" id-ma, sun; day.

^C"5J" nun-ma, turnip.^q'^Of tib-ril, tea-pot,kettle.

T]


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SpTCJ' fag-fa, rope."Hc'rr W : t'od-pa, C : fo-pa,*n H skull^C daw, rfaw, and; with.


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16 Useful words.

Ak sin, tree, wood.$J" su, who?l?ff a-p'a, (vulg.) father.xxi- (Ld: ras) ra, cotton

cloth.

^sr(Ld: gos) go, go, cloth-ing.

$J5J$T sem, soul.

Ppi" fag, blood.

SW'^T leb-pa, to arrive.g' W: sa, C: fea, grass.,fern.; ^^l' c% ,self ,1'; Second person: PjK' Kyod(tfyd'), Pfc" %ed C%') ,thou, you'; Third person: R' o,pt' few ,he, she, it'.

The plural is formed by adding -S^T jj&W, 5^|'j!5Wor $,' , but very often, if circumstances show themeaning withsufficient certainty, the sign of the plural is altogether omitt-ed. The declension is the same as that of the substantives.

Remarks: C is the most common and can be usedby every body; K" seems to be preferred in elegant speech(s. Note); C^J" is very common in modern letter writing,at least in WT; ^^^H" ,self', when speaking to superiorpersons occurs very often in books, but has disappearedfrom common speech, except in the province of Tsan (Tasi-Ihumpo) as also the following; pT^T, P"5J" in easy con-versation with persons of equal rank, or to inferiors.

2. person, 1^' is used in books in addressing eventhe highest persons, but in modern conversation onlyamong equals or to inferiors; g^" is elegant and respect-ful, especially in books.


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24. Personal Pronouns. 35

3. person. PT seldom occurs in books, where the de-monstr. pron. s' ( 26) is generally used instead; wt' iscommon to both the written and the spoken language, andused, at least in the latter, as respectful. But it mustbe remarked that the pronoun of the third person isin most cases entirely omitted, even when there is achange of subject. Instead of C^'xS^' and nS'^^1' tnepeople of WT use CT(3" and pf(=T; the vulgar plural of p'is pVj-. _

To each of these pronouns may be added: ^^ran orW" Rid, m' ,self, and in conversational language C^K",nS'J^", pT^CT are, perhaps, even more frequently usedthan the simple forms, without any difference in the mean-ing, "h^ is more prevalent in books, except the compoundftK'3 ' fii-ran, which is in modern speech the usualrespectful pronoun of address, like ,Sie' in Grerman.

Note. The predilection of Eastern Asiatics for asystem of ceremonials in the language is met with also inTibetan. There is one separate class of words, which mustbe used in reference to the honoured person, when spokento as well as when spoken of. To this class belong, be-

es ~N -s^sides the pronouns ft^'^sC, rF\, P^'i all the -respect-ful terms by which the body or soul, or parts of the same,and all things or persons pertaining to such a person, and


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36 24.-25. Pron. Respectful and Elegant Terms.even his actions, must be called. The notions, most fre-quently occurring, have special expressions, as f^(s)ku,in-stead of QSJ" lus, lu, ,body'; SA' u, i. o. 5!^ g ,head';Sp]^' fug(s) (IT: fa), i.o. ^fSfST sem(s) ,soul', or ttj^"yid, yt, ,mind'; U^" yah, i.o. 5J" (vulg: W^f"), ,father';Sv'CJSn" na-za, i. o. cfW"


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26.-27. Pronouns. 37

expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, Q^', RSTTetc. ,His', ,her', ,its', when referring to the acting subject(suus), must be expressed by ^,C"CT[" or ^'[Jj ^s own';otherwise (ejus) by R^', j^R'^j', ^'- In C, in the lattercase, Cs"'53J", n^'^\ p &\ are used.

26. Reflective and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflec-tive pronoun, ,myself, ,yourself etc. is expressed by ^C,Wl', also ^^CH'- But in the case of the same person beingthe subject and object of an action, it must be paraphrased,so for ,he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said,he precipitated his own body etc' *wflJ$T; for ,he re-buked himself ,he rebuked his own soul' ^C^TOSW 2. The reciprocal pronoun ,each other' or ,one another'is rendered by ,one one', as Cfjl^'^j^r*TJq|'q5J^' ,byone one was killed', ,they killed one another'; ^^TTO'^S1?]'^"'^' ,to one one said', ,they said to each other'-

27. Demonstrative pronouns. 1. Q^ di, ,this'; ^' de,dhe ,that' are those most frequently used, both in booksand speaking. The Plural is generally formed by ^Tj",but also by fW and


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38 28.-29. Pronouns.

and SJ'ETj' pd-gyi for ,that', .yonder 1 , and, in WT, {f,BN'n for,this' and l^' for ,that'; 5f3* occurs even inbooks. 2. It is worth remarking that the distinction ofthe nearer and remoter relation is, even in common lan-guage, scrupulously observed. If reference is made to anobject already mentioned, K is used; if to something fol-lowing, Q^'; e.g. ^"fjK'^fH^T^J" itnat speech he said',,thus he said'; R^"S^"{5?ffJ?fr ,this speech he said',,he said thus, spoke the following words'.

28. Interrogative pronouns. They are ^'isu ,who?';^C" gan, gh. ,which?'; -5" hi ,what?'; to these the indefi-nite article (SHY is often added, ?J'(epT etc. The two formercan also assume the plural termination ^FY, $T^T, *TK*^FY- In CT ^jC is frequently used instead of x5'

29. Relative pronouns. These are almost entirely want-ing in the Tibetan language, and our subordinate relativeclauses must be expressed by Participles und Gerunds, ora new independent sentence must be begun. The parti-ciple, in such a case, is treated quite as an adjective, beingput either in the Genitive before the substantive, or, inthe Nominative, after: (^qQ^t'CJ'J&JSJ" ;the merchantswho would go (with him)'; Wl'^n'^pj'^ft^'CJ" ,the cordon which turquoises are strung'; QTO^"5J'3^C^"'2f5|t'^"(SjH]"


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29. Relative Pronouns. 39,ODe who gets (unto whom come) many presents'. Cf. also33. Only those indefinite sentences which in English areintroduced by ,he who', ,who ever', ,that which', ,what' etc.can be adequately expressed in Tibetan, by using the in-terrogative pronouns with the participle (seldom the nakedroot) of the verb, or adding &' (,if ' v. 41, A. 4.) to thelatter. Instead of \5' in this case E;" is written more cor-rectly. Thus: ^q'^-q^-^-^*rq-q^=T|'a^-R'3^'^T ,if anybody who possesses the good faith teach itme ' ; i^'^'^^^'^'S^^H^' >wlien those * yuwho wish to go are assembled'; d^'^'^S'Cfc&'RX'R'QX^'CJ'^SI^'-5^"(5^'CI^'^'^^^'?f ,this jewel (cintamani)will make come down like rain whatever is wished for';j^'3'i^'j^'E'||^'q^(5}


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40 30. Verb. Introduction.But the participle is treated as if no relative was pre-

ceding, thus ^t'jjra^rci'oj^rsr^pr^f > did notrecede from (recall) the word he had spoken before'; vulg.,WT, C;2Tpq^'qa^-|)=T|' ,the room where I sat'.

Chapter VI.The Verb.

30. Introductory remarks. The Tibetan verb must beregarded as denoting, not an action, or suffering, or con-dition of any subject, but merely a coming to pass, or,in other words, they are all impersonal verbs, like taedet,miseret etc. in Latin, or it suits etc. in English. Thereforethey are destitute of what is called in our own languagesthe active and passive voice, as well as of the discrimi-nation of persons, and show nothing beyond a rather poorcapability of expressing the most indispensable distinctionsof tense and mood. From the same reason the actingsubject of a transitive verb must regularly appear in theInstrumental case, as^the case of the subject of a neutralverb, which, in European languages, is the Nominative ought to be regarded, from a Tibetan point of view, asAccusative expressing the object of an impersonal verb,just as ,poenitet me' is translated by ,1 repent' But itwill perhaps be easier to say: The subject of a transitiveverb, in Tibetan, assumes regularly the form of the in-strumental, of a neutral verb that of the nominative whichis the same as the accusative. Thus, C^'flfc"?^' is pro-


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31. Inflection of Verts. 41

perly: ' a beating happens, flfc' regarding you, C$J'by me = I beat you. In common life the object has oftenthe form of the dative, nS'l^T, to facilitate the comprehen-sion. But often, in modern talk as well as in the classicalliterature, the acting subject, if known as such from thecontext, retains its Nominative form. Especially the verbaloquendi are apt to admit this slight irregularity.

31. Inflection of verbs. This is done in three differentways

:

a) by changing the shape of the root. Such differentshapes are, at most, four in number, which may be called,according to the tenses of our own grammar to which theycorrespond, the Present-, Perfect-, Future-, and Imperative-roots; e.g. of the Present-root CTKC^" ,to give' the Perfectroot is ^C, the Future-root ^^C^", the Imperative root3jC"; of O^Tj'C]',to filter, bolt' respectively: CJxfc]^'tsag(s)(U: tsa), ^x^TT tsag, cCT' fsog. The Present root, whichimplies duration, is also occasionally used for the Imper-fect (in the sense of the Latin and Greek languages) andFuture tenses. It is obvious, from the above mentionedinstances, that the inflection of the root consists partly inalterations of the prefixed letters (so, if the Perfect likes theprefixed J , the Future will have ^ or retain the ^),partly in adding a final $J" (to the Perfect and Imperative),partly in changing the vowel (particularly in the Impera-tive). But also the consonants of the root itself are changed


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42 32. Infinitive.sometimes: so the aspirates are often converted in the Perfetand Future into their surds, besides other more irregularchanges. Only a limited number of verbs, however, arepossessed of all the four roots, some cannot assume morethan three, some two, and a great many have only one.To make up in some measure for this deficiency

b) some auxiliary verbs have been made available:for the Present tense WJ3T Q^]', ^*T and others, allNOof which mean ,to be' ( 39); for the Perfect c6^", 35",Z$Q' ; for the Future R^) 1^", ^v^"> an^ the substantive S*

c) By adding various monosyllabic affixes, the Infini-tive, Participles, and Gerunds are formed. These affixesas well as the auxiliary verbs are connected partly with theroot, partly with the Infinitive, resp. its terminative, partlywith the Participle.

Note. The spoken language, at least in WT, acknow-ledges even in four- rooted verbs seldom more than thePerfect root.

32. The Infinitive mood. The syllables CJ" pa or, afterthe final consonants " ^' Of and vowels, SJ" wa are addedto the root, whereby it assumes all the qualities and powersof a noun. In verbs of more roots than one, each of themcan, of course, in this way be converted into a substantive,or, in other words, each tense has its Infinitive, exceptthe Imperative. From one-rooted verbs the different In-finitives may be formed by the above mentioned auxiliaries:thus, the Inf. Perf., by adding tt^CJ' to the Infinitive of


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33. Participle. 43the verb in question, or db^'R' , 3^'^T, ^IfT to theroot, and the Inf. Fat. by adding Q^p,"CJ" to the Supine(terminative of the infinitive, 41. B) thus, &JSjE;"C|2\OT]*.'CJ"visurum esse, visum in.

Note. The spoken language uses, in WT almost ex-clusively, a termination pronounced bets in Turig and Balti,ces, ce in Ladak, ce in Lahoul etc., ja in Kunawar, ie inTsan etc., the etymology of which is doubtful, as it is notto be found in any printed book. Lamas in Ladak andLahoul spell it b^T.

33. The Participle. 1. This is in the written languageentirely like the Infinitive Ufa'S]' ,being', ^C^'CJ' ,giving',CKC"C[" ,having given'. 2. Whether the meaning is activeand passive, however, can only be inferred from the con-text, e. g. fiKC^'^GiXCftJ* 1S ^ course jthe money given',but ^Cpj"^SCCJ(3,"5J" ,the man having given, or, that hasgiven, the money'; the Tibetan participle means nothingbut that the action or condition is connected in some waywith a person or thing. But it is natural that in the pre-sent participle the active notion should be the more frequentone, as well as in the preterit the passive. 3. In theinstance of Intensive verbs (formed with 3^'^' 38. 1) theusage of scientific authors has strictly connected the activesense with those formed with R^, as ^HSC^S' ton-jed,ton-je', instead of ^KCCFT^'C]", doing give, giving,


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44 33. Participle.

giver, and the passive to those with g', as *V^'Q' ton)a,ton, ja i. o. ^C'^'g'^' ,to be given' (dandus), Q'R'^f*'a"q"^'C*ta'CJ"^J


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34. Finite Verb. 4534. The finite verb. 1. The principal verb of a sentence,

which always closes it (48.) receives in written Tibetan inmost cases a certain mark, by which the end of a periodmay be known. This is, in affirmative sentences, the vowel(called by the grammarians: q|^'?''c7")) in interrogativeones the syllable am. Before both the closing consonant otthe verb is repeated, or, if it ends with avowel, CC" and R5J"are written. The Perfect of the verbs ending in


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46 35. Present.the m of the interrogative termination dropped, so thatmerely the vowel a is heard, e. g. the question SJsp'CSJ',do (you) see' and the answer SJs^'C" ,(I) see', are com-monly spoken in WT: fori-ria? fori.

35. Present Tenses. I. Simple Present Tense. This isthe simple root of the verb, which always will be foundin the dictionary; in WT, as mentioned above, of verbswith more than one root, only the Perfect root is in useif, therefore, stress is laid on the Present signification, re-course must be had te one of the following compositions,(s. 31. and Note). Thus, 5J5JC ,(I, thou, he etc.) see, seestetc.', ^5^" C- e*0 give' through all persons; in the endof a sentence: 5JiS!^f | zWTcf|

2. Compound Present Tenses, a) R^F\' (s. 40, 1) isadded to the root: S^'Q^' ,(I) see', q^a^' ,(I)give'. This is common in the dialect of WT especially. b) The Participle connected with ttk", SJ^'qrdk" ,(])see'. In WT this, of course, is changed to SJSp'STOS'&Jdi" c) One of the Gerunds (41, A) with 3fe" or A^', as5$fc$t (or SfiC or )' or (^'), a|' or 3fc ,(I) see,'am seeing'; it must, however, be remarked that bothways of expression, b) and c), are not very frequent. d) ^^'^NS" or ^S^T is the proper form for the compound


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36. Preterit. 47

English present: sf^fc'TOTq^' ,(I) am seeing',


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48 37. Future.la tans-pa yin, tans-pen, ,the wages have been paid' i. o.q^-q-y^\ - d) Gerunds in ^ (WT) or dj5T (CT) withU^' or ^^T (the same as 35. 2. c); also (in U Tsah andlater books) the mere Perfect root with S*K', the y or become)Noadded to the Terminative case of the Infinitive: ET]sC''^,'^g^*(^) >shall> wil1 sive> be siven '> si^wc'gFc^)NO No,shall, will see, be seen'. This is the most common, and,together with the Simple Future and the Intensive (o9.),

' "^s^k", the only one in use with the early classicalauthors in all cases where a special Future-root iswanted, andeven where this exists. It dissappears, however, graduallyfrom the literature of the later period, and is replaced bythe two following compositions. b) zS'CJH" connectedwith the root: S^C'g -^" ,shall, will see', ^"^"^p^'

No No,shall, will give' etc. (zft" is originally a substantive, mean-

Noing material, cause, occasion). c) the root with fe" orWsC", j^P'^NC ,will arrive', or, i. o. the root, the Term. Inf.,||W'JJV(^C. Both b) and c) are even now in common


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38. Imperative. 49use in CT, whereas in WT: d) V^S" connected with theroot is the general form: &ji^"y^


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50 38. Imperative. 39. Intensives.not look!', SfR^W ,do not throw!' 3. In prayingor wishing (Precative or Optative) either the same formsas under 1. are used, or the Imperatives of Q^]^"^' ^ocome' or QC' ,to come' (the latter, AC']', of a quite diffe-rent root) are connected with the Termin. Infin. SJJK'q^ 1

^^'S^' or .Jjqr^qr ,may (I, you, he etc.) see!' 4. Innone of the three a person is indicated, but it is naturalthat in commanding and forbidding the subject will be thesecond, sometimes the third person; in the precative alsothe first person can be understood.

Note. The common language of WT, acknowledgingonly the Perfect- root, changes nothing but the vowel:q^' ,give!' from q^T&T;


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39. Intensives. 40. Subst. Verbs. 51connection of the four-rooted verb ^K'^T (P 5^T> Fit. 3"Imp. 2j*J") ,to do', elegantly qJj^T (Pf. qpT, Fut.^Fj", Imp. )$f), respectfully SJ^'q' (Imp. SJfe^') withthe Term. Inf. of another verb, to intensify the action ofthe latter. By this means not only one-rooted verbs canbe made to participate in the advantages of the four-rooted,as 5J$W!^" ,see\ S^R^^V ,saw', Sf^q^Cf,shall, will see', 5J|Cq^wq$r ,see!', but also several otherperiphrastical phrases are gained for speaking more pre-cisely than otherwise would be possible. The Future tense5(P\ )' serves ) besides its proper notion of futurity, par-ticularly to express the English auxiliaries ,must, oughtetc.': thus, q^'^FsSj'qR* ,must not be uttered, ought notto be uttered', sometimes it may be translated by the Im-perative mood. The spoken language, at least of WT, isdevoid of this convenience, and possesses nothing of thekind except the above mentioned intensive form of theImperative, formed by q~^" (s. 38., Note). 2. Anotherclass of intensive verbs are formed by connecting twosynonymes, as Q^TjST^pi'q" ,to be afraid', literally ,tobe fear-frightened', and other similar ones.

40. Substantive and Auxiliary Verbs. 1. To be a) ufo"CJ", in elegant and respectful speech ftCT^J'q" lag-pa, U:la-pa (the latter word never used in WT) is the mere means

4*


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52 40. Substantive Verbs.

of connecting the attribute with its subject, as: )'Q^'QJ*^ErjSJ-CJ'CA^' ,this man is a Ladakee', ^'jz^app-^- ,isit you, Sir?'. Therefore the question $J'&|


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40. Substantive Verbs. 53

ifa^T. Both R^'CJ' and 2fc"CJ' can be used insteadN= No

of WH'CJ", though not this instead of them. d) ^\XJ"re'-pa= (^TTCJ', negat. 3\!'*^' in Spiti and CT, seldomin books. e) SK'CJ" mod-pa, mo'-pa has a somewhat em-phatical sense: ,to be (something) in a high degree', ,tobe (somehow) in plenty'. It occurs most frequently in theGerund with fij' (41.), when it frequently has the sense of,though', but never with a negative. /) CT nan-wa,originally ,to appear, to be visible, extant', negat. 5)"fsCSometimes in books, and common in certain districts. g) In books the concluding (34.) is, moreover, found torepresent the verb ,to be' in all its meanings, and is capableof being connected with words of all classes besides verbs,e. g. *\C'CJ O^ ,is the first' = ^'J"WK*. In a similarmanneralso the Wl' of the Imperative (38.) implies the verb ,tobe'. K) The Preterit root for all these verbs is ^f son,was, has been', and besides also ,has gone, become', whichis its original meaning. For the use of these verbs asauxiliaries s. 35. sq.

2. GWp'C!' originally ,to be changed, turned into some-No

thing' then ,to become, to grow', auxiliary for the Futuretense in the old classical language, as mentioned in 37.Since this can be considered as the intransitive or passivenotion, opposite to SS'^I' ,to make, render', the connection


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54 40. Subst. Verbs. 41. Gerunds and Supines.of QtTJ^'CJ' with the Term. Inf. of another verb must, inmany cases, be rendered by the passive voice in our languages.In WT the verb c6N5$J" ca-ce ,to go' is used in the senseof ,to become, to grow' The Perfect root for both is 5^',(went), grew, became, bas become, is' (s. above). In CTand later books QQC^T is used instead.

3. ,must' is expressed by ^^I^'CJ" ,to be necessary'(s. 38. Note). In WT this is used in a very wide sense forany possible modification of the notion of necessity: ,1 must,should, want to, ought' and even ,1 will, wish, beg (forsomething)' is nothing but CRI'^tf^J" ,to me is necessary"which maybe, in the last mentioned case, rendered somewhatmore politely by adding (3* zu ,pray!' f(l|'l^'(^'^^l^|'(S,1 want potatoes, pray!' is as much to say as ,Will youkindly give me some potatoes'. In books and more refinedlanguage several other verbs are used in the same sense,viz. ^cn^J'CJ" ,it is right to' (usually with the Genit. Infin.),*ZR' ,it is meet, decent', QSS'C]" ,to wish, desire', bothwith the Supine; ^snO^'CJ" ,to like' with the Dat. Inf. Thepopular substitute of the last, especially in use in WT, isC^]^"CJ", of similar meaning, added to the root.

41. Gerunds and Supines. We retain these terms, em-ployed by former grammarians, but observe that they donot refer to the form, but to the meaning, as well asthat Gerund is not to be understood in the same signification


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41. A. Gerunds. 1. 55as in Latin, but as the Gerondif of some French gram-marians, or what Shakespeare calls Past conjunctive parti-ciple in Hindi. These forms are of the greatest importancein Tibetan, being the only substitutes for most of thosesubordinate clauses 'which we are accustomed to introduceby conjunctions. They are formed by the two monosyllabicappendices ^" (so after the closing consonants MQ^ ,the child, having been car-No ~^>ried away by the water, died'; ^^ H ^'^'j^^'^^'!]]^';SflJ'^J'^3r^"tf ,the king having died, the prince occupied


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56 41. A. Gerunds. 2.-4.

the throne (kings-place)'; ^"^{^'^#^^^'STS^^T ,as there is a great water, we cannot go'.

2. -SC (*mC" etc.), of a similar sense, chiefly used forsmaller clauses within a large one ; ^"^^Q."(3C'pfcj"y ,when,being displeased, he became angry', or ,growing displeasedand angry'. Often it denotes two actions going on at thesame time, or two states of a thing existing together, andthen can only be translated by ,and', thus, 5J5n'K"-5Cg"5K' ,without end and boundary'; ^'0|'3"(3[;'raqrara}C;'T ,to eat flesh and drink blood'*). It stands also in acausal sense: ,by doing etc.', as: 3'CM^'(3'Q^S C\' ,(we)live by catching fish'. These two (1. and 2.) can also, likethe closing o, as mentioned in 40. 1. g, be added to everyclass of words, in the sense of being: p^'^^^rc&'^fc'Sjlf'^*^T ,as you are high (-born), being of a great family'In conversation, \5C is scarcely ever heard.

3.


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41. A. Gerunds. 4. 5. 57

nitive. Examples. S&'OSfcSXSXSffizZ ,when the night hadrisen (viz. at daybreak) he went'; flJCut does not occur so often exceptin imperative or precative sentences, when it is added tothe Imperative root of the subordinate verb, just like othergerunds: $m*fl| -f|J$J' ,going look!', ,go and look!' GJCQJ'$JC ,rise and go!'. This particle, like the above-mentioned,implies the verb ,to be', especially when added to adjec-tives denoting a personal quality. ^'SWj'dl'^'C'ufaTr, being ugly and short'; ^^^^^'^af^or^r


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58 41. A. Gerunds. 5. 6.

R' , pretty, being of a good figure and nice to behold'.

When added to the Infinitive, it denotes: a) of course, thereal Dative, or the usual meanings of the postposition G|"with a substantive; thus, W$K*f(3J'Wp,"q" ,to rejoice atkilling, be fond of killing', fr) nearly the same as S" or ,as'in English, e. g. q^'|fq^'^'^T|^-Craj'^C;^'Q^-qq H ,as there was an idol -shrine in the middle of theway, (she) alighted from (her) chariot'; fflftJN^3p\"q(j


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41. A. Gerunds. 7. 8. 59the grave (I) came out of the grave'. b) , while', inwhich case the root of the verb may be repeated, as: 5>JCl^'qT^'g^'B'^N'^C'SJ^f' ,out of my walking i.e. whenwalking along, (I) met with a brahman'; \I"nTO'^K^"q-0|^|'gs:-^'^C;-qrT|^;c-^fq|- (the above mentionedexample (s. 0^"\ translated into classical language); c) alsothe English ,being about to' is, in books, often expressedby this Gerund: ap^^'qUl^f^S^ ,when (1) wasabout to enter, the door was shut'; */T^'^^'5p\?WF\

3^'y ,when (I) was going to die, (I) was restored to lifeagain'. Which of the three is the real meaning, will inmost cases be clear from circumstances. This gerund isnot used in talking, at least in WT.

7. frfa' ($!" etc.) or JT)' (% etc.), or the Instrumentaland Genitive cases of the root, mean a) ,by doing some-thing' or ,because', e.g. ^fj?ffJT^'Q^C'Cf' ,we come (here),because it is necessary 1 . pf^'^^I"^"^^"^"^'^'(oW|' ,since I am resolved to help you, do not be depressed!'This, originally, is a function of the Instrumental only, butin later times the other cases also are used in this mean-ing. b) more frequently they are used adversatively,,though', especially when connected with SK" (40. 1. e),S^ 15^T%^^"^"I^'fl^" ,though (you) did


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60 41. A. Gerunds. 8. 9. B. Supines.say so, by what shall (I) believe (it)?' In other casesit may be left untranslated when the next sentence willcommence with ,but': a^'qaC'^f^Q^^'S^'^SJOrq'a^'^J" ,not liking delicate food, he ate vulgar food' or,he did not like d. f., but preferred v. f.'. This Gerund isscarcely used in talking, at least in WT.

8. q$J" (q$J")i the Instrumental of the Infinitive, ,by(doing something)' is, of course, the proper expression for,because', but also very often used indiscriminately for S'or


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41. B. Supines. Q\

also ,to pray 1 etc. like that in urn: O^Kt^C," ,go to fetch',^^F'^l^1^' 'CO ^eS (yu) t0 permit, for permission'.In these cases the root is most common, but the Inf. RMR'CR', or ETjap'q^', Sj^'CJ^,' may also be used. 2. Anotheruse of the Supine is a) with verbs of sensation and, lessfrequently, -with those of declaration, where we use sentenceswith ,that' or the Participle or Infinitive: 5|'^C'^"5J^'


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62 41. B. Supines, Notes.sonant of the root with the vowel a, to which also Of maybe added: thus, B^SfC', j^'^TT^'^'Bfcsr^fc',(I) have come to meet you'; in the third, the direct Im-perative adding R' for the sake of civility, ^h|C?TO',pray permit!'

In the case of B. 2., instead of SJ'^'SJ^'SJl^"^' ;the expression in common use will be I^|*5J'tXjC or Us|^'C'5J^C"


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41. B. Supines, Notes. 63indeed, there exists no form of the kind, and they can onlybe rendered by a Gerund, e.g. ^^'q^'Ilr&SfqTOJ'^Jt;',when (he) had written the letter, (he) sent (it) off'; $f^T^ia^-qrTjarq^-a^p; (WT: qipn^', CT: qrprS'U^i') ,when (he) shall have written the letter, (he) willsent (it) off'. Neither have the Conditional or Subjunctiveany special form. Thus, e.g., Q,N'5|*q$J'


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64 A Survey of the principal forms of the Finite Verb.on the point of springing into the water (and that he hadsprung off the bank), he held him back by the force of hismagic, so that he did not touch the water' (s. 41. B. 2. b.).Especially the gerunds in O^J" (41. A. 6.) have often thismeaning : q^Tj ' fJEfj '^C 'garq'IWfp] *^"|fWg*r?f,when I was about to be parted from life, he saved it';

,the snake, having become angry, though she intented (or:had at first int.) to let out her poison, reflected thus'. Aswill be seen from these examples, the action, in such cases,is thought to have begun in fact.

A Survey of the principal forms of the Finite Verb.Present:

qjtp, w s^rq^Tj- give&llpq -l


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42. The Adverb. 65Future:

qjp W ^"p% shall, will giveStifl'l*;*^ C SJ^jp^' intens. S^Cq^q;

stall, will seefjq'Sfc', f^*^' will arrive

Imperative:Tfc? W^' give! q^'q^' take out! q^srqj^' kill!

SJ^'&Tj' see! intens. 5Jp;'q*-2|^"negat. SJ'S^C SP^C do not give! S^'q^'SJ'^'

Chapter VII.The Adverb.

42. We may distinguish three classes of adverbs:1. Primitive adverbs. 2. Adverbs formed from Adjectives.3. Adverbs formed from Substantives or Pronouns.

1. Very few Primitive Adverbs occur; the most usualare: ^' ,now',


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66 42. Adverb.

give!' The verbs ^', B^Sf, 8$&V, ^' have always5J" instead of 5)' before them (40.). Another particle ofthis kind, of a merely formal value, is


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43. Postposition. 67Note. In talking the simple adjective is used, mostly,

instead of its adverb (2. class): S$pKJ"CJ" for ]*;,quickly, soon'.

Chapter VIII.The Postposition.

43. There are two kinds of Postpositions: 1. SimplePostpositions. These are the same that we know alreadyas forming the cases (15). 2. Compound Postpositions,formed in the manner of local Adverbs (42. 3), with whichthey are, indeed, with a few exceptions, identical.

1. Simple Postpositions. These are: ^'(theaffixof the Dative), f > T> T (Terminative)'

Their use will be best seen in the following examples:1! r 1!

sj^arsfarq"^- WT, gc;*r5fai'q(sp|' (inst. of ^T|' 38,Note) CT ,put the degchi on the fire!'.

qCg'^TG^. vulg: O^fe^f, Tsang: qq-=T]-?|W^^3* 1^' 'tne ass ro^s nimse^ on the ground'.

g'OJ'Qk'y (or fiffl") C^T ,having mounted on the horse (he)goes', or ,(he) goes on horseback'.

^3^'Sm^'C^Q^fK', vulg(WT): 5'CJ' (corrupted from


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gg 43. 1. Simple Postpositions.

5$nrsr) ap'^jp^'oro^'a^, CT: g-^rsjp;OTI^^'^'AW ,the bird flies in the sky'.

i3feror*^ wt, ^rom^f*"^" CT >(we) siaU setout at night'.

ârâêrp^ (books and CT), ^flrsjC-Sfafl^WT ,being very glad at this'.

|j


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43. 1. Simple Postpositions. 69

^'^F^'^'^f (orq^'^f), W: gBJ'2fq-q^q|-,(they) made (or selected, raised) that man to (be) king'.sfg^fKr^S^'Sf , ct: ajg^' (or -ojnj-) ^-or^CT" ,(they) made (their) luggage into a pillow, usedit as a pillow',

qp^' (or *]) 0$j, WT: s^S'S^ (s. 35. 2. b, ^omitted, 40. 1. a), CT: =Tj'q'Q^)^"^' (q'or q*T,provincial irregularities 35. 2. c) ,where are (you) going?'

C*ffis (or pq^'flT) ^aj-q^STj' (vulg.) ,1 am goingto Tino (or K'oksar)'.

jrq'q:S^'


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70 43. 1. Simple Postpositions.

jjq-5rai*rTJ&TT (vulg: ffls^SftSfl^Rf) ,one of(from among) the pupils'

TjÔWSIJBRJ-q- (books and CT), WT: efc'S^SJC'SjpftJ'CJ" ,wiser than all, the wisest, most skiltul of all'.

qj^J'QJ^J'Sn^J'^f ,more than two are not left'..OS. iCI3J$J"5P^WV ,more than myself are not'.

Besides these ^Q" ,with' is to be mentioned as SimplePostposition: thus, ^'^C'S^'y, WT: j^j'ljC^C;-Gjq'^' ,speaking (conversing) with the youth'; C^C ,withme', or, in fuUer form, C'^C"^-pjSp|y, r^WT^fvulg: E^**sR'SJ^5Jfc!f" ,together with me'. In WT it is evenused for the instrumental when the real instrument (tool)of an action is meant, e. g. gaj'l^'^'lâj'En^J'q^"so in books, but WT: âj^'^'q^' ,the king killed theminister with the sword'. It is, moreover, added to manyAdjectives and Verbs, when we use the Accusative or Da-tive or other Prepositions, e.g. s'^Q'Q^'q" ,like (with)that, similar to that'. With an Infinitive it denotes thesynchronism of the action with another one, $"5|VA^*q*^C" ,with the sun rising, at sunrise'; STj'^'^fcq'^' ,with(on) their going to sleep, when they went to sleep';T&J'fJÎ'q'^'pW^'^Cs' ,(with) sayiDg so he went home'or also ,he said so, and went home'. Often it is found with


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43. 2. Compound Postpositions. 71an Imperative, without any perceptible signification, if itis not to be regarded as a substitute for t^TT (38): ^"3^C,now eat!' For its use as a conjunction see the next chapter.

2. Compound Postpositions. These may con-veniently be grouped in two classes: a) Local CompoundPostpositions, which are virtually the same as the LocalAdverbs specified in 42.3.: thus, to sit on alotus-flower'.


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72 43. 2. Compound Postpositions.

fSCJ^cnS!"^' (or fl}', or J "S3judge'.

3'q"q^'^-|^'a}- CT, Q'OJ' WT ,after eight months'.J'q'qi'?^'rrraaraj" (or SJS'GJ') vulg. ,before two months,

two months ago'.âîysT^-j^J- books and CT, WT: *rS^qpr

^n^>"$PT ,to hide a treasure below the ground'.SVtfSftspTQgptq' CT, WT: 5J^tXp|-^'Q^3j'Cr ,to

emerge, come out, from below the ground'.^5rX0J'^' books and CT, in CT also: q^'g^'q*

WT: ^"jimr, 5f^'^|'0|- ,beyond the water, river'.^4^'^' books and CT ' WT: ^"P" 1^' >on this side

of the water'.^Tj-qj^ST^ (or^T) ^â;-5j;


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43. 2. Compound Postpositions. 73

Vpr^S^^'PfSfc; ,g0 in the direction of, towards, thatvillage'.

3fq^'g-q^, CT : (^q^=T|'(q-) , WT : " ^Tj'ST ,forseven years'.

fl^T^'q^', CT: Q^r^r|'q\ WT: ^^TBT^Tj'q' ,from this to that'.

trjc^s'&r^rsr wt, ,tm i go to Kuik'.b) General Compound Postpositions, expressive of the

general relations of things and persons. They are formedin the same manner as the Local ones, from substantives,adjectives, and even verbs. Their use may be learned fromthe following examples:P^'q^XS') or"=y3pr books and CT, WT: d^'2far ,for

me, in my behalf, for my sake, on my account'.


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74 44. Conjunction.

CjraS'^' ,according to that, like that, thus, so'; 3"SJ"^(^"^",as formerly, as before'; instead of it the dialect of WTuses


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44. Conjunction. 75this respect, to the Latin .que'; nor can it in any casebegin a sentence. Very seldom, and only in later literature,it appears as combining two verbs, if not, indeed, the rootought to be regarded there as abbreviation for the infini-tive. Further: WP? ,also, too'. When belonging to a singleword or notion it is put after it in an enclitical way like,quoque' in Latin. It is changed according to the termi-nation of the preceding word, into JTJC a^ter ^T S" ^"?f *), into Of.' often after vowels (cf. 6). Thus: ^'^'H]C^*ra^'^' ,taking also a son (with him)'. When repeated,it has the signification of Latin ,et et ', SJ'WPVJJ ^"^\a(5|T ,both mother and son died'. Often, especiallyin negative sentences, it means ,even', ^tS^'TjC^fij^'S",even one (they) did not find not even one'. This is theonly means for expressing ,none, no, nothing', 3n 1" (ormf?) Ufc'StfSfW (resp. BfcST) , nobody came'; ^'3'C^r (%Of, or SET) ^" ,there is nothing' (cf. 29). Whencombined with verbs, ^GT^C'STS^'^ ,even searching(they) did not find', it serves as another expression for,though' or also ,but' (s. 41. A. 7. b): thus, ,though they search-ed, they etc' or ,they searched, but they etc.'. Standing

*) This is not very carefully observed even in good mscr. andprints, where Us|" will occur sometimes after qy etc., and rrj*after the other consonants and even after vowels.


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76 44. Conjunction. 45. Interjection.for itself (not leaning on the preceding word) it means, again, once more' (when it is to be regarded as adverb),*^"ttJC"(^p$![$!'


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46. Derivation. 77

Chapter XLDerivation.

46. Derivation of Substantives. As most of what belongsunder this head has already been mentioned in 11. and 12.only the formation of abstract nouns remains to be spokenof. 1. The unaltered adjective may be used as an abstractnoun, especially with the article ^', as: ^^^'5'^^"Q.*T]^" ,the cold is changed into warmth'. To this maybe added the pronoun ft^* (^^"^^S" ,ipsum frigidum');but this is used scarcely anywhere else than in metaphy-sical treatises, from whence a few expressions, such as^'CJ'W' ,the vacuum, the absolute rest in deliverancefrom existence' have become more generally known. 2. In the case of two correlative ideas existing, frequentlythe compound of both is used, esp. in common talk,


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47. Derivation.

joy' (vulg: ^5?*J'^Brp^f), ^'qC^5J*J' ,mind of belief(also ,a believing mind'), faith'. 5. Diminutives areformed by adding the termination (3,', often with an alte-ration of the preceding vowel: * ,horse', 5A' ,little horse,foal'; 5J" ,man', 5JQ," , little man, dwarf; IP ,stone', rfl,",small stone, calculus'. If a word ends with a consonant,only m is added, and a new syllable formed: ^pH' ,sheep',^*=TV ,lamb'.

47. Derivation of Adjectives. L Possessive adjectivesare regularly expressed by adding the syllable t$


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47. Derivation. 79

JhV5K' ,headless'; fSs'&te" ,faultless c. c) by adding theverb P"(5") separated from', (^^gafq", ^'g^, separated from the body, bodiless'. 4. The Englishadjectives in -able, -ible are expressed by ^C"^' , to befit',added to the Supine, or to the simple Root, RiJC^'^C^",C^C'^C;" ,fit for drinking, drinkable', vulgo: Q^C'fcdT(from ^'CJ' ,to be able'), Q^'^rj' (3s^|' permitted,lawful').


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80 48. Arrangement of words.

Part III.

Syntax.48. Arrangement of words. 1. The invariable rule is this:

in a simple sentence all other words must precede the verb;in a compound one all the subordinate verbs in the formof gerunds or supines, and all the coordinate verbs in theform of the root, each closing its own respective clause,must precede the governing verb (examples s. below). 2. The order in which the different cases of substantivesbelonging to a verb are to be arranged, is rather optional,so that e. g. the agent may either precede or follow its ob-ject. Local and temporal adverbs or adverbial phrases are,if possible, put at the head of the sentence. 3. The orderof words belonging to a substantive is this: l The Geni-tive, 2. the governing Substantive, 3. the Adjective (unlessthis is itself put, in the genitive, before; 16), 4. the Pronoun,5. the Numeral, 6. the indefinite Article: thus, CQ^'Sj^K"^'Q^' ,this my little daughter'; qjV^^f(=F]' ,a redgown'; 3j^&J*/2f or ^^f^'nfj^T ,the red gown';garpsW'^Efo^ETj^sr , these three great kingdoms'.Adverbs precede the word they belong to: fl


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49. Use of the Cases. 814. In correlative sentences (cf. 29) the Relative precedesthe Demonstrative: P]C'Dfe'C]'$'lj[;"ST|' ,what there is,give!' i.e. ,give -whatever you have', and in comparativesentences the thing with which another is compared, or-dinarily precedes this (cf. 17).

49. Use of the cases. As the necessary observationsabout the instrumental have been made in 30, about theother cases and postpositions partly in 15, partly in 43, itis only the Accusative, that requires a few words more, asit is very often used absolutely (as in Greek), a) Ace.temporalis: ,5J3j3T5J" ,at night'; ^^^"CJQ^cb" , during

(his etc.) lifetime'; ^C^' S'^SJ' ,at that time' ; $'5T^j%OT^M$J'


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50. Simple Sent. 51. Compound Sent. 83versational language ofOT has the accentuated interrogativeparticle I?J' e, immediately before the verb: jq$n?^'3fc'fab $ yo' ,is there any means ?'; q^'Q^'^"^'^'la di )


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84 51. Compound Sentences.

,The king having given a law, the good were given rewards,the bad punished, measures and weights arranged, andpeople taught letters (i. e. reading and writing)'.

2. subordinate sentences: ^V1^'^'2^^'^]"2^'

^5q^X] 1 g^^'g^-q^-o^-q'^^$rq^'| j

^1 ^t-i^-q^135c;^-|f| iq^-sTap^-q-^-q/ar15

arrange'; gerund. 2) i.o. qSCq'Hf. 3) ,to cut', but e&^"q- (or q^|") ^xS^'q" ,to inflict a punishment'. 4) =T|^3j'OJ'(^qq$J'qw ,to set in order, arrange'; perf. qq\ 5) g|q"q\ perf. qgjq^l' ,to learn'.

1) 42. 3. 2) indefin. art. after numerals s. 13. 3) Ac-cus. modal., 49. 4) 1!=Tj'q', perf. q=T] - . 5)27.2. 6) Q^3Tq', perf. 5^', imp. "ZfW, cf. 41. 5. 7) 29. 8) Q^'q', perf. and imp. g^'. 9) 43. 1. 10) 42. 1. 11) 41. 8.12) the object of the fear usually in the instrumental. 13) ter-min. of inf used as adverb, 41. B. 2. b. 14) 44. 15) 42. 2.


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51. Compound Sentences. 85

5^


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Phrases. 87W Kyod-la del-wa 2) zig

ydd-da,C %6" la don zig yo'-dam.W Ian med; %6n-la yon(s),C can mS'', don - me' -la

yon.W da fug pa fun-he-la kan-pa-la-son.

W yod: nd-la man 3) Hgsal%C yd': nd-la man zig nan- 5)rog.W nd-la zug6) yod, Ts suggyag^-gh

U nd-la nd-fsa ton &)-gidug.W zur-mo rag, C - - dug.W gd-na, C g'd-na.W dod-pa^-la^d'o'-pa-la.W gd-la zug rag, C yd'.W wa-za yan-pa-la ca-ce-lafsan-te rag.WC A' len.W cK Jcyer, C diKur son.W cfo' Kyon, C cfo' for sot/.W d gd-zug co-ce, C cfe'g'dn-da 10) jf ton (or

Je'


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88 Phrases.W nd-la da-run 6-ma zig I want some more milk.

gos,C nd-la d'a-run wo-ma sig

go-W i lag-mo do, C di leg- Clean this!mo ) a.W he-ma dan tun)-ce, Wash it with sand!

) e-ma fu.W na-la cu cu-ii zad(Csa) Give me some water,cig nan 12) zig (C sig). please!W lag-pa lag-mo yod-da, Are (your) hands clean?C lag-pa leg-mo (la-mo,or tsan-wa) e yo\W o-ma fsag-rd-la fsag Filter the milk through theton, filtering cloth!C wo-ma - - fsag sog.W fab cun-se de cog-la bor- Put the little stove there!ton, C d'e cog (co)-la zagls)-cig.W pan - dil sd-la p'ob 1) Put the pot (degbi) down on

(pab-ton), the ground!san 15) sd-la pdb-lig.W zan(-bu) me dan ne-mo Put the pot near the fire!

bor,C san me d'an ne-mo zag.W pog ton. Take it off!W ni-ma gds 16)-sa (gs-a) As soon as the sun sets,

tsdm-zig-gamepu 11), light a fire!- - ga tsam-sig-laW kar-yol Kyon-na son. Go to fetch the china!

len-na og. Come to take away - -.


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Phrases. 89W cu ddn-molv) dan tu-na

kar-yol1) mi dag (orkar-yol lag-ino mi ca-yin); fsdn-te big Xan-te gyal-la tu gos (go),

C cSi dan mo tu na kar-yolmi dag; fsdm-mo siggi leg (la) -pa- tu sog.

W Ids (la)-ka fsan-ma fsar-na mdn-na ma ca,C mam-pa do 1) mi

cog.W sol-cog 21) fal-dig 22) co-a,C )e* gyu yin-na(m).W o-nd; cog-tan tin2i) ton,C yd-ya; cog-tan tin-cig.W tib-ril li nan-na cumdn-

po yod-da hun-nu ydd,C gyi-nan-na cu mdn-

po yo-d'am nun-nu yd'.'

W nun nu zig yod (a-fsigman-na med),C nun nu sig yo'.W tib-ril cu kanM) - te Eyon,C - cu kdn-na Eur sog.W tib-ril dzag dug.W kdr-yd 25) dan jar26) gos(96),C kdr-ya(ovsa-kar-gyl)

jar go.W gar-wq 21) tsar28) Eyer,C Eur son.

If you wash with cold water,the china does not becomeclean; wash it well withsome hot (water)!

Unless all the work is done,don't go! (or) you mustnot go.

Shall I make the tableready ?

Yes; lay (spread) theclothf

Is there much water in theteapot, or little?

(But) a little.

Fill the teapot with water,and bring it!

The kettle leaks.It must be soldered (fastenedwith pewter).

Take it to the blacksmith's.


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90 Phrases.

W sel-kor gas (ga) son,C sel-por ga son.W namazer-nasinmakyon,C - - ser-na kyal29).W sab mol-na kyon yin,C sa-hib sun^-na kyalgyu

yin.

W sab gd-zug mol, C sa-hib g'an sun wa yin.W 7napan 3l);budmabvg32),C ma b'or-wa je"; bit madug.WC rig-pa dim 33), W ka-dar co.W nan 34) -be man,C nan gyu min.W dds 3b)-si (da-i) lag-mati 36)-te bor,

C da-kyi Ihdg-ma fs ag ja.W lag-ma mi dug, can malus (lu).W o-ma lud ma bug,C wo-ma lu' ma bug.W cm-pa 31) ma tub 39)-teson-te kyon,

C - - - tsdn-ma (org'an-mo) Kur-sog.W a-lu su-te tub ton,C kyi-u (or do- ma 39) su-te tub-big.

man-po (or yun rin-mo)ma gor.

The tumbler (glass-cup)has got a crack.

Unless I tell you, do notbring wood!

When master commands,I shall bring.

What did you say, sir (didthe gentleman say)?

Don't cast it away! Do notlet it slip!

Take care! Cautiously!

You must not press!Put by the remainder of the

There is no remainder,nothing is left.

Do not let the milk run over!Not cutting the liver, bring

it as a whole!

Peel the potatoes, and cutthem in pieces!

Don't tarry much!


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Phrases. 91W gyog-pa (C gyog-po, gyo-

po) sog.W ma jed4),C ma )e\W yid-la zumiV) fub-ba,C sem-la ne fub-ba.W yid-la zum gos (go),C ne-pa /e" go.

nan-du son; nan-du hog.W nan-du kyod),C nan-du peb.W


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92 Reading Exercise.

Reading Exercise.The Story of Yug-pa-dan the Brahman 1 ).

1) From the Dzan-lun (5jfe^|'^


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Reading Exercise. 93

q'orqqj-^-rfpq-qsqy20^ |^TprI| g^'g^'C;^

q-3


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94 Reading Exercise.

N3 No No

q^^q^caq-sf 30^-^ l ^^^^ 31^ffK^^'S^r^'Ssr 83q^c | ;-=T]^'aq-q^^lf- 3%^|^i fe^l^'^'i^POT^qa^ i ^S^-^^q^36n

25) 43. 2. 26) perf. of a^q- ,to fall'. 27) perf.of cij&fq* ,to seize'. 28) 43. 2. 6. 29) 41. 6. b; j^f= (^rW


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jf^*rgpj$*r*w ] i q$*r?f| ]^*a^si | j

qSTfpj'q I ^'^'3^'^f^^'fp-qST^ 42 1I'^'lsTj jg^q^rp-gp^rq^' 43 sj^'q'44 srq^Tj^q^l H=iT^'46^-^qT^! iS3^"^'fyqprqj ^'^f^^j 47^^i' 4V'

37) s. 29). 38) ,sat down'. 39) if the verb is inthe infv., the subject is usually put in the accus., when weuse the genitive. 40) , returning it so that the ownersaw it'; 41. B. 2. b. 41) ,1 did not return it with themouth i. e. by saying anything'. 42) ,because (41 . A. 8)that Yugp. did not say it (viz: I give back)'. 43) 41. B.2. a. - 44) 41. A. 5. 45) perf. of Q^^'q' ,to tie,fasten'. 46) impv. of (iq^i'q* ,to take out, pull out' etc. 47) ,firstly', less frequent and somewhat different fromSfqkj (22). - 48) ,my' (24). -


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96 Beading Exercise.

3j*l*H ^^q^^-qrqqsj 50 ! ^[q-q-^'g^q^'^^Tq^'^i^Wq'^'l 5JPT

ar66 -qrrjsrf! |r?pr2&IWq] Kq^f^TSTq^;'

er^^qw]^|-s(]Srqsj|

^'q^-garq^'

49) ,secondly


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qjq|yq^|-fjjq^ j q^-^-Q^g^-q-q^68 1^q-^-jq-q^^^C-^l ]^^5^-|^-q |^qnfj-q-3^- 64q^-q^;-c^d^-^-^q^

|pr

^^^q- 65^-^^! |gq'q^-|^-q| gt'g^rqqj-q-orq^vqa^srJ 66 pr^g^qsj j ^raq-q^-^-q^- 67 f'^lfr] | ^c;-Sjpj


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gg Reading Exercise.

68) "?f?f different, several', " 3fi? .separately,each for himself.


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Verbs. 99

A list of the more frequent verbs*).a) Four-rooted verbs.

Pres. Perf. Put. Imperv. WTa^jorj^'CJ" qrpj" s \ j^[ stop, hinder, kag-ceQfipWET qijC' *pf' pC" fill, te-ce

qrrjO|' ^qjaj- jjq- lade, put on . . . kal-ceRZR- n' 3&S" cut. *""?ill 1 imprv. coaqSt;*!' qSC" SjC" tie, bind.

R5(^y r Wot make. *-lepf. and imp. cos

Q^Tj'q' (I)-^|' ^](


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100 Verbs.Pres. Perf. Fut. Imperv. WT

Qfrpq- $ft qj^T ^ lift; weigh. .^ J*"*QftWV q^q- q^q- ^ throw. ^ J*"*Q^qj^-q- q=jq]*T q]^T|*r 3jq|*T tie, bind. ^ ^ce

tag toilo^-q-


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116/202

Imperv.


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Verbs. 103

d) One-rooted verb.WTCEfra'q' be glad, to like. Ld. ya-be, W besides Q^K'CJ"

a^'R'


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104 Verbs.

iK-q-


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TRtlBDNTEIl Sz, GO.57 and 59 LTJDGATE HILL.ABEL. Linguistic Essays. By Carl Abel. Contents : Language as the Expres-sion of National Modes of ThoughtThe Conception of Love in some Ancient andModern LanguagesThe English Verbs of CommandThe Discrimination ofSynonymsPhilological MethodsThe Connection between Dictionary and Gram-marThe Possibility of a Common Literary Language for the Slav NationsCoptic IntensificationThe Origin of LanguageThe Order and Position of Wordsin the Latin Sentence. Post 8vo, pp. xii. and 282, cloth. 1882. 9s.ABEL. Slavic a-nd Latin. Ilchester Lectures on Comparative Lexicography.Delivered at the Taylor Institution, Oxford. By Carl Abel, Ph.D. Post 8vo,pp. vi.-124, cloth. 1883. 5s.ABRAHAMS.A Manual of Scripture History for Use in Jewish Schools andFamilies. By L. B. Abrahams, B.A., Principal Assistant Master, Jews' FreeSchool. "With Map and Appendices. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. viii. and152, cloth. 1883. Is. 6d.

AGASSIZ. An Essay on Classification. By Louis Agassiz. 8vo, pp. vii. and381, cloth. 1859. 12s.AHLWARDT. The Divans of the Six Ancient Arabic Poets, EnnIbiga, 'Antara,Tharafa, Zohair, 'Alqdama, and Imruulquais ; chiefly according to the MSS.of Paris, Gotha, and Leyden, and the Collection of their Fragments, with aList of the varhras Readings of the Text. Edited by W. Ahlwardt, Professorof Oriental Languages at the University of Greifswald. Demy 8vo, pp. xxx. and340, sewed. 1870. 12s.AHN. Practical Grammar of the German Language. By Dr. F. Ahn. A NewEdition. By Dr. Dawson Turner, and Prof. F. L. Weinmann. Crown 8vo, pp.cxii. and 430, cloth. 1878. 3s. 6d.

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2 A Catalogue ofImportant Works,AHN. New, Practical, and East Method of Learning the French Language.By Dr. F. Ahn. First Course and Second Course. 12mo, cloth. Each Is. 6d. TheTwo Courses in 1 vol. 12mo, pp. 114 and 170, cloth. 1865. 3s.AHN.New, Practioal, and East Method of Learning the French Language.Third Course, containing a French Reader, with Notes and Vocabulary. By H.W. Ehrlich. 12mo, pp. viii. and 125, cloth. 1866. Is. 6d.

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4 A Catalogue ofImportant Works,ASIATIC SOCIETY.JOURNAL OF THE EOTAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAINand Ireland. New Series. 8vo. Stitched in wrapper. 1864-82.

Vol. I., 2 Parts, pp. iv. and 490, 16s.Vol. II., 2 Parts, pp. 522, I6s.Vol. III., 2 Parts,pp. 516, with Photograph, 22s.Vol. IV., 2 Parts, pp. 521, 16s.Vol. V.. 2 Parts, pp. 463, with10 full-page and folding Plates, ISs.Vol. VI., Part 1, pp. 212, with 2 Plates and a Map, 8s.Vol. VI. Part 2, pp. 272, with Plate and Map, Ss.Vol. VII., Part 1, pp. 194, with a Plate,8s.Vol. VII., Part 2, pp. 204, with 7 Plates and a Map, 8s.Vol. VIII., Part 1, pp. 156, with3 Plates and a Plan, 8s.Vol. VIII., Part 2, pp. 152, Ss.Vol. IX., Part 1, pp. 154, with aPlate, 8s.Vol. IX., Part 2, pp. 292, with 3 Plates, 10s. 6d.Vol. X., Part 1, pp. 156, with 2Plates and a Map, 8s.Vol. X., Part 2, pp. 146, 6s.Vol. X., Part 3, pp. 204, Ss.Vol. XI.,Part L pp. 128, 5s.Vol. XL, Part 2, pp. 158, with 2 Plates, 7s. 6d. Vol. XL, Part 3, pp. 250,8s.Vol. XII., Part 1, pp. 152, 5s.Vol. XII., Part 2, pp. 182, with 2 Plates and Map,6s.Vol. XII., Part 3, pp. 101), 4s.Vol. XII., Part 4, pp. x., 152., cxx , 16, 8s.Vol. XIII., Part 1,pp. 120, 5s.Vol. XIII., Part 2, pp. 170, with a Map, 8s.Vol. XIII., Part 3, pp. 178, with aTable, 7s. 6d.Vol. XIIL, Part 4, pp. 282, with aPlateand Table, 10s. 6d.Vol. XIV., Part 1,pp. 124, with a Table and 2 Plates, 5s.Vol. XIV., Part 2, pp. 164. with 1 Table, 7s. 6dVol.XIV., Part 3, pp. 206, with 6 Plates, Ss.Vol. XIV., Part 4, pp. 492, with 1 Plate, 14s.VoLXV., Part 1, pp. 136, 6s. ; Part 2, pp. 158, with 3 Tables, 5s. ; Part III., pp. 192, 6s.ASPLET. The Complete French Course. Part II. Containing all the Rules ofFrench Syntax, &c, &c. By Georges C. Asplet, French Master, Frome. Fcup.

8vo, pp. xx. and 276, cloth. 1880. 2s. 6d.ASTON.A Short Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language. By W. G. Aston,M.A. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. 96, cloth. 1873. 12s.ASTON.A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language. By AT. G. Aston,M.A., Assistant Japanese Secretary H.B.M.'s Legation, Tedo, Japan. SecondEdition. 8vo, pp. 306, cloth. 1877. 28s.ASTONISHED AT AMERICA. Being Cursory Deductions, &c, &c. By Zigzag.Fcap. Svo, pp. xvi.-108, boards. 1880. Is.AUCTORES SANSCRITI.Vol. I. The jAlMiNiYA-NYAYA-MALi-ViSTABA. Edited for the Sanskrit TextSociety, under the supervision of Theodor Goldstiicker. Large 4to, pp. 582,cloth. 3, 13s. 6d.Vol. II. The Institutes op Gautama. Edited, with an Index of "Words, by A.F. Stenzler, Ph.D., Prof, of Oriental Languages in the University of Breslau.8vo, pp. iv.-and 78, cloth. 1876. 4s. 6d. Stitched, 3s. 6d.Vol. III. VaitAna Sutra : The Ritual of the Atharva Veda. Edited, withCritical Notes and Indices, by Dr. R. Garbe. 8vo, pp. viii. and 120 sewed

1878. 5s.Vols. IV. and V.Vardhamana's Ganaratnamahodadht, with the Author'sCommentary. Edited, with Critical Notes and Indices, by Julius Eggeling,Ph.D. 8vo. Part I., pp. xii. and 240, wrapper. 1879. 6s. Part II., pp. 240,wrapper. 1881. 6s.AUGIER.Diane. A Drama in Verse. By Emile Augier. Edited with EnglishNotes and Notice on Augier. By Theodore Karcher, LL.B., of the Royal MilitaryAcademy and the University of London. 12mo, pp. xiii. and 146 cloth 1867

2s. 6d.AUSTIN.A Practical Treatise on the Preparation, Combination, and Applica-

tion of Calcareous and Hydraulic Limes and Cements. To which is added manyuseful Recipes for various Scientific, Mercantile, and Domestic Purposes. ByJames G. Austin, Architect. 12mo, pp. 192, cloth. 1862. 5s.AXON.The Mechanic's Friend. A collection of Receipts and Practical Sug-gestions relating to Aquaria, Bronzing, Cements, Drawing, Dyes, ElectricityGilding, Glass-working, &c. Numerous Woodcuts. Edited by W. E A Axon'M.R.S.L., F.S.S. Crown 8vo, pp. xii. and 339, cloth. 1875. 4s. 6d.BABA.An Elementary Grammar of the Japanese Lauguage, with easy progressiveExercises. By Tatui Baba. Crown 8vo, pp. xiv. and 92, cloth. 1873. 5s.


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Published by Triibner & Co. 5BACON.The Life and Times of Francis Bacon. Extracted from the Edition of

his Occasional Writings by James Spedding. 2 vols, post 8vo, pp. xx 710, andxiv., 708, cloth. 1878. 21s.

BADEN-POWELL.Protection and Bad Times, with Special Reference to thePolitical Economy of English Colonisation. By George Baden-Powell, M.A.,F.R. AS., F.S.S., Author of "New Homes for the Old Country," &c, &c. 8vo,&pp. xii.-376, cloth. 1879. 6s. 6d.BADER. The Natural and Morbid Changes of the Human Eye, and theirTreatment. By C. Bader. Medium 8vo, pp. viii. and 506, cloth. 1868. 16s.BADER. Plates illustrating the Natural and Morbid Changes of the HumanEye. By C. Bader. Six chromo-lithographic Plates, each containing the figures

of six Eyes, and four lithographed Plates, with figures of Instruments. With anExplanatory Text of 32 pages. Medium 8vo, in a portfolio. 21s. Price for Textand Atlas taken together, 1, 12s.BADLEY.Indian Missionary Eecord and Memorial Volume. By the Rev. B.H. Badley, of the American Methodist Mission. 8vo, pp. xii. and 280, cloth.1876. 10s. 6d.

BALFOUR. Waifs and Strays from the Far East; being a Series of DisconnectedEssays on Matters relating to China. By Frederick Henry Balfour. 1 vol. demy8vo, pp. 224, cloth. 1876. 10s. 6d.

BALFOUR.The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua ; being the Works of Chuan# Tsze,Taoist Philosopher. With an Excursus, and Copious Annotations in English andChinese. By F. H. Balfour, F.R.G.S , Author of "Waifs and Strays from theFar East," &o. Demy 8vo, pp. xlviii. and 426, cloth. 1881. 14s.BALL. The Diamonds, Coal, and Gold of India ; their Mode of Occurrence andDistribution. By V. Ball, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of India.Fcap." 8vo, pp. viii. and 136, cloth. 1881. 5s.

BALL.A Manual of the Geolooy of India. Part III. Economic Geology. ByV. Ball, M.A., F.G.S. Royal 8vo, pp. xx. and 640, with 6 Maps and 10 Plates,cloth. 1881. 10s. (For Parts I. and II. see Medlicott.)

BALLAD SOCIETY"Subscriptions, small paper, one guinea; large paper, two guineasper annum. List of publications on application.

BALLANTYNE. Elements of Hindi and Braj Bhakha Grammar. Compiled forthe use of the East India College at Haileybury. By James R. Ballantyne. SecondEdition. Crown 8vo, pp. 38, cloth. 1868. 5s.

BALLANTYNE. First Lessons in Sanskrit Grammar; together with an Introduc-tion to theHitopadela. New Edition. By James R. Ballantyne, LL.D., Librarianof the India Office. 8vo, pp. viii. and 110, cloth. 1873. 3s. 6d.

BARANOWSKI. Vade Mecum de la Langue Francaise, redige d'apres les Dic-tionnaires classiques avec les Exemples de Bonnes Locutions que donne lAcademieFrancaise, on qu'on trouve dans les ouvrages des plus celebres auteurs. Par J. J.Baranowski, avec l'approbation de M. E. Littre", Secateur, &c. 32mo, pp. 224.1879. Cloth, 2s. 6d. ; morocco, 3s. 6d. ; morocco tuck, 4s.

BARENTS' RELICS.Recovered in the summer of 1876 by Charles L. W. Gardiner,Esq., and presented to the Dutch Government. Described and explained by J.K. J. de Jonge, Deputy Royal Architect at the Hague. Published by commandof His Excellency, W. F. Van F.R.P. Taelman Kip, Minister of Marine. Trans-lated, with a Preface, by S. R. Van Campen. With a Map, Illustrations, and afac-simile of the Scroll. 8vo, pp. 70, cloth. 1877. 5s.

BARRIERE and CAPENDU.Les Faux Bonshommes, a Comedy. By TheodoreBarriere and Ernest Capendu. Edited, with English Notes and Notice on Bar-riere, by Professor Ch. Cassal, LL.D., of University College, London. 12mo, pp.xvi. and 304, cloth. 1868. 4s. -


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6 A Catalogue ofImportant Works,BARTH.The Religions oe India. See Trubner's Oriental Series.BARTLETT.Dictionary of Americanisms. A Glossary of Words and Phrasescolloquially used in the United States. By John Russell Bartlett. Fourth

Edition, considerably enlarged and improved. 8vo, pp. xlvi. and 814, cloth.1877. 20s.

BATTYE.What is Vital Foece ? or, a Short and Comprehensive Sketch, includ-ing Vital Physics, Animal Morphology, and Epidemics ; to which is added anAppendix upon Geology, Is the Dentrital Theory op Geology Tenable ? ByRichard Fawcett Battye. 8vo, pp. iv. and 336. cloth. 1877. 7s. 6d.

BAZLEY.Notes on the Epicyclodial Cutting Frame of Messrs. Holtzapffel &Co. With special reference to its Compensation Adjustment, and with numerousIllustrations of its Capabilities. By Thomas Sebastian Bazley, M.A. 8vo pp.vi and 192 cloth. Illustrated. 1872. 10s. 6d.

BAZLEY.The Stars in Their Courses : A Twofold Series of Maps, with aCatalogue, showing how to identify, at any time of the year, all stars down to the5.6 magnitude, inclusive of Heis, which are clearly visible in English latitudes.By T. S. Bazley, M.A., Author of "Notes on the Epieyeloidal Cutting Frame."Atlas folio, pp. 46 and 24, Folding Plates, cloth. 1878. 15s.

BEAL. Travels of Fah-Hian and Sunq-Yun, Buddhist Pilgrims, from China toIndia (400 A. D. and 518 A.D.) Translated from the Chinese. By Samuel Beal, B.A.,Triri. Coll., Cam., &c. Crown Svo, pp. Ixxiii. and 210, with a coloured Map,cloth, ornamental. 1869. 10s. 6d.

BEAL.A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese. By S. Beal, B.A.,Trinity College, Cambridge ; a Chaplain in Her Majesty's Fleet, &c. 8vo, pp.xiv. and 436, cloth. 1871. 15s.

BEAL. The Romantic Legend of Sakya Buddha. From the Chinese-Sanskrit.By the Eev. Samuel Beal. Crown 8vo., pp. 408, cloth. 1875. 12s.BEAL.Dhammapada. See Trubner's Oriental Series.BEAL. Buddhist Literature in China : Abstract of Four Lectures, Delivered bySamuel Beal, B.A., Professor of Chinese at University College, London. Demy8vo, pp. xx. and 186, cloth. 1882. 10s. 6d.

BEAMES. Outlines of Indian Philolooy. With a Map showing the Distributionof Indian Languages. By John Beames, M.R.A.S., Bengal Civil Service, Memberof the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the Philological Society of London, and theSociete Asiatique of Paris. Second enlarged and revised Edition. Crown 8vo,pp. viii. and 96, cloth. 1868. 5s.

BEAMES.A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India,to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bengali. By JohnBeames, Bengal Civil Service, M R.A.S., &c , &c. Demy Svo. Vol. I. On SoundsPp. xvi. and 360, cloth. 1872. 16s.Vol. II. The Noun and the Pronoun.Pp. xii. and 348, cloth. 1875. 16s.Vol. III. The Verb. Pp. xii. and 316, cloth.1879. 16s.

BELLEW. Prom the Indus to the Tigris. A Narrative of a Journey through theCountries of Balochistan, Afghanistan, Khorassan, and Iran in 1872; togetherwith a complete Synoptical Grammar and Vocabulary of the Brahoe Language, anda Record of the Meteorological Observations and Altitudes on the March from theIndus to the Tigris. By Henry Walter Bellew, C S.I., Surgeon, Bengal StaffCorps. Demy 8vo, pp. viii. and 496, cloth. 1874. 14s.BELLEW.Kashmir and Kashghar : a Narrative of the Journey of the Embassy

to Kashghar in 1873-74. By H. W. Bellew, C.S.I. Demy Svo, pp. xxxii. and420, cloth. 1875. 16s.


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Published by Trubner & Co. 7BELLEW. The Races of Afghanistan. Being a Brief Account of the PrincipalNations Inhabiting that Country. By Surgeon-Major H. W. Bellew, C.S.I., lateon Special Political Duty at Kabul. 8vo, pp. 124, cloth. 1880. 7a. 6d.BELLOWS. English Outline Vocabulary for the use of Students of the Chinese,Japanese, and other Languages. Arranged by John Bellows. With Notes on theWriting of Chinese with Roman Letters, by Professor Summers, King's College,London. Crown 8vo, pp. vi. and 368, cloth. 1867. 6s.BELLOWS. Outline Dictionary for the use of Missionaries, Explorers, andStudents of Language. By Max Muller, M.A., Taylorian Professor in the Uni-

versity of Oxford. With an Introduction on the proper use of the ordinaryEnglish Alphabet in transcribing Foreign Languages. The Vocabulary compiledby John Bellows. Crown 8vo, pp. xxxi. and 368, limp morocco. 1867. 7s. 6d.

BELLOWS.Tous les Verbes. Conjugations of all the Verbs in the French andEnglish Languages. By John Bellows. Revised by Professor Beljame, B.A.,LL.B., of the University of Paris, and Official Interpreter to the Imperial Court,and George B. Strickland, late Assistant French Master, Royal Naval School,London. Also a New Table of Equivalent Values of French and English Money,Weights, and Measures. 32mo, 76 Tables, sewed. 1867. Is.

BELLOWS. French and English Dictionary for the Pocket. By John Bellows.Containing the French-English

얘쉬케, 티베트어 문법 jäschke, tibetan grammar (1883)

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