ကမ္ဘာလုံးဆိုင်ရာ freemasonry. burmese

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2

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3

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4

pma&;olta-umif; (About the Author)

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6

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7

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8

rl&if;wl&uDbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmomjyefpmtkyf

Title: GLOBAL FREEMASONRY Author: HARUN YAHYA Translated by Ron Evans

Edited by David Livingstone ISBN 975-6426-00-4

udk jrefrmbmomodk‹ rdk[rR'ftvD(v[D)wef*Gef;rS jyefqdkjcif;jzpfygonf?

9

bmomjyefolxHrStrSmpm Notes from Translator

[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aompmtkyftajrmuftjrm;rSa&G;cs,fI jrefrmbmomodk‹jyefqdk cJh&mY/ Tpmtkyfonf q@rajrmufpmtkyfjzpfygonf? www.harunyahya.com ESifh www.harunyahya.org jrefrmbmomtydkif;rS ul;,lzwf±+Edkifygonf?

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vl‹avmuudk enf;rsdK;pkHjzifhvdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;'kuQay; zsufqD;aeonfhxdk&kyf0g' rdp>m 'd@dtawG;tac:rsm;udkqef‹usifwdkufcdkufonfhtawG;tac:ppfyGJwGif nDaemifjrefrmrGwfpvifrf wdk‹uvnf; wwwfwtm;yg0ifqifEGJEdkif-uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? omrefvlwpfOD;rStp wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;txd vlwdkif;.pdwful;ESifh jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsufrSefor# =aumif;rGef jcif; odk‹wnf;r[kwfqdk;oGrf;jcif;tm;vkH;onf= xdkol.tawG;tac:wGifom rlwnfygonf? vlom;wdk‹.tawG;tac:rSefuefaomvrf;a-umif;a&mufatmif vrf;n$efjcif;onf -uD;us,f aom*sD[m'fwpfrsdK;jzpfygonf? [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aompmtkyfrsm;onf vlwdk‹.tawG; tac:udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfYn$ef-um;xm;onfhtwdkif; aumif;&modk‹n$efvwfaompm tkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? u|Efkyfxufjrefrmpmayudk ydkrdkwwf u|rf;oljrefrmrGwfpvifrfynm&Sif wdk‹uvnf;/ [m&Gef,[f,m.usefpmtkyfrsm;udk tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf.vrf;awmfY a*s[m'f jyKjcif;taejzifh jrefrmbmomodk‹jyefqdkjzef‹a0-uyg&ef wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

rdk[rR'ftvD (v[D)wef*Gef;? 2009=ckESpf pufwifbmv 14=&uf

10

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pmzwfolodk‹ To The Reader

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12

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6? arqGefwdk‹. bmoma&;wdkufyGJ 141

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13

pum;csD; PREFACE

Tpmtkyfonf urBmay:wGif tv#dKŒ0SufqkH;tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckjzpfaomz&D;arqGef&D tzGJ‹.tawG;tac:qdkif&mtajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;udk qef;ppfI/ arqGefwdk‹.ylaZmfyojcif; tcef;tem;rsm;ESifh t,loD;,kH-unfr+rsm;.aemufuG,fta-umif;&yfrsm;udk az:xkwf xm;aompmtkyfjzpfygonf? okawoersm;u *sL;bmomt,l0g'wGif ta&;-uD;aomt ydkif;wGifyg0ifaeaomubBmvm[fonf arqGef,kH-unfr+ESifhxkH;"avhwGifvnf; ta&;yg vsuf&Sda-umif;az:jyxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ Tta-umif;&yfESifhywfoufonfh u|Ekfyf wdk‹.tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;rSmuJhodk‹/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹. pmaypmapmifrsm;/ ordkif;yg&*l rsm;ESifh avhvmppfaq;olrsm;.rSwfwrf;tpkHpkHrsm;rSxkwfaz:xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm; udk qef;ppfjcif;tm;jzifh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsuf &&SdEdkifonfudk owdrloifhyg onf? ,if;tcsufrSm/ arqGefwdk‹u ubBmvm[frStcsdKŒaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk olwdk‹ .tusdK;twGuf olwdk‹.rSm;,Gif;aomtjriftwdkif;t"dy`g,faz:jcif;jzpfayonf? arqGef &DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹.rSm;,Gif;aomt"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;twGuf *sL;(,[l'D)bmom,kH-unf r+wGif rnfonfhwm0efr#r&Sday? xdk‹a-umifh z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹ESifh ubBmvm[foGefoifcsuf rsm;t-um;wGifqufpyfr+udka0zefokH;oyfjcif;onf/ *sL;bmomudk &nf&G,fjcif;r[kwfyg?

ubBmvm[f[laoma0g[m&qif;oufvmaomZpfjrpfpum;vkH;rSm [Db&l;bm ompum;jzpfI/ “&&Sdonf=vufcH,lonf”[k t"dy`g,foufa&mufI/ *sL;(,[l'Dbm om)usrf;*efrsm;rS t"duusrf;wpfapmifjzpfonf? *sL;bmom0ifwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuft&/ wdk&musrf;u *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.b0aexdkiftouf&Sifa&;ESifh usifh&ef-uOf&efynwfcsuf rsm;/ udk,fusifhw&m;rsm; ponfwdk‹udkowfrSwfay;ojzifh ta&;-uD;ovdk/ ubBmvm[f onfvnf; bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;onfh*sL;bmom0ifwdk‹ ,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI ydkrdkeuf ±d+if;pGm oabmaygufaprnfhusrf;*eftjzpf vufcHxm;-uayonf? wdk&musrf;ESifh (aemufxyfusrf;wpfapmifjzpfaom)wvfrlofusrf;rsm;udk qnf;yl;jyD;oltouf 40=ESpf ausmfjyD;oludkomv#if ubBmvm[fusrf;udk oif,lqnf;yl;cGifh&Sdonf? ubBmvm[fwGif w&m;vrf;rSefESifh,SOfwGJvufcHEdkifonfhoif-um;csufrsm;yg&SdI/ tcsdefumv-umanmif; vmonfESifhtr# wajz;ajz;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;/ zGifhqdkcsufrsm; 0ifa&muf a&maESmvmcJhonf?

ubBmvm[fwGifyg&Sdaom oauFw&kyfykHrsm;u ordkif;wav#mufvkH; vlwdk‹tm; t"dy`g,ftrsdK;az:apcJhonf? vlodtrsm;qkH;tawG;tac:rSm/ ubBmvm[fudkavhvmolwdk‹ onf yOPvufarSmftwwfynmESifhqufpyfa&maxG;-uonf[laom tqdkjzpfonf? odk‹ aomfvnf;/ ubBmvm[fonf yOPvufarSmftwwfynmusrf;*efwpfapmifjzpfonf[k t xifrrSm;oifhyg? TtqdkudkaxmufcHonfht"dutcsufwpfcsufrSm/ a&SŒwef;,[l'Dom oemhacgif;aqmif&AŠDbkef;-uD;wdk‹u ubBmvm[fwGifyg&SdaomtcsuftvuftcsdKŒ.t"d y`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk v#dKŒ0Sufxm;-ujcif;jzpfonf? Todk‹aomouFmruif;jzpfap onfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm/ *sL;bmom0iftcsdKŒwdk‹u/ txl;ojzifh 13=&mpkESpfrSpwifI/ ubBmvm[fwGifyg&Sdaomv#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;u *sL;bmom0ifwdk‹apmifhar#mfaeonfh ar&Sd, (Messiah)udk ydkrdkjrefqefpGma&muf&SdvmapjyD; *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf uwdu0wfjyKxm; aom jrifhjrwfonfhe,fajrodk‹ac:aqmifoGm;rnf[k ,kH-unfvmcJh-uonf? TcH,lcsuf

14

rsm;jzifh arqGefwdk‹u ubBmvm[fwGifyg&Sdonfh oauFwrsm;ESifhv#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;udktokH; jyKI urBmudk pdk;rdk;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,lq-uayonf?

trSefrSm/ TrSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufrsm;/ tcsdKŒ*sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh ,if; rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufudktajccHaom arqGefwdk‹.pDrHudef;rsm;a-umifh *sL;vlrsdK;tm;vkH; tay:tjypfykHcsI r&ay? olwdk‹.,kH-unfcsufESifhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf tcsdefumv tm;jzifh -umanmif;vmcJhjyDjzpfaomordkif;wpfckvkH;wGif rnfodk‹yifazgufjyefayaomf jim;vnf;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu olwdk‹udk usrf;&trsdK;om;rsm;[k az:jyxm;ayonf? ol wdk‹onf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;jzpfaom tdbf&m[ifrf(tmb&m[rf)/ plvdkifrmef(aqmvrGef)/ 'g0l'f(a';Apf)/ ,mulbf(,muk)/ ,lqGzf(*sKd;Zuf)/ rlpm(rdk;Zuf) tvdkif[krfqvmrfwdk‹ ESifhtwl olwdk‹xHodk‹ydk‹cJhaomeADwrefawmfrsm;tm; ,kH-unfI/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ,kH -unf-uonfhtjyif olwdk‹tm;owfrSwfay;aomomoemhpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkuf emusifhokH;olrsm;jzpf-uayonf? rGwfpvifrfwdk‹onf atmufaz:jyyguk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwftm,ofawmfESifh wrefawmfjrwf(qGvfvv†m[f[ktvdkifa[hqvmrf)wdk‹.oif-um; csuftwdkif; *sL;bmom0ifwdk‹tm; u&k%mw&m;ESifhtwl em;vnfr+&Sd-uayonf?

(tdk=eAD) toifonf (,[l'DESifhc&pf,mefwdk‹tm;) ajym-um;ygav/ tdk=usrf;*ef &&Sdoltaygif;wdk‹/ toifwdk‹onf tu|Ekfyfwdk‹ESifh toifwdk‹-um;Y (tm;vkH;vufcH xm;onfh) wlnDaompum;bufodk‹ vm-uukef/ (xdkpum;onfum;) igwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg; tjcm;rnfonfht&mudkr# rc0yfrudk;uG,fjcif;/ igwdk‹ onf wpkHwckaomt&mudkr# xdkt&SifjrwfESifh wGJbuf,SOfbuf[lI rjyKjcif;/ ig wdk‹teuf tcsdKŒonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk zJ-uOfI tcsdKŒaomolrsm;udk arG;jrL awmfrlaomt&Sifrsm;[lI rjyKvkyfjcif;(yifwnf;)? (pl&mtmavhtDr&mef 3;64)

15

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z &mZ0wfr+ESifh raumif;r+'kppdkufusL;vGefonf[k pGyfpGJ-uonf? TtzGJ‹om;rsm;tcsif; csif; cdkifrmaom“nDaemifo[m,pdwf"gwf”qufoG,fr+&Sdjcif;udk oabmayguf&ef avhvmrnfhtpm;/ a0zefoltrsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm;udkom *&kpdkuf &efrlvdk-u onf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;rsm;taejzifh/ olwdk‹.or&dk;usjrHKxm;v#dKxm;onfhtavhtxudk ydkrdktav;xm;I olwdk‹.tzGJ‹tpnf;udk omreftoif;tzGJ‹rsm;tjzpfom jyoxm;-u awmhonf? trSefrSm TtzGJ‹tpnf;onf omreftzGJ‹tpnf;r[kwfay?

Tpmtkyfonf arqGef&DtzGJ‹. tawG;tac:tppftrSefudk az:jyayonf? arqGef &DtzGJ‹om;rsm;udk pnf;vkH;xm;EdkifonfhtcsufrSm tzGJ‹.tawG;tac:jzpfI/ ‚if;tawG; tac:onf “&kyf0g'”jzpfjyD;/ “vlom;udky"gexm;ItajcjyKaom avmuDa&;tawG;t ac:”[k ac:&ygrnf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ‚if;onf rSm;,Gif;aomt,ltqESifh csKdŒ,Gif;csuf&Sd aomoDtdk&Drsm;wGiftajccHonfh rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:jzpfonf? Ttcsufonf arqGef&Dwdk‹tm; a0zef&rnfhtajccHvrf;pjzpfonf?

arqGeftzGJ‹0ifr[kwfolwdk‹udk today;E+d;aqmfjcif;omru arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifrsm;udk vnf; trSefw&m;udkjrifEdkif&eftvdk‹iSg Todk‹pwifa0zefokH;oyfjcif;onf ta&;-uD;ay onf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf olwdk‹,kH-unf&mudk a&G;cs,f,lI rdrdtvdk&Sdonfh urBmh tjriftwdkif; aeydkifcGifh&Sdonfum; rSef.? ‚if;onf olwdk‹ydkifqdkifaom obm0tcGifh ta&;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;olwdk‹uvnf; olwdk‹.trSm;rsm;udk xkwfaz:a0 zefydkifcGifh &Sdonf? Tpmtkyfonf xdkodk‹xkwfaz:a0zef&ef -udK;pm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

a0zef&mY tjcm;aomtodkif;t0dkif;tkyfpkrsm;udk a0zefonfhenf;twdkif; udkif wG,fcsOf;uyfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a0zefouJhodk‹hjzpfygonf? Tpm tkyfwGifvnf; *sL;bmomt,l0g'ordkif;udk tenf;i,faz:jyI ‚if;ESifhywfoufaom a0 zefcsufudkvnf; a&;om;xm;ygonf? Ta0zefcsufrsm;onf qDrdkufvlrsdK;qef‹usifa&; odk‹r[kwf “*sL;bmom0ifrsm;ESifh arqGef&Dwdk‹. yl;aygif;vkyf-uHr+t,ltq”ESifh rywf oufa-umif;udk txl;jyKI az:jy&efvdktyfonf[k,lqygonf? trSefrSm ppfrSefaomrGwf pvifrfwpfOD;twGuf qDrdkufvlrsdK;qef‹usifa&; vkH;0r&SdEdkifay? *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;onf wpf

16

csdefwkef;u tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu a&G;cs,fcJhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfI/ ‚if;wdk‹teufrS eADwrefawmftajrmuftjrm;udkvnf; a&G;cs,fay:xGef;apcJhavonf? ordkif;wav#muf vkH;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+trsdK;rsdK;udk cHcJh&I/ vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+udkyif cHcJh-u& onf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹.trsdK;om;vuQ%mudk raysmufysufoGm;atmif xdef;odrf; vmcJh-uonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ ‚if;wdk‹udk c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;ESifhtwl usrf;&trsdK;om;rsm;jzpfa-umif;/ rGwfpvifrfwdk‹taejzifh olwdk‹tm; -uifempGmqufqH&ef n$ef-um;xm;ayonf? Taz:jyygw&m;r#wr+. tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf tcsdKŒaom olwdk‹.,kH-unfcsufonf rSm;,Gif;aea-umif;udkaz:jyI ‚if;wdk‹tm; ajzmifhrwfrSefuef aomvrf;rSefudk jyo&efvnf; wm0ef&Sdaeygonf? olwdk‹taejzifh xdkvrf;rSm;udk qufvuf,kH-unfvdkufemae&efESifh olwdk‹.udk,fydkifqENrSm olwdk‹.udk,fydkiftcGifhta&; yif jzpfayonf?

wurBmvkH;qdkif&marqGef&DtzGJŒpmtkyfonf Tta-umif;csufay:tajccHpwifI arqGef&DtzGJ‹.rlvtajccH&mESifh ‚if;.&nf&G,fcsuftygt0if v+yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr+rsm; udk avhvmppfaq;a0zefjcif; jzpfonf? TpmtkyfwGif pmzwfoltaejzifh arqGefwdk‹. bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,fqnf;uyfaombmomt,l0g'rsm;.udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mw&m; "rRrsm;udkqef‹usifonfhvkyf&yfrsm;.ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudkvnf; zwf±+&ygrnf? z&D;ar qGef&Dwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufom;wdk‹tm; bmomt,l0g'rSuif;uGmapjcif;ESifh ‚if;ae&m wGif &kyf0g'ESifh vlom;udkomy"gejyKaom avmuDa&;oufouf0g'udktpm;xdk;ay;&mY ta&;-uD;onfhtydkif;wGif yg0ifvmcJhonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹u taemufEdkifiHr[kwfonfh ,Ofaus;r+rsm;wGifvnf;/ ‚if;wpf,loef0g'udk twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;&mY rnfodk‹-oZm v$rf;rdk;-uonfudkvnf; avhvm-uygrnf? aemufqkH;wGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹u vlr+a&; avmuwGif rnfonfhenf;rsm;jzifh ,if;wpf,loef0g'rsm;udk ulnDwnfaqmufI wnf wHhjrJjrHaeatmif aqmif&Guf-uonfudkvnf; aqG;aEG;-uygrnf? TtawG;tac:rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&mY olwdk‹tokH;jyKaomenf;rsm;udkvnf; az:xkwfa0zefokH;oyf-uygrnf?

arqGef&DtzGJ‹. bk&m;rJh0g'/ 'g0if0g'ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk qef;ppf&m Y/ arqGefwdk‹udk,fwdkifa&;om;aompmayrsm;rS udk;um;csufrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;az:jy xm;ygonf? xm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;/ aumif;uifwref rsm;/ rdk;ususrf;awmfjrwfrsm;ESifhbmomw&m;uoGefoifaomudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;ESifhywf oufonfhta-umif;t&mrsm;wGif 'GefwGJudk;um;jcif;roifhawmfaomfvnf;/ z&D;arqGef&D tzGJ‹.tjzpfrSefudk az:jyonfhta&;-uD;aomtaxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfayonf? trSefpif ppf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;/ aumif;uifwrefrvmathumrsm;/ omoemh usrf;awmfjrwfrsm;ESifh w&m;awmfuoGefoifaomudk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹onf/ xdkudk;um; csufrsm;xuf rsm;pGmomvGefjrifhjrwfvsuf&Sdayonf?

TpmtkyfwGif az:jyxm;aomt&;-uD;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;onf/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹ 0ifrsm;tygt0if/ vltrsm;u urBmavmuudkowdw&m;&Sd&Sd-unfhjrifEdkifaprnfhenf; vrf;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

Tpmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;aemuf pm±+oltaejzifh/ tawG;tac:a&;&mtjrifwltkyfpk rsm;rSpI owif;pmacgif;pD;rsm;txdudkvnfaumif;/ aw;oDcsif;rsm;rSpI EdkifiHa&;t awG;tac:rsm;txdudkvnf;aumif;/ ydkrdkeuf±d+if;pGm-unfhjrifEkdifjyD; ±+axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh okH;oyfEdkifygvdrfhrnf? tjzpftysuftrsdK;rsdK;wdk‹udk ‚if;wdk‹.aemufuG,frS tajccHt a-umif;&if;rsm;udkvnf; owdjyK &dyfpm;rdvmEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

17

FROM THE TEMPLARS TO ANCIENT EGYPT

c&l;qdwfppfol&Jaumif;rsm; THE CRUSADERS

z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹ESifhywfoufonfhordkif;q&mtrsm;tm;jzifh TtzGJ‹onf c&l; qdwf ppfyGJrSpwifcJhonf[k cH,l-uonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹udk t*FvefEdkifiHwGif 18=&mpkESpf OD;ydkif;avmufwGifrS w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKcJhaomfvnf;/ tzGJ‹.ordkif;tponf c&l;qdwf ppfyGJtxd a&S;uscJhayonf? xdkordkif;ykHjyift& c&l;qdwfppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹pwifcJhonfh tkyfpk odk‹r[kwftzGJ‹udk Edkufwifyvm(Knights Templar) odk‹r[kwf wifyvmrsm;(The Templars)[k ac:-uonf?

TpmtkyfrjyKpkrD ajcmufESpftvsifu/ arqGeftzGJ‹opf(The New Masonic Order) trnf&Sdpmtkyfwpftkyfa&;om;xkwfa0cJh&m/ wifyvmol&Jaumif;rsm;.ordkif;a-umif;udk tawmftweftao;pdwfI avhvmwifjycJhavjyD? xdk‹a-umifh/ Tae&mwGif tusOf;csKH; Iom az:jyygrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹. rlvtpordkif;udk xyfrHavh vmonfhtcg “wurBmvkH;qdkif&m arqGef&DtzGJ‹”.t"dy`g,fudk xyfrHawG‹&Sdaoma-umifh jzpfygonf?

c&l;qdwfppfyGJonf c&pf,mefbmomtwGufwdkufcdkufonfh bmoma&;ppfyGJjzpf onf[k trsdK;rsdK;ta-umif;jy-uaomfvnf;/ tajccHtm;jzifh xdkppfyGJwdk‹onf &kyf0wˆK OpPmypPnf;&&Sda&;udk t"duxm;onfh ppfyGJjzpfonf? Oa&mywdkufY qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif; jzpfaeonfhtcsdefumvwpfckwGif/ ta&SŒwdkif;rsm;=txl;ojzifh ta&SŒtv,fydkif;&Sd rGwfp vifrfwdk‹. -uG,f0csrf;omr+rsm;u Oa&mywdkufom;wdk‹udk qGJaqmifvsuf &Sdaeavonf? TuJhodk‹aom"eOpPmrufarmr+udk bmoma&;,r,f&SmjyD; c&pf,mefomoem oauFwrsm;jzifhrGef;rHcs,foum ppfcif;cJh-uonf? trSefrSm c&l;qdwfppfyGJonf avmuD a&;tusdK;tjrwf&&Sda&;rS arG;zGm;ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;om jzpfavonf? Tta-umif;&if; uyif Oa&myom;c&pf,mefwdk‹. ,QifuusifhokH;cJh-uonfh jidrf0yfydjym;jidrf;csrf;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;aomay:vDpDrsm;u csufcsif;vufiif; ppfvufeufjzifhusL;ausmfa&;ay:vDpDodk‹

18

arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf ykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;'kwd,tmbefuruxjyKaomc&l;qdwfppfyGJacwfrSpwifI

wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf?

c&l;qdwfppfyGJudk pwifcJholrSm ykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;'kwd,tmbef jzpfonf? 1095= ckESpfwGif &[ef;rif;-uD;u uvm;armifhaumifpDtpnf;ta0;qifhac:vdkufonf? xdkt pnf;ta0;wGif c&pf,mefbmom. jidrf;csrf;a&;ay:vDpDudk ypfy,fvdkuf-uonf? rGwf pvifrfwdk‹.vufxJodk‹a&mufaeaom jrifhjrwfonfhe,fajrrsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef bmoma&;ppf a-unmvdkufonf? xdknDvmcHtpnf;ta0;aemufydkif;wGif tvGef-uD;rm; aom c&l;qdwfwyfzGJ‹-uD;udk zGJ‹pnf;vdkufonf? xdkwyfzGJ‹-uD;wGif/ a-u;pm;ppfom;rsm; tjyif omreft&yfom;axmifaomif;ajrmufjrm;pGm yg0ifavonf?

ordkif;yg&*lwdk‹u ykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;'kwd,tmbeftaejzifh ykyf&[ef;&mxl;udk ,OfjydKifrnfh&[ef;wdk‹tm; [ef‹wm;Edkif&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh c±l;qdwfppfyGJpwifjcif;jzpf onf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSbk&ifrsm;/ rif;nDrif;om;rsm;ESifh rif;pdk;&m Zmtodkif;t0dkif;wdk‹onfvnf; ykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;.qifhac:csufudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHcJh-ujcif;ta-umif;&if;rSm trsm;odjyD;om;jzpfonf? tDvDEGdKufwuUodkvfrS 'dkemvf uGJvfvkdu “jyifopfppfol&Jaumif;rsm;u e,fajrydkrdkvdkcsif-uonf? tDwmvDukefonf wdk‹u ta&SŒtv,fydkif;yifv,fqdyfurf;rsm;odk‹ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wdk;csJŒvdk-uonf? =useftrsm;vlxkt&yfom;rsm;u olwdk‹-uHKawG‹aecJh-uonfhae‹pOftcuftcJrsm;rS vGwf ajrmuf&efjzpfonf?”1 Tavmbom;ppftiftm;xk-uD;u vrf;wav#mufwGif rGwf pvifrfESifh *sL;tajrmuftjrm;udk a&GaiG&wemrsm;vk,l&&Sd&ef owfjzwfcJh-uonf? c&l;

19

qdwfppfonfawmfwdk‹onf/ raorDrdrd&Sdausmufrsuf&wemrsm;udk rsdKcsxm;-urnf[k,kH -unfojzifh vlaotavmif;rsm;. 0rf;ydkufudkyif cGJ-unfh-uavonf? c&l;qdwfppfonf rsm;.&kyf0wˆKypPnf;avmb&rufrnfr#txd -uD;rm;onfrSm pwkwˆc&l;qdwfppfyGJwGif c&pf,mefjrdKŒawmfwpfckjzpfonfh uGefpwifwDEdkyvf(tpPwefblvfjrdKŒ)udk zsufqD;ypf&m wGif/ [m*D,mqdkzD,mrS c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;&Sd c&pf,mefeH&Huyft*Fawyef;csD rsm;rS a&$yef;a&$&Gufrsm;udk cGg,l-u&mY pdwfpEdk;paESmifh rjzpfcJh-uacs?

cufcJa0;vHaomc&D;udk av#mufvmcJhonfh aomif;ajymif;axGvmvltrsdK;rsdK;yg 0ifonfh Tc&l;qdwfppfonfrsm;onf vrf;wav#mufvkH; awG‹or#rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk owfjzwf-u&if; 1099=ckESpfwGif a*s&kqvifjrdKŒawmf-uD;odk‹ a&muf&SdcJh-uonf? we*FaEG 5=6 ygwftwGif; jrdKŒawmf-uD;usoGm;I c&l;qdwfppfonfwdk‹onfvnf; jrdKŒ wGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf-uavonf? urBmhvlom;wdk‹u awG‹jrifcJaom&ufpuf-urf; -uKwfjcif;tjyKtrlrsm; usifh-uH-uavonf? jrdKŒawmfwGif;&Sd *sL;bmom0ifrsm;ESifh rGwf pvifrftm;vkH;udk okwfoifowfjzwfypfavonf? “qm&mpifac:rGwfpvifrftm&Af rsm;ESifh wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk awG‹&mocsõif;"g;rqdkif; uav;vl-uD;rdef;rrsm;ygrusef atmif okwfoifowfjzwfypf-uavonf?”2 c&l;qdwfppfonfwpfOD;jzpfol a&rGef tm*GDvufpf u Tta-umif;ESifhywf oufI *k%f,lajymqdkcJhonf?

c&l;qdwfppfonfwdk‹u a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒudk ajAmif;qefoGm;atmif zsufqD;ypf-uonf? tv,facwfrS txufygausmufeH&HwGifxGif;xm;aom yef;csDum;onf xdka-umufrufzG,ftjzpfudk jyxm;onf?

tifrwefaumif;rGefwJhjrifuGif;udk awG‹&w,f? usKyfwdk‹&JŒwcsdKŒvlawGu(oem;usifemqkH; enf;tjzpf) &efol&JŒOD;acgif;udk "g;eJ‹ydkif;jzwfcsvdkufw,f? wcsdKŒu ar#mfpifay:u&efoludk av;eJ‹ypfcsvdkufw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh toufxGufzdk‹ydk-umatmif rD;v#Hrsm;awmufaewJhrD;ykH

20

xJodk‹ ypfcsvdkuf-uw,f? jrdKŒawmf-uD;&JŒvrf;rawGrSm vlvufeJ‹ajcaxmufawG jyef‹usJaewm udkawG‹&w,f? jrif;eJ‹vlaoaumifawGudk cufcufcJcJa&SmifuGif;ausmfv$m;jyD; av#mufoGm;& w,f? aqmvrGefausmif;awmf-uD;u tjzpftysufeJ‹pm&ifawmh 'gawGutao;tzGJjzpfoGm; w,f?==aqmvrGef. rdef‹cGef;ajym&mpifjrifhteD;rS jrif;pD;ol&Jaumif;rsm;u 'l;qpfeJ‹jrif; Zuf-udK;txdepfwJhaoG;tdkifudk jzwfjyD;jrif;pD;jzwf-u&w,f?3

xdktcsdefu rGwfpvifOD;a&aygif; 40000=xufrenf;udk c&l;qdwfppfonfwdk‹u &ufpufqkH;enf;rsm;jzifh owfjzwfcJh-uonf?4 c&l;qdwfppfonfwdk‹u a*s&kqvifjrdKŒudk olwdk‹.jrdKŒawmf-uD;tjzpf owfrSwfI/ ygvufpwdkif;rS tifwDa,muftxdus,f0ef;aom vufwifEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufcJh-uavonf?

aemufydkif;wGif/ c&l;qdwfppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹onf ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'oY olwdk‹. tqifhtwef;udk qufvufxdef;xm;Edkif&ef pwif-udK;yrf;-uonf? olwdk‹wnfaqmuf xm;cJhjyD;aomtajctaeudk qufvufxdef;xm;Edkif&ef pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;vdktyfvmav onf? xdk‹a-umifh ppfwyfykHpHudk pwifwnfaqmuf-uonf? ,Qifu TuJhodk‹aom vuf eufudkiftzGJ‹tpnf; r&SdcJhbl;ay? TtkyfpkwGif tzGJ‹om;rsm;onf Oa&mywdkufrS ygvufp wdkif;a'oodk‹ vmcJholrsm;jzpfI/ c&pf,mefbkef;-uD;ausmif;uJhodk‹aomae&mwGif aexdkif -ujyD; rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf ppfynmudkoif,lavhusifh-uonf?

c&l;qdwfppfonfawmfwdk‹onf olwdk‹a&muf&Sdodrf;ydkufpdk;rdk;aomt&yfa'owdkif;wGif aexdkifolwdk‹tm; "g;rdk;I jcdrf;ajcmuf'kuQay;-uonf?

xdktkyfpkrsm;teuf/ tkyfpkwpfckonf tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh xl;uJpGm jcm;em;onf? ‚if;onf urBmhordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif -oZmanmif;EdkifcJhavmufatmif ajymif;vJwdk; wufvmcJhayonf? ‚if;tkyfpkrSm wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm; (The Templars) jzpfonf?

21

wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm; THE TEMPLARS

wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhtrnftjynfhtpkHjzifhac:&aomf/ =aqmvrGefausmif;awmfESifh oQifc&pfawmf. qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomppfonfawmfrsm;=*kd%f; -uD;udk c&l;qdwfppfyGJjyD;qkH;oGm;jyD;aemuf ESpf20=t-umavmuf 1118=ckESpfwGif c&l; qdwfppfonfawmfwdk‹u a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmf-uD;Y wnfaxmifcJhonf? *dk%f;-uD;udk wnfaxmifolwdk‹rSm jyifopfppfol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfaom Hugues(Hugh) [l*f'DyJ,if;ESifh a*ghz&D'Dpdef‹tdkrm&fwdk‹ESpfOD;u OD;pD;OD;aqmifI wnfaxmifcJhonf? wnfaxmifpwGif *dk%f;om;udk;a,mufom &SdcJhaomfvnf; wajz;ajz;-uD;xGm;rsm;jym;vmcJhavonf? *dk%f; -uD;.trnfudk aqmvrGefbk&if(eADwrefawmf plvdkifref=tvdkifa[hqvmrf). ausmif; awmf-uD;udktrnfo[JjyK rSnfhac:jcif;onf? olwdk‹.*dk%f;A[dkXmecsKyftjzpfa&G;cs,f aomae&monf wpfcsdefu aqmvrGefbk&if-uD;. ausmif;awmf-uD;wnfae&m jzpfonf [k ,kH-unf-uonf? ‚if;ae&monf (ukbfabh tq>ufc&m[f)ac: ausmufaqmif-uD; odk‹r[kwf Dome of the Rock &Sdaomae&mjzpfonf?

wifyvm*dk%f;om;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk “qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomppfonfawmf rsm;”[k rSnfhac:xm;aomfvnf;/ r-umrDtwGif; tvGefcsrf;om;-uG,f0vm-uavonf? Oa&myrS ygvufpwdkif;odk‹vm-uaomc&pf,mefbk&m;zl;rsm;tm;vkH;onf/ olwdk‹. xdef; csKyfr+atmufodk‹ vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;a&mufoGm;avonf? TtusKd;tjrwfjzihf wdkawmif; aomtcsdeftwGif; csrf;om-uG,f0vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,ae‹acwf b%fvkyfief; uJhodk‹aom csufvufrSwftokH;jyKjcif;ESifh c&J'pfac:ta-uG;acsjcif;pepfudk urBmay:wGif yxrOD;qkH;wDxGiftokH;jyKcJh-uonf? jAdwdo#vlrsdK;pma&;q&m rdkufu,fab;*sifhESifh &pf csm'fav;wdk‹.tqdkt&/ wifyvm*dk%f;onf ta&SŒtv,fydkif; t&if;&Sifpepfudk wnf aqmufcJhI/ olwdk‹.bmom,kH-unfr+ESifhqef‹usifaomfvnf; twdk;E+ef;xm;jzifh aiGay; aiG,lvJvS,fjcif;wGiftajccHaompepfudk wnfaqmufI ,ae‹acwfopfb%fpepfudk vrf;cif;ay;cJh-uonf?5

rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk wdkufcdkufowfjzwfolrsm;teuf wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹u trsm;qkH;jyKusifhcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ 1187=ckESpfwGif c&l;qdwfppfonfwdk‹udk wdkufcdkuf atmifEdkifcJhonfh qmvm'if(qvmtl'Nif;)u c&l;qdwfppfonfawmfc&pf,mefbmom0if trsm;tm;jzifhwdk‹udk toufvGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;cJhaomfvnf;/ [wWifppfyGJESifh a*s&k qmvifjrdKŒawmfudkjyefvnfodrf;ydkufjyD;aemufydkif;wGif wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹udkrl um; awG‹or#tm;vkH;udk owfypfvdkufavonf? a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmfudk vufv$wfvdkuf &onfhtjyif ppfol&Jaumif;tajrmuftjrm;toufqkH;±+H;oGm;aomfvnf;/ wifyvmwdk‹ onf aysmufokOf;ukefjcif;r&SdbJ usef&SdaecJh-uonf? ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHwGif c&pf,mef vlOD;a&avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf;/ yxrjyifopfEdkifiHESifh aemiftjcm;Oa&myEdkifiHrsm; wGif/ wdkif;jynftwGif; wdkif;jynfi,ftjzpfa&mufatmif -oZmtm%mv$rf;rdk;cJh-uav onf?

olwdk‹.EdkifiHa&;tm%m-uD;xGm;r+a-umifh/ Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSbk&ifrsm;taejzifh ae rxdxdkifromjzpfvm-uonf? wifyvmwdk‹u omoemhOD;pD;bkef;awmfrsm;udk pdwftaESmifh t,Sufay;onfhaemufxyftcsufwpfcsuf&Sdao;onf? wifyvm*dk%f;-uD;onf c&pf ,mefomoemt,l0g'ESifh qef‹usifaoGjznfazgufjyefaomtjyKtrltrsm;tjym;usifhokH;

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vm-uonf? a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmfwGifaexdkifonfhtcsdefwGif v#dKŒ0SufeufeJ xl;jcm; qef;jym;onfht,l0g'rsm;udk usifhokH;-uonf? xdkt,l0g'. oD;jcm;qef;jym;onfh ylaZmfyor+rsm;udkvnf; usif;y-uonf[laom aumvm[Vowif;xGufvmonf?

aemufqkH; 1307=ckESpfwGif jyifopfbk&if zD;vdy`DavbJvfu T*dk%f;om;rsm;udk zrf;qD;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf? tcsdKŒuvGwfajrmufoGm;-uaomfvnf;/ trsm;tm;jzifh t zrf;cH-u&onf? ykyf&[ef;rif;-uD; yOPrajrmuf uvJrifhuvnf; xdkzrf;qD;okwfoifol wdk‹wGif yg0ifcJhonf? tcsdef-umjrifhpGm ppfaq;ar;jref;cJh-u&m/ tcsdKŒwifyvmppfol&J aumif;*dk%f;om;rsm;u rdpm>'d@dt,l0g'rsm;udk ,kH-unf-ua-umif;ESifh c&pf,mefbmom udk ypfy,fjyD; vltrsm;a&SŒarmufwGif c&pfawmfoQifa,±+udkqJa&;-ua-umif; 0efcH-u avonf? aemufqkH;wGif/ ta&;-uD;qkH;acgif;aqmifjzpfol *suf'Drdkavtygt0if“*&Jif; rmpwm”ac: wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk 1314=ckESpfwGif c&pf ,meftoif;awmfESifhbk&ifrif;jrwfwdk‹u ao'%fay;vdkufavonf? trsm;tm;jzifhudk axmif'%fay;I/ usef*dk%f;om;rsm; upifhuvsm;xGufajy;oGm;-uum *dk%f;-uD;onf vnf; w&m;0iftm;jzifh aysmufuG,foGm;awmhonf?

tcsdKŒordkif;yg&*lwdk‹u/ xdkwifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;udk '%fcwfaomw&m;pD &ifcsufonf jyifopfbk&if.azgufjyefvkyf-uHr+-uD;jzpfI/ ppfol&Jacgif;wdk‹udk tjypfr&Sd ouJhodk‹ wifjyxm;-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TuJhodk‹aom±+axmifhonf tzufzuf wGif tm;enf;csdKŒ,Gif;vsuf&Sdonf? ausmf-um;aomjAdwdo#vlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l eufpwm tdyfcsf 0Jbfpwm (Nesta H. Webster) onf v#dKŒ0Sufqef;-u,faomavmuDynmrsm;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh avhvmcJhjyD;aemuf/ TudpPESifhywfoufonfh olr.±+a'gifhudk v#dKŒ0Suftoif;rsm;ESifh tzsufvkyfief;rsm; (Secret Societies and Subversive Movements) [laompmtkyfwGif qef;ppfxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&onf? yxrtaejzifh/ xdkppfaq;ar;jref; jcif;jyKcsdefwGif/ wifyvm*dk%f;om;tm;vkH;udk ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;jcif; rjyKcJhacs?

aemufxyftcsufwpfcsufrSm/ xdkppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹ ay;cJhaom0efcHcsufrsm;onf ESdyfpufn‡if; yef;jcif;cHae&aoma-umifh xGufqdk0efcHaomtcsufrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;onf pdwful;,Of oufoufomv#if jzpfayonf? EdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;wGif zrf;qD;ppfaq;jcif;cH&onfh wify vmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹.xGufqdkcsufrsm;onf bmompum;rwl a0g[m&tokH;tE+ef;rwl-u aomfvnf; 0wfjyKylaZmfenf;rsm;onf tcsdKŒtcsufrsm;wGif wlnDaeI tcsdKŒtcsufrsm;wGif qifwl&dk;rSm; jzpfaejcif;onf wDxGifcsufomjzpfonf[laom az:jycsufudk ,kH-unfapEdkif &ef tifrwefcufcJayonf? tu,fI w&m;cHwdk‹u ESdyfpufr+udkrcHEdkifojzifh oufouf wDxGifxGufqdk-uygu/ xl;jcm;qef;us,fonfhylaZmfyor+rsm;onfvnf; xdkodk‹yg0ifar;jref; aqG;aEG;onfhyk*~dKvftm;vkH;wdk‹.tvdkqENudkjynfhapjyD; udk,fv$wf&kef;&ef omjzpfygu wpf rsdK;wnf; wpfykHpHwnf;wlnDaeatmif xGufqdk-uvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkodk‹r jzpfyJ wpfOD;csif;. xGufqkdcsufonf ylaZmfyor+tcef;tem;wpfckwnf; wpfrsdK;wnf;udk jynfhpkHpGmaz:jyvsuf&Sdaeonf? ylaZmfyor+tcef;tem;udk OD;aqmifol.Oy"d&kyftaetxm; ESifh t*Fg&yfrsm;/ ylaZmfyoykH yoenf;rsm;onfvnf; tm;vkH;csKHIokH;oyfaomf tcef;tem; wpfckwnf;udk az:jyae-ua-umif; xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdayonf?

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rnfodk‹yifjzpfap/ wifyvmwdk‹udk &kH;wifppfaq;jcif;wGif *dk%f;-uD;wpfckvkH;udk zsufodrf;ypf&ef qkH;jzwfcsuf cscJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdk*dk%f;-uD;onf “w&m;0iftm; jzifh” r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;cJhjcif;r[kwfay? 1307=ckESpfwGif wify vmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;om;rsm;udk &kwfw&ufzrf;qD;onfhtcsdefwGif tcsdKŒol&Jaumif;wdk‹ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;I ajc&mazsmufEdkifcJh-uonf? ordkif;pmtkyftajrmuftjrm;rS &SmazGavhvm&&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;a&;om;xm;onfh pmwrf;wpfapmif t&/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*kd%f;0iftrsm;tjym;wdk‹onf/ xdkumv umaomvdwfc&pf ,meftoif;awmf. tm%mpufudktodtrSwfrjyKaom wpfckwnf;aomEdkifiHjzpfonfh paumhwvefEdkifiHwGif oGm;a&mufcdkvkH-ua-umif;od&.? paumhwvefEdkifiHbk&if a&m bwf omb&l;pfu olwdk‹udk todtrSwfjyK vufcHumuG,fxm;cJhonf? aemifrsm;r-umrD olwdk‹.*dk%f;udk udk,fa,mifazsmufI oufawmifhoufomqufvufwnfwHhzGJ‹pnf;xm; rnfhenf;udk awG‹&Sd-uavonf? jAdwdo#u|ef;pkrS wHwdkif;aqmufvkyfa&;tpnf;t&kH;wGif pdrfh0ifoGm;-ujyD; aemifwGifwajz;ajz; ‚if;tpnf;t&kH;ESifh tzGJ‹cGJrsm;tm;vkH;udk v$rf;rdk; odrf;ydkufvdkuf -uavonf?7

acwfopfumv tpOD;ydkif;avmufwGif wHwdkif;aqmufvkyfa&;tpnf;t&kH;u “arqGeftzGJ‹”(yef;&HtzGJ‹)[k trnfajymif;vdkufonf? paumhwveftzGJ‹cGJonf arqGef tzGJ‹.a&S;tusqkH;tzGJ‹cGJjzpfI paumhwvefEdkifiHodk‹ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹xGufajy; cdkatmif;cJhonfh 14=&mpkESpftxd a&S;usonf? paumhwveftzGJ‹cGJrS csD;jr‡ifhonfhbGJ‹trnf

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c&pf,meftoif;awmf.zrf;qD;jcif;rSxGufajy;vm-uolwdk‹udk

paumhwvefbk&if a&mbwf omb&l;pfu cdkvkHcGifh ay;xm;onf?

rsm;onf wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;rS ppfol&Jaumif;rsm;. bGJ‹xl;*k%fxl;rsm;xuf a&S;usonf? ,ae‹tcsdeftxd TbJG‹rsm;udk tokH;jyKae-uao;onf?

tusOf;tm;jzifh/ wifyvm*dk%f;om;wdk‹ aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;r&SdcJhacs? olwdk‹. wrlxl;jcm;aomtawG;tac:/ ,kH-unfcsufESifh ylaZmfyojcif;xkH;pHwdk‹onf z&D;arqGef&D tzGJ‹toGifjzifh qufvufwnf&Sdaeao;onf? ‚if;pmwrf;onf ordkif;taxmuftxm;t ajrmuftjrm;rsm;u taxmuftulay;xm;&kHru/ vuf&SdtaemufEdkifiHordkif;yg&*ltrsm; tjym; =z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;[kwfolESifhr[kwfolwdk‹yg=uvnf;vufcHxm;aompmwrf; jzpfayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. arqGef*dk%f;opf [laompmtkyfwGif/ TudpPESifhywfoufonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tao;pdwf qef;ppfxm;ygonf?

arqGef&DtzGJ‹. rl&if;ordkif;udk ajc&maumufonfh ‚if;pmwrf;rStcsuftvuf rsm;udk arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;rsm;twGuf xkwfa0aom r*~Zif;rsm;wGif r-umc%udk;um;xm; ayonf? z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹uvnf; Ttcsufudk v+dufvSJpGmvufcH-uayonf? xdkodk‹aomr*~Zif;rsm;teuf wl&uDz&D;arqGefwdk‹twGufxkwfa0aom rDrm&faqeefac: r*~Zif;wGif/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;-uD;ESifh z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹qufpyfr+udk atmuf ygtwdkif; az:jyxm;onf?

1312=ckESpfwGif/ jyifopfbk&ifu c&pf,meftoif;awmf.zdtm;ay;r+a-umifh wifyvmppf ol&Jaumif;*dk%f;-uD;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD; ‚if;wdk‹ydkifOpPmypPnfrsm;udk pdef‹*|ef;rSppfol&Jaumif; rsm;udk ay;tyfvdkufcsdef/ wifyvmwdk‹.vkyfief;v+yf&Sm;r+onf &yfwef‹oGm;jcif;r&SdcJhacs? xdk

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tcsdefwGif Oa&mywcGif ae&mtajrmuftjrm;Y zGJ‹pnf;v+yf&Sm;aejyDjzpfaom z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹ odk‹ trsm;tm;jzifh0ifoGm;-uonf? wifyvmrsm;.acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol rmbd*feufESifh *dk%f;om;tcsdKŒonf paumhwvefEdkifiHwGif cdkvkHI ruf bDeuftrnfjzifh tkwfwHwdkif; aqmufvkyfoltjzifh udk,fa,mifazsmufaecJhonf? paumhwvefbk&ifa&mbwf omb&l;pfu -udKqdkvufcHI paumhwvef&SdarqGeftoif;rsm;tay: -oZmanmif;cGifhjyKxm;cJhonf? xdk‹ a-umifh paumhwvefarqGeftoif;onf ydokumvuf&mESifhtawG;tac:qdkif&mwGif tvGef ta&;ygvmcJhavonf?

ppfol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifh b%f vkyfief;&Sifrsm; = wifyvmwdk‹ t a-umif;pmtkyfjzpfonf

,ae‹tcsdefwGif z&D;arqGefwdk‹u rufbDeuf [l aomtrnfudk tvGefw&mav;pm;-uonf? wifyvmwdk‹ . xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk tarGqufcHcJhonfh paumhw vefz&D;arqGefwdk‹onf aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwGif jyifopf jynfodk‹jyefvmcJh-ujyD; paumhwvef xkH;pHtzGJ‹tjzpf wnfaxmif-uavonf?8

rDrm&faqeefpmapmifonf wifyvmppfol &Jaumif;rsm;ESifh z&D;arqGefwdk‹t-um;qufEG,fr+ ESifhywfoufonfhtcsuftvuftrsm;tjym;udk az:jyay;.? “wifyvmrsm;ESifhz&D;arqGefrsm;” [laomaqmif;yg;wGif/ “wifyvmppfol&Jaumif; *dk%f;-ud;. *dk%f;oGif;tcef;tem;rS ylaZmfyo enf;rsm;onf ,ae‹z&D;arqGef&D. ylaZmfenf; rsm;ESifh twlwljzpfonf?”9 [kaz:jyxm;onf?

,if;aqmif;yg;t&/ arqGef&Drsm; tcsif; csif;ac:-uonfhenf;twdkif;/ wifyvmwdk‹onf vnf; “aemifawmf/nDawmf”10 [kac:cJh-uonf[k qdk.? aqmif;yg;. aemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?

wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;ESifh z&D;arqGeftzGJ‹wdk‹onf tcsif;csif; tvGefw&m-oZmoufa&muf-ua-umif; xif &Sm;onf? aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;. ylaZmfyoenf;rsm;onf yif wifyvmwdk‹xHrS wdkuf&dkuful;,lcJhonf[kqdkEdkif avmufatmif wlnDvSayonf? TtcsufESifhywfoufI/ arqGefwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk wifyvmwdk‹tjzpfcH,l-u ojzifh/ arqGefwdk‹. rlvv#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;onf wifyvm wdk‹xHrS tarGtESpfqufcHcJh-ujcif;omjzpfonf[kyif qdk Edkifygonf? Taqmif;yg;. tpydkif;wGif qdkcJhonfht wdkif;/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹. rif;pdk;&mZmqefonfh tEkynmESifh *dk%f;oGif;ylaZmfyor+tcef;tem;wdk‹onf wifyvmppfol &Jaumif;rsm;. xkH;"avhjzpfI/ z&D;arqGefwdk‹wGif quf vufwnfjrJaeonf[k tusOf;csKH;Edkifayonf?11

tqkH;wGif/ z&D;arqGef&D.Zpfjrpfonf wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;*dk%f;-uD;txd a&S;usI/ arqGefwdk‹onf ‚if;*dk%f;-uD;.tawG;tac:udk qufcHcJh-uonf[k tjywf ajymEdkifayonf? arqGefwdk‹uvnf; Ttqdkudk vufcH-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ olwdk‹. tawG;tac:ydkif;qdkif&moabmobm0onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹qef;ppf&rnfh ta&;-uD;aomudpP jzpfonfrSm {uefrkcs,kHrSm;zG,f&mr&Sdaomtcsuf jzpfayonf? tb,fha-umifh wifyvm

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ppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹ c&pf,mefomoemudk pGef‹v$wfI rdpm>'d@djzpfoGm;-uoenf;? b,ft &mu olwdk‹udk xdkodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhoenf;? tb,fha-umifh olwdk‹a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmf -uD;wGif xdkodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;cJh-uoenf;? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹ cH,lcJhaomtawG; tac:u arqGef&DtzGJ‹rSwpfqifh urBmh(ta&;ESifhvlaer+pepf)wGifrnfodk‹-oZmoufa&muf xdcdkufvmygoenf;?

wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹ESifh ubBmvm[f

THE TEMPLARS AND THE KABALLAH arqGeftzGJ‹0ifESpfOD;jzpfaom c&pPwdkzgEdkufESifh a&mbwfvdkrwfpfwdk‹a&;om;aom [D&mrfaomhcsuf(The Hiram Key) [laompmtkyfwGif/ z&D;arqGef&D. Zpfjrpfta-umif; tcsKdŒudk az:xkwfxm;onf? Tpma&;q&mESpfOD;.tqdkt& arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf wifyvm ppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f; qufvufwnf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹tjyif/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif; wdk‹. rlvZpfjrpfudkvnf; avhvmqef;ppfxm;ayonf?

‚if;wdk‹.pmwrf;rsm;t&/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹onf a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmf wGifaexdkifcJhpOftwGif; ajymif;vJr+tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJhonf? c&pf,meft,l0g'tpm; t jcm;t,l0g'rsm;udk vufcH,kH-unfusifhokH;cJh-uonf? TuJhodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;cJhjcif;. Zpf jrpfrSmvnf;/ a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmf-uD;&Sd aqmvrGefbk&if.ausmif;awmf-uD;wGif awG‹&SdcJh -uaom v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;a-umifh jzpfonf? xdkausmif;awmfudk olwdk‹u tao;pdwfavh vmcJh-uonf? pma&;olwdk‹u/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹onf c&pf,mefbk&m;zl;wdk‹udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef[kqdk-uaomfvnf;/ olwdk‹.tjcm;aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf [efaqmifjcif;omjzpfavonf?

==Twifyvm*dk%f;-uD;udk wnfaxmifcJhonfh wifyvm ppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹u c&pf,mefbk&m;zl;wdk‹tm; tumt uG,fay;onf[laomoufaotaxmuftxm; wpfckr# r&Sdyg? odk‹aomfvnf; [J&k'fbk&if.ausmif;awmf-uD;wGif tao;pdwfwl;az:&SmazGcJh-ua-umif; cdkifvkHonfhoufao cHrsm;&Sdayonf?==12

[D&mrfaomh(The Hiram Key) pmtkyfa&;olwdk‹u om Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;udk awG‹&SdcJh-uonfr[kwf? jyifopfvlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l*Dwef'Dvmazgh*sfuvnf; tvm; wl oabmxm;udk wifjyxm;onf?

xdkppfol&Jaumif; udk;a,mufaqmif&Gufvkdonfhvkyfief; rSm xdka'oudk tao;pdwfavhvm&SmazGI *sL;bmomESifh a&S;a[mif;tD*spfrS xkH;wrf;pOfvmv#dKŒ0Sufcsufqdkif&mpm ayrSwfwrf;rsm;udk &,lvdkjcif; jzpfonf?13

19=&mpkESpftqkH;ydkif;wGif/ a&mf,vftif*sifeD,mwuUodkvfrS csm;vfpf 0Dvfqef u/ a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmfwGifokawoejyKcJhonf? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹onf a*s&k qmvifjrdKŒ&Sd bk&m;ausmif;ysufae&mrsm;odk‹ avhvm&SmazG&efoGm;-uonf[k aemufqkH;

27

wifyvm§arqGefausmif;awmf-uD; a&mhpfvif;0wfjyKqkawmif;&mXme A TEMPLAR-MASON TEMPLE: ROSSLYN CHAPEL

paumhwvefe,f tD'ifbm*fteD;&Sd “a&mhpfvif;0wfjyKqkawmif;&mXme”[krnf wGifonfh c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;onf wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;. rdpm>'d@dt,l 0g'oauFwjzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyK-uonf? TAdrmef-uD;udkaqmufvkyfcJhcsdefw av#mufvkH;wGif/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;-uD;udk qufcHcJhol arqGefrsm;ESifh &dkpDc&l; &Sef;wdk‹udk iSg;I rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac:qdkif&moauFwrsm;jzifh wefqmqif cs,foonf?

wl&uDEdkifiHarqGeftzGJ‹cGJ. rDrm&fqDeefr*~Zif;wGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹.rlvZpfjrpfESifh xdkqkawmif;&mAdrmef-uD;&Sd rdp>m'd@doauFwrsm;ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; az:jyxm;ayonf?

wifyvmppfol&Jacgif;*dk%f;ESifh paumhwvefrSarqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹. pnf;vkH;r+ESifhywfouf aom ,kH-unfEdkifp&mtaumif;qkH;om"uwpfckrSm/ tD'ifbm*f.awmifbuf (10)uDvdkrD wmtuGmta0;&Sd a&mhpvif;&GmrS&JwdkufESifhqkawmif;ylaZmfyo&mAdrmefonf a&S;a[mif; wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹aexdkifcJhonfh bmvef-wdKa'gufrS (15)uDvdkrDwmom a0;uGmjcif; jzpfonf? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹onf pdef‹uvJrSab&GefapmfbGm;-uD;wdk‹.tumtuG,f atmuf T&JwdkufwGif 1312=ckeSpfxd aexdkifcJh-uonf?

==Tqkawmif;yo&mAdrmefudk 1446=48 ckESpftwGif; paumhwvefESifh Oa&mywdkufwcGif vkH;wGif ausmf-um;xif&Sm;qkH;jzpfaom qm0DvsH pdef‹uvJu aqmufvkyfcJhonf? arqGefESifh &dk pDc&l;&Sefwdk‹u aqmufvkyfcJh-uonf? ydokumvuf&mrsm;.t"duyk*~dKvfrSm wifyvmppfol &Jaumif;*&Jif;rmpwmbGJŒ& qm0DvsH pdef‹uvJjzpfI/ Oa&mywcGif vSnfhvnfaeaom arqGefyd okumrsm;ESifh yef;&Hq&mwdk‹udk pkaqmif;ac:,lI aqmufvkyfcJhonf? a&mhpvif;&GmteD;wGif tdrf,mrsm;aqmufvkyfjyD; tzGJ‹cGJwpfck zGifhxm;cJhonf?===

28

yEMufykHpHESifh qif,ifrGef;rHykHwdk‹onf tvGefxl;jcm;ayonf? paumhwvefESifh Oa&mywcGif vkH;wGif ‚if;AdrmefESifhwlonfh tjcm;taqmufttkHwpfckwpfavr# r&Sdacs? [J&k'frif;-uD;. ylaZmfyoonfhAdrmefudk ykHwlul;csxm;jcif;jzpfI/ AdrmefwpfckvkH;udk arqGefoauFwrsm;jzifh jynfheufaeatmif qif,ifrGef;rHxm;ayonf? xdkoauFwrsm;wGif [D&rf.OD;acgif;ESifh ol‹udkowfcJhol.ykH wdk‹udkaz:jyxm;aom eH&Huyfazgif;-uGykHrsm;/ *dk%f;oGif;tcef;tem;ykH rsm;/ rkcfckH;aygif;ul;ausmufESifhpuf0dkif;wdkif;uGefygykHrsm; ponfwdk‹yg0ifonf? TAdrmef-uD; onf tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;/ a[A&l;vlrsdK;/ *dk;wpfvlrsdK;/ aemfrefvlrsdK;/ qJvfwpfvlrsdK;/ puif'DaeAD,ef vlrsdK;rsm;/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;ESifh arqGefwdk‹. ydokumynmvuf&m aygif;pkHyg0ifonfhjyif/ tifrwefxl;jcm;vSyaumif;rGefaom ausmufyef;&Hvuf&mrsm;yg0if vsuf&Sdonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaumif;qkH;rSm wHwdkif;ESifheH&HxdyfqkH;ydkif;rsm;wGif tjcm;tyif rsm;tjyif &Sm;apmif;yifESifh ajymif;zl;ykHrsm;jzifh cs,fvS,frGef;rHxm;jcif; jzpfonf?===

‚if;AdrmeftwGif;Y “rdpm>'d@drGef;rHr+rsm;jynfheufvGef;ojzifh/ 1589=ckESpfwGif a&mhpfvif;apmf bGm;-uD;(Baron of Rosslyn). ESpfjcif;r*Fvmaqmif&Gufay;rnfh c&pf,mefbkef;awmf-uD; u/ ,if;c&pf,mef"rRr*Fvmtcef;tem;jyKrnfhae&mrawG‹a-umif; ta&;qdkcJhbl;avonf? a&mhpfvif;rSpdef‹uvJapmfbGm;-uD;bJ&GeftdkvDAmpdef‹uvJtm; 0dkif;0ef;zdtm;ay;-ujcif;a-umifh/ 1592=ckESpf -o*kwfv 31=&ufae‹wGif/ rdpm>'d@dykHpHw&m;a[mpifjrifhudk zsufypfvdkuf& onf?” (Tamer Ayan, "The Oldest Known Masonic Institution-the Scottish Royal Order," Mimar Sinan, 1998, No.110, pp.18-19)

,lqvdkufonf? ausmif;awmf.tkwfjrpfae&mrsm;wGif wl;qGonfht&mrsm;udk awG‹cJh onf? xdkwl;qGonfht&mrsm;onfvnf;/ wifyvmwdk‹wGifygvmcJhaom vufeuf ud&d,mrsm;jzifh wl;qGjcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfcsufcsavonf? TypPnf;rsm;onf wify vmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh armfuGef;0ifypPnf;ajrmufjrm;pGmpkaqmif;xm;ol a&mbwf b&dkif'GefxHY &Sdaeao;onf?14

29

[D&mrfaomh pmtkyfudka&;om;olwdk‹u wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹. &SmazGwl;az: a&;vkyfief;onf tusdK;rJhrjzpfcJh[k qdk-uonf? xdkppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;onf olwdk‹. urBmudkjrifaom ±+axmifhajymif;vJoGm;Edkifavmufonfh a&S;a[mif;olawmfpifwdk‹. tarGtESpfwpfrsdK;rsdK;udk a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmfwGif awG‹&SdcJhonf[k qdkonf? tjcm;okaw oDtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf; xdkenf;wlyif ,lq-uonf? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹ onf c&pf,mefEdkifiHrsm;rSvmcJhjyD; olwdk‹udk,fwdkif c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf-uaomfjim;vnf;/ c&pf,mefxkH;wrf;pOfvmESifhrwl zDvmqef‹usifonfh rdpm>'d@denf;rsm;jzifh qkawmif;ylaZmf yojcif;/ yOPvufarSmftwwfrsm;udk usifhokH;jcif;tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;oGm;apEdkifavmufaom t&mwpfrsdK;rsdK; &Sd&rnf?

okawoDtrsm;. wlnDaom,lqcsufrSm xdk“wpfrsdK;rsdK;”onf ubBmvm[f jzpf ayonf?

pG,fpkHusrf;rsm;wGifrl/ ubBmvm[fudk oufqdkif&mynm&Sifrsm;rSom em;vnfEdkif aom *sL;bmomrSqifhyGm;vmonfht,l0g'wpfck. eufeJaomynm&yf[k t"dy`g,f az:xm;onf? TzGifhqdkcsuft&ajym&rnfqdkygu/ ubBmvm[fonf awmif&mofusrf; ESifh *sL;bmompmayrsm;rS v#dKŒ0Sufqef;us,fonfhtcsufrsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:xm;jcif;[k qdkvdkonf? TudpPudk ydkrdkIeufeJpGmxyfrHqef;ppfygu ,if;t"dy`g,faz:csufrsm;ESifh wpfjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? TavhvmokH;oyfcsufrsm;rSwpfqifh awmif&mofusrf;awmf jrwfrwdkifrDuwnf;u &SdaecJhjyD;jzpfaom &kyfqif;wkudk;uG,faomrdp>m'd@dt,l0g'oif -um;csufrsm;onf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;t-um;wGif us,fjyefŒoGm;jyD; olwdk‹xHodk‹awmif&mof usrf;awmfjrwf usa&mufonfhaemufydkif;wGif ubBmvm[fwGif xdkrdp>m'd@dt,l0g'oif -um;csufrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;vdkuf-uonf [ked*kH;csKyf&ayrnf?

Tpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aomubBmvm[fta-umif;onf/ ‚if;.Zpfjrpfudkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aponf? arqGef&DbmvJ/ bmeJ‹wlovJ (Masonluk Nedir ve Nasildir) [laompmtkyfwGif pma&;olwl&uDz&D;arqGef rl&mwf tdkZf*if uol.pmtkyf wGifatmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;onf?

ubBmvm[frnfonfhae&mrSpwifIvmcJhonf/ rnfodk‹-uD;xGm;us,fjyef‹vmcJhonf [laom tcsufudk u|Efkyfwdk‹rodyg? ‚if;onf xl;jcm;qef;us,faom t,loD;jcif;rsm;yg0ifonfh *sL;bmomESifhqufpyfaeaom rdp>m'd@dtawG;tac:udk ay;xm;aoma,bk,strnfjzpfonf? *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹ESifhoufqdkifaom v#dKŒ0SufeufeJaom pdwfwefcdk;ynm[k trsm;uvufcHxm;-u onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;wGifyg0ifaomtcsuftvuftcsKdŒonf wdk&m[f(awmif&mof)usrf; xuftvsifrsm;pGma&S;usaeonfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?15

jyifopfordkif;yg&*l a*gh*sfaemf a' armfqD,lu ubBmvm[fwGifyg0ifonfhtcsKdŒ aomtcsuftvufrsm;onf *sL;bmomxuf trSefwu,frsm;pGma&S;usa-umif; &Sif;jy xm;ayonf?16

*sL;vlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l oDtdk'dk &drf;eufu ubBmvm[fonf “*sL;bmom.aoG; a-umxJodk‹pdrfh0ifvmjyD; aemufqkH;wpfckvkH;jynfhoGm;atmiful;pufoGm;onfhn‡ifomaom tqdyfjzpfonf?17 [kqdkonf? aqmvrGef&drf;eufu ubBmvm[fonf “vlom;wdk‹. pdwfudk tqdk;qkH;r+ef0g;apaomt&mjzpfonf?”18 [k owfrSwfxm;.?

30

Traces remain in the Kabbalah, external to Judaism. These stem from the pagan beliefs of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

*sL;bmom.jyifyrS usef&Sdaeao;aom ubBmvmoJvGefp? ‚if;onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHESifh r,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;wdk‹rSrdp>m'd@dt,l0g'rsm;rS tpjyKcJhonf?

&drf;eufu ubBmvm[fonf “vlom;wdk‹.pdwfudk tqdk;qkH;r+ef0g;apaomt&m” [kqdkjcif;rSm/ ‚if;.oif-um;csuftcsdKŒtydkif;udk vltcsdKŒu yOPvufrsufvSnfharSmftwwf ESifhqufEG,fItokH;csaeaoma-umifhjzpfonf? ESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm ubBmvm[f onf yOPvufrsufvSnfharSmftwwfylaZmfyoenf;rsm;tm;vkH;.tajccHtkwf jrpfjzpfvmcJh aoma-umifhwnf;? ubBmvm[fudk avhvmqnf;yl;onfh *sL;bmoma&; q&m&AsDtcsdKŒ wdk‹onf arSmftwwfwGifu|rf;usif-uonf[kqdk-uonf? *sL;vlrsdK;*sL; bmom0ifr[kwf

31

oltrsm;tjym;udkvnf;/ ubBmvm[ftwwfynmu-oZmanmif;I/ ‚if;.oif-um; csufrsm;udk yOPvufrsufvSnfhynmrsm;wGiftokH;jyK-uonf? oufqdkif&mynm&Sifrsm;om em;vnfEdkifaomeufeJaomynm&yfqefonfh avhusifhr+rsm;u tv,fydkif;acwfwGif Oa&mywdkufwpfcGifvkH;wGif acwfpm;cJh-uonf? ‚if;ynm&yfrsm;wGif tvfacrDac: zdkxdk; jcif;vnf;yg0ifI ubBmvmwGif tvGeftrif;cdkifrmpGmtajccHonf?

qef;jym;onfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm/ *sL;bmomonf arm&S,f(wrefawmfrlpm=t vdkifa[hqvmrf)xHawmfodk‹usa&mufcJhaom wdk&m(awmif&mof)usrf;awmfjrwfjzifh pwif cJhonfh wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudk ,kH-unfonfhbmomjzpfaeonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TomoemwGif bmomw&m;uoGefoifxm;aomudk,fusifhw&m;ESifh qef‹usifonfh yOPvufarSmftwwfynmudk usifhokH;aomtajccHusifhpOfrsm;u 0ifa&mufaeonf? T tcsufonfyif txufuu|Efkyfwdk‹qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; ubBmvm[fwGif az:jyxm;aomt csuftcsdKŒonf *sL;bmomodk‹ jyifyrS0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;omjzpfa-umif; az:jyaeayonf?

odk‹aomfvnf;/ TtajccHtiftm;pk. Zpfjrpfu bmrsm;jzpfygoenf;?

*sL;vlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l azbm 'DtdkvDAwfu xdkZpfjrpfonf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS vmonf[kqdkonf? Tpma&;q&m.tqdkt&/ ubBvm[fwGifyg0ifaomtcsuftcsdKŒ. Zpfjrpfonf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfacwftxd a&S;usonf? ubBvm[f.oGefoifcsuftcsdKŒ onf tdpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹.acgif;aqmiftcsdKŒu a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS oif,lqnf; yl;cJhI yg;pyfajymoGefoifenf;jzifh vl‹oufwef;rsdK;qufwpfqufjyD;wpfquf vufqifh urf;cJh-uonf?19

xdk‹a-umifh/ ubBmvm[f§wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;§z&D;arqGef&D qufEG,fr+. tajccHZpfjrpfudk &SmazG&ef a&S;a[mif;tD*spfacwfudk avhvm-u&ygrnf?

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm; THE MAGICIANS OF ANCIENT EGYPT

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHzg&dk;bk&if.acwf,Ofaus;r+onf urBmay:wGif a&S;tus qkH; ,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;wGifyg0ifayonf? ‚if;acwfonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr+-uD;us,fqkH; aomacwfwpfacwfvnf;jzpfonf? ,ae‹txdusef&Sdaeaom-uD;us,fcef;em;onfhtD*spf a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;jzpfonfhyD&rpfrsm;/ rEkoD[rsm;ESifh tdkbDvpfausmufwdkif-uD;rsm;udk axmifaomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaomaus;u|eftaygif;wdk‹u tpmiwfrGwfjcif;ESifh -umyGwf '%fatmufwGif toufaoqkH;onftxd aqmufvkyfay;cJh-u&onf? tD*spfEdkifiH. oufOD;qHydkif zg&dk;bk&ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹udk jynfolvlxkuewfbk&m;rsm;tjzpf &Sdcdk;ylaZmf -uonfudk cH,lvdk-uonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹xuf jrifhjrwfawmfrl.?) a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHta-umif;udk olwdk‹csefxm;cJhaomausmufpmrsm;rS u|Efkyfwdk‹ od&ayonf? Tausmufpmrsm;udk 19=&mpkESpfwGif awG‹&SdcJhI/ yifyef;-uD;pGm-udK;yef;r+jzifh a&S;a[mif;tD*spfpmayudk t"dy`g,faz:EdkifcJh-u&m/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHta-umif;udk od vm-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkausmufpmrsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u a&;om;cJh jcif;jzpfojzifh/ bufvdkufr+jzifh jynfheufaeum tpdk;&udk csD;-uL;xm;onfh ykHpHrsm;jzifhom jynfhvsuf&Sdayonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGufrSmrl/ todynmrsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;udk;um;&rnfht&mrSm uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfyif jzpfayonf?

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uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfrS eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)ta-umif;wGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. pepfESifhywfoufonfh ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufrsm;udk ay; xm;ayonf? uk&ftmeftm,of(tydk'f)awmfrsm;u zg&dk;.twGif;aumifpD(t-uD;trSL; tkyfpk)wGif ta&;-ud;onfhtydkif;ESpfydkif;&Sda-umif;az:jyxm;onf? xdkaumifpDESpfcku zg&dk; bk&ifay:odk‹ ta&;ygonfh-oZmoufa&mufr+&SdykHay:onf? zg&dk;u olwdk‹udk r-umr-um wdkifyifI olwdk‹.t-uHOm%ftwdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Gufonf? atmufaz:jyyguk&ftmef tm,ofawmfrsm;u ,if;aumifpDtzGJ‹u zg&dk;bk&ifay:wGif -oZmoufa&mufykHudk az:jy xm;onf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfomv#if todqkH;jzpf.?)

‚if;jyif (eADwrefawmf)rlpmu “tdk=zpf&fatmifef” igonf {uefpifppf p-um0Vmcyfodrf;wdk‹ udk zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&SifjrwftxHawmfrS apv$wfjcif;cH&aom &plvfwrefawmf wpfyg;yifjzpfacsonf[k ajym-um;cJhav.?

tv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh ywfoufI (wpkHw&mudk -uHzefvDq,f ajymqdkjcif;rjyKyJ)trSef udkomajymqdk&ef ig.tay:Y wm0ef&Sdayonf? igonf {uefpifppf toifwdk‹xH toifwdk‹.t&Sifjrwf txHawmfrS xif&Sm;pGmaomoufaovuQ%mudk ,laqmifcJh avjyD? odk‹jzpfay&m (tdk=zpf&fatmifef) toifonf tpP&mtDvDtrsdK;om;wdk‹tm; ig ESifhtwl xnfhvdkufyg?

xdktcg ,if;(zpf&fatmifef)ujyefajymonfrSm (tdk=rlpm)toifonf oufaovuQ %mwpkHw&mudk ,laqmifcJhI rSefuefpGmajymqdkolwOD;jzpfcJhygv#if xdkoufaovuQ %mudk (ig.a&SŒ0,f)wifjyavmh [k jyefajymav.?

xdktcg xdkeADwrefawmf(rlpm)onf rdrdawmfa0S;udk (ajr-uD;ay:odk‹) ypfcsav&m &kwf w&uf xdkawmfa0S;onf xif&Sm;aomajrG(e*g;)waumif jzpfaeav.?

‚if;jyif xdkeADwrefawmf(rlpm)onf rdrdvufudk (rdrd&ifwGif;/ csdKif;-um;rS) tjyifodk‹qJG I xkwfcJh&m &kwfw&uf xdkvufrSm -unfh±+olwdk‹a&SŒwGif xGef;awmufvsuf &Sdaeav onf?

zpf&fatmifef.trsdK;om;rsm;teufrS t-uD;trSL;wdk‹onf (Tonfhwefcdk;jymËd[mrsm; udkawG‹jrif-uaomtcg) rkcs{uef Tolonf wbufurf;cwf wwfajrmufaom yOP vufq&mwOD;yifjzpfonf[k ajymqdk-uukefonf?

‚if;onf (rdrd yOPvufynm.tpGrf;jzifh) toifwdk‹tm; toifwdk‹.e,fajr(0g)wdkif; jynfrS xkwfypf&ef -uH&G,fvsuf&Sdaeavonf? odk‹jzpfay&m toifwdk‹onf (TudpPESifh pyfvsOf;I) rnfodk‹t-uHay;vdk-uoenf;?

xdktcg ,if;(zpf&fatmifef.rSL;rwf)wdk‹u (zpf&fatmifeftm; Todk‹)av#mufxm;t -uHOm%f ay;-uavonf? ‚if;eADwrefawmf(rlpm)ESifh ‚if;.aemifawmf eAD wrefawmf[m&Geftm; qdkif;cGifhay;yg? qdkif;iHhxm;yg? xdk‹jyif tjrdKŒjrdKŒt&Gm&Gmodk‹ rif;aprsm;udk apv$wfyg?

xdkrif;aprsm;onf bk&ifrif;jrwf.xHodk‹(wbufurf;cwf)u|rf;usifwwfajrmuf aom yOPvufq&mtaygif;wdk‹udk (&SmazG)ac:aqmifvm-uayrnf?

(uk&ftmef pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;104=112)

33

Ttm,ofawmfrsm;wGif trsdK;om;t-uD;trSL;(wpfenf;=aumifpD)u zg&dk;bk&iftm; t-uHay;-ua-umif; az:jyxm;onfudk owdrloifhonf? xdkaumifpDu eADrlpm(tvdkif==)udk qef‹usifEdkifrnfh enf;rsm;jzifh t-uHOm%fay;-uonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹u a&S;a[mif;tD*spfordkif;udk jyefvnf-unfhaomtcg/ Tt-uD;tuJaumifpDwGif tydkif;ESpfydkif;yg0ifI/ ‚if;wdk‹rSm tD*spf ppfwyfESifh xdktcsdefubkef;awmf-uD;rsm;jzpf-uonf?

zg&dk;bk&if. xdktcsdefutkyfcsKyfa&;tpdk;&tm%mwnfaqmufr+tkyfpkESpfckwGif bkef;awmf-uD;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufonfh vlr+a&;tydkif;u tvGefta&;ygaeayonf? xdk bkef-uD;rsm;.yg0ifr+tydkif;udk ydkrdkeufeJpGm -unfh&ygrnf? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS bkef; awmf-uD;vlwef;pm;onf yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm; jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹u zg&dk;.tkyfcsKyfa&; tpdk;&udk axmufcHaom*dk%f;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf xl;jcm;aompGrf;tm;ESifh v#dKŒ0Sufonfh ynmrsm;udk wwfu|rf;-uonf[k ,kH-unf&ayonf? Todk‹aom tiftm;rsm;jzifh tD*spf vlrsdK;wdk‹tay: -oZmvGrf;rdk;xm;-ujyD;/ zg&dk;bk&ifrsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;wGif &mxl; &mcHaumif;rsm; &&Sd-uavonf? Tvlwef;pm;udk tD*spfordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif “atrGef bkef;-uD;rsm;”[k ac:xm;onf? olwdk‹onf yOPvufrsufvSnfharSmftwwfrsm;ESifh rdp>m'd@d t,lylaZmfyoenf;rsm;/ euQwWaA'/ ocsFmbmom&yfESifh *J-oar-wD ponfhodyH`bmom &yfrsm;udk txl;jyKavhvmqnf;yl;-uonf?

Tbkef;awmf-uD;vlwef;pm;onf trsm;ESifha&maESmjcif;rjyKyJv#dKŒ0Sufodkodyfonfh *dk%f;wpfrsdK;jzpfjyD; olrsm;ESifhrwlonfhxl;jcm;aomynmwwf-uonf[kqdk-uonf? T odk‹aom*dk%f;rsm;udk oufqdkif&mynm&Sifrsm;rSom em;vnfEdkifaom eufeJaomynm&yf ydkif&SiftzGJ‹[kvnf; ac:wGif-uonf? wl&uDarqGef&DtzGJ‹om;rsm;udkom jzef‹a0aom arqGef'g*sDpDac:arqGef*sme,fwGif/ z&D;arqGef&D.rlvZpfjrpfonf Todk‹aom*dk%f;rsm;rS

34

pwifvmcJha-umif;ESifh txl;ojzifh a&S;a[mif;tD*spfbkef;awmf-uD;rsm;ta-umif; txl;jyK a&;om;az:jyxm;onf?

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS zg&dk;bk&ifwdk‹.tpdk;&rsm;udk ta&;ygqkH;axmufcHolrsm;onf bkef;awmf-uD;vlwef;pm;(yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm;)jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹. t,l0g'onf

aemifwGif ubBmvm[f.tajccHZpfjrpfjzpfvmjyD; arqGefwdk‹xHodk‹ qufvufI tarGqufcHay;vmcJhonf?

vlom;wdk‹.pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifjcif;Om%fzGH‹jzdK;vmonfESifhtr#/ odyH`ynmonfvnf; wdk;wuf vmonf? xdkrSwpfqifh eufeJaomynm&yfrsm;.v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;onfvnf; rsm;jym;vmay onf? TuJhodk‹wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vm&mY/ v#dKŒ0SufeufeJaomTynm&yfrsm;onf yxrOD;pGm ta&SŒwdkif;=w&kwfjynfESifhwdbufwGif pwifay:aygufI tdEdN,/ r,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;ESifh tD*spfjynfwdk‹odk‹ul;pufoGm;cJh&m/ olawmfpifbkef;awmf-uD;rsm;.ynm&yfrsm;.tajccH jzpf ay:vmcJhonf? aemifESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm usifhokH;usifh-uHvmcJh&mrS tD*spfjynfrS ol awmfpifbkef;awmf-uD;*dk%f;. pGrf;tm;tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfvmcJhavonf?20 a&S;a[mif;tD*spfrS bkef;awmf-uD;*dk%f;.v#dKŒ0SufeufeJaomynm&yftawG;tac:

rsm;onf ,ae‹z&D;arqGefwdk‹ESifh rnfodk‹qufpyfEdkifygoenf;? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf wGifOyrmykHpHtjzpf az:jyxm;aoma&S;a[mif;bk&m;rJhrdp>m'd@dEdkifiHa&;pepfonf/ ESpfaygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u aysmufuG,foGm;cJhavjyD? ,ae‹acwfwGif -oZmouf a&mufEdkifygOD;rnfavm? Tar;cGef;rsm;.tajzrsm;udk &SmazGawG‹&SdEdkif&eftwGuf/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfbkef; awmf-uD;wdk‹. p-um0VmESifh toufZD0defta-umif; ,kH-unfcsuf±+axmifhtjrifudk -unfh &ygrnf?

35

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. &kyf0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif;,kH-unfcsuf THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BELIEF IN MATERIALIST EVOLUTION

[D&mrfaomh trnf&SdpmtkyfwGif t*FvdyfarqGefpma&;q&mESpfOD;jzpfaom c&pPwdk zg Edkuf ESifh a&mbwf vdkrwfpfwdk‹u arqGef&D. rlvZpfjrpfESifhywfoufI a&S;a[mif;tD *spfonf tvGefta&;-uD;onf[k wifjyxm;onf? Tpma&;q&mESpfOD;.tqdkt&/ acwfopfarqGef&Dwdk‹udktarGay;qufcHaponfh ta&;-uD;qkH;tawG;tac:rSm/ p-um0Vm onf ol‹tvdkvdkwnf&SdaejyD; wpfpwpfpzGH‹jzdK;ajymif;vJaeonf[laom rSm;,Gif;onfh t awG;tac:jzpfonf? olwdk‹ESpfOD;u rSm;,Gif;onfh a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.tawG;t ac:udk atmufygtwdkif;&Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹u j'yf0wˆKonf tpOftjrJwnf&SdvmcJhonf? olwdk‹twGuf bk&m;ocifu Avmewˆd bmrStvsif;r&Sd&mu wpfpkHwpfck&Sdvmatmifzefqif;vdkufonfqdkjcif;rSm t"dy`g,f uif;rJh.? olwdk‹.tjrifwGif/ urBmavmuonf z&dkz&JajAmif;qefaeonfhtajctaerS tpD tpOfwusjzpfvmjcif;tjzpfjzifh ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpwifI pnf;&kH;r+tiftm;ESifh z&dkz&JA&rf;A'gtiftm;ESpfrsdK;wdk‹ ppfcif;jcif;pwifvmcJhonf==Tz&dkz&Jtajctaeudk EGef (eef) [kac:I/ plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹==az:jyouJhodk‹==t&mcyfodrf;tm;vkH;onf arSmifrdkufvsuf &Sdonf? aer&Sda&r&Sdonfh tolw&meufaomacsmufrStiftm;pk.twGif;Y zefqif;Edkifjcif; pGrf;tif&Sdae&mu xdkpGrf;tifuyif tpDtpOfusjcif;pwif&ef n$ef-um;xdef;uGyfonf? T epfjrKyfaeaomtiftm;onf z&dkz&Jjzpfaeaom j'yf0wˆKtwGif;&SdaepOf oludk,fwdkifu rdrd. wnf&Sdaejcif;udkrod&Sdacs? jzpfwef&mjcif;(probability)wpfckomjzpfcJhI/ xdkz&dkz&Jjzpfae jcif;twGif;Y wpfckESifhwpfck&pfywfvkH;axG;vmjcif;jzifh tvsif;oifhovdkusbef;jzpfay:vm aom tvm;tvmpGrf;&nfowWd jzpfonf?21

Tae&mwGifaz:jyonfh/ ,ae‹vuf&Sdacwf &kyf0g'DtzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹wifjyavh&Sdaom rSm;,Gif;onfhtqdkrsm;ESifh udkufnDvsuf&Sdaeonfhtcsufudk owdxm;&efvdktyfygonf? ‚if;udkufnDcsufqdkonfrSm/ odyH`ynm&Siftodkif;t0dkif;rS wDxGifawG;qtqdkjyKaom “tDAdk vl;&Sif;oDtdk&D”(ol‹tvdkvdk-uHK-udKufwdkufqdkifIwpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjcif;)/ “z&dkz&J oDtdk&D”(tpueOD;wGiftpDtpOfwusr&SdbJ A&ef;A'gysHŒESHŒaejcif;)ESifh “vdktyfr+a-umifh j'yf0wˆKrsm;zGJ‹pnf;jcif;”ponfwdk‹jzpfonf? EdkufESifhvdkrmwfpfwdk‹u atmufygtwdkif; qufvufaqG;aEG;xm;onf?

tHh-ozG,f&mtcsufrSm/ Tjzpfay:jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh az:jycsufonf acwfopfodyH`ynmt qdkESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfaejcif;yif? txl;ojzifh “z&dkz&JoDtdk&D”u/ tifrweftEkpdwfonfh ykHpHrsm;xGufay:vmjyD;/ ocsFmenf;t& rnfonfh-udKwifpDrHrr+r#r&Sdonfh tjzpftysufrsm; tm; xyfrHIqifhuJjzpfay:vmcJhjcif;tjzpfudk/ jyoxm;ayonf?22

EdkufESifhvdkrwfpfwdk‹u a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.rSm;,Gif;aom,kH-unfcsufESifh acwfopfodyH`ynmwdk‹o[Zmwjzpfonf[k wifjyjcif;rSm/ olwdk‹u &kyf0g't,ltqodyH` ynmudk rSm;,Gif;pGmt"dy`g,faumuf,l,kH-unf-uojzifh Todk‹qdkvdkjcif;jzpfI/ tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&D odk‹r[kwf z&dkz&JoDtdk&Dudk qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf? TrSm;,Gif;aomoDtdk&Dwdk‹onf rnfonfhodyH`ynmtajccHr#r&Sdaomfvnf;/ vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpfck(ESpfaygif;ESpf&mavmuf) -umjrifhonftxd odyH`avmuodk‹twif;oGwfoGif;cJh-ujyD;/ olwdk‹.oDtdk&Dudk odyH`ynm t& w&m;0ifonf[kxifatmif vkyfcJh-uonf? (a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;wGif xdkoDtdk&D rsm;udk odyH`avmuodk‹ twif;t-uyfoGwfoGif;olrsm;ta-umif; avhvm-uygrnf?)

36

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.“urBmhtjrif”onf Tausmuf&kyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrKyfaecJh jcif;r&Sd? ,ae‹acwftxd qufvuf,laqmifvmcJh-uonf? rdrdudk,fudk a&S;a[mif; tD*spfwdk‹.tarGcH rsm;[kxifjrifowfrSwfoltoif;tzGJ‹wdk‹u ,laqmifvmcJh.?==

TwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹ Tpmtkyf.ta&;-uD;onfhtqifhodk‹a&muf&Sdvmayonf? T tcsdeftxd od&Sdaz:xkwfcJhjyD;or#tcsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKH;-unfh-uygpdk‹? 1? arqGef&D.rlvZpfjrpfjzpfonf[k xif&aom wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;*dk%f;t a-umif; pwifaqGaEG;cJh-uonf? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹onf/ c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfcJh-u aomfvnf; a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒwGifawGŒ&SdcJhaomv#dKŒ0SufeufeJaomynmrsm;a-umifh c&pf ,mefbmomudkypfy,fIbmomt,l0g'rsm;udkqef‹usifaom rdp>m'd@dylaZmfyoenf;xkH;pH rsm;udk vufcHusifhokH;onfh tzGJ‹tpnf;tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJoGm;cJh-uonf? 2? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹udk rnfonfhtawG;tac:oif-um;csufu -o Zmoufa&mufv$rf;rdk;oGm;oenf;[k ar;v#if/ ubBmvm[fjzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&onf? 3? ubBmvm[fudkppfaq;aomtc:/ *sL;bmom.v#dKŒ0SufeufeJaomynm ESifh qifwlaeaomfvnf;/ ‚if;onf *sL;bmomr[kwfbJ/ *sL;bmomxJodk‹pdrfh0ifvmcJh aom tjcm;bk&m;rJhoif-um;csufrsm;omjzpfa-umif;oJvGefprsm;ESifhjynfhaeI/ ‚if;.rlv ZpfjrpftrSefonf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHjzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? 4? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHonf zg&dk;bk&if. rdp>m'd@dpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaomEdkifiH jzpfonf? Twdkif;jynfwGif ,ae‹acwfopfbk&m;rJhtawG;tac:pwifcJha-umif; awG‹&Sd& .? ‚if;rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:rSm p-um0Vmonf rdrdzgomtvdkvdkwnf&SdvmcJhI -uHK -udufr+jzifh ajymif;vJvmcJhonf [laomtawG;tac:jzpfonf? Ttcsufrsm;u pdwf0ifpm;zG,fykHyef;udk trSefyifaz:jyaeayonf? a&S;a[mif;tD *spfEdkifiHrSbkef;awmf-uD;rsm;.tawG;tac:qufvuf&Sifoefaejcif;onf rawmfwq-uHK -udKufjcif;avm? ,ae‹tcsdeftxd-uD;pdk;r+udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;onfh ubBmvm[f =wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifh arqGef&DqufEG,fr+oJvGefp&Sdaejcif;onfvnf;rawmf wq-uHK-udKufjcif;omjzpfygovm;?

37

vGefcJhonf wpfq,fh&Spf&mpkESpfrSpwifI urBmhordkif;wGif/ awmfvSefa&;rsdK;pkHudk v+HŒaqmfqGay;vmcJhjcif;/ tawG;tac:ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfrsm;udk jyKpkysdK;axmifvmcJh-ujcif;/ ponfhxif&Sm;aomajc&mvuf&mrsm;udk xifcsefxm;aomarqGefwdk‹onf a&S;a[mif;tD *spfyOPvufarSmfq&mwdk‹. tarGpm;tarGcHrsm;jzpfEdkifygovm;? Tar;cGef;rsm;udk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGmajz-um;Edkif&eftwGuf/ u|Efkyfwdk‹,QKtcsdeftxd twdkcsKH;IomajymcJhonfh ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk ydkrdkeD;uyfaphpyfpGm qef;ppf-u&ygrnf?

38

THE INSIDE STORY ON THE KABBALAH

“xGufajrmuf&musrf;“(Exodus)onf/ wdk&musrf;. 'kwd,usrf;tapmif jzpf onf? Tusrf;tapmifY/ tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ arm&S,f(wrefawmfrlpm=tvdkifa[h qvmrf).acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGifaeI tD*spfEdkifiHrSrnfodk‹xGufajy;I zg&dk;bk&if. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rS rnfodk‹vGwfajrmufoGm;-uonfhta-umif; az:jyxm;onf? zg&dk; bk&ifonfvnf; tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;rsm;udk u|eftjzpfcdkif;apxm;&m rv$wfay;apvdkcJhacs? odk‹aomfvnf; bk&m;ocifu arm&S,f(wrefawmfrlpm=tvdkifa[hqvmrf)rSwqifh jyo awmfrlaomtHhzG,fwefcdk;jymËd[mESifh&ifqdkif&jyD; ol.vlrsm;udk ab;Oyg'fusa&mufap onfudk awG‹jrif&aomtcg/ zg&dk;bk&ifonf aemufqkwfoGm;avonf? odk‹jzifh/ wpfn wGif tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹tkyfpk-uD;tjzpfpk&kH;-ujyD;/ tD*spfjynfrS xGufajy;-uavonf? aemufr-umrD zg&dk;bk&ifu xdktpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;vltkyf-uD;udk wdkufcdkufavonf? odk‹ aomfvnf; bk&m;ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u tpP&mtDvDtrsdK;om;rsm;tm; wref awmf rlpm(tvdkif==)rSwqifh jyoawmfrlaom wefcdk;jymËd[mrsm;jzifh u,fwifcJhavonf?

a&Sa[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ xGufcGmoGm;cJhonfh tjzpfta-umif; ESifhywfoufonfh ta-umif;&yfrsm;udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifom trSefuefqkH;t jzpfawG‹&SdEdkifonf[k u|Efkyfwdk‹,kH-unfygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ wdk&m(awmif&mof usrf;awmfjrwf)onf wrefawmfrlpm(tvdkif==)xHawmfodk‹ csay;awmfrlaom usrf;*eft ppftrSefjzpfaomfvnf;/ aemufydkif;wGif jznfhpGufjyifqifjcif;jyKcJh-ujcif;a-umihfjzpfonf? "rRa[mif;usrf;(5)apmifjzpfonfhurBmOD;usrf;/ xGufajrmuf&musrf;/ 0wfjyK&musrf;/ awmvnf&musrf;ESifh w&m;a[m&musrf;wdk‹wGif wpfapmifESifhwpfapmifuGJvGJr+tajrmuf tjrm;&Sdonf? w&m;a[m&musrf;wGif eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)oufawmf ukefqkH;I rnfodk‹jrKyfESHcJhonfhta-umif;yg&Sdaejcif;onf/ wrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[h qvmrf). aemufydkif;wGif xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; jiif;qdkIr&onfhtcsuf jzpfayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ trSefuefqkH;tao;pdwf az:jyxm;onf? xdk‹xuf ru tjcm;Zmwfa-umif;rsm;rSmuJhodk‹yif az:jyaomZmwfa-umif;wpfckvkH;wGif tv†m[f t&Sifjrwfu eufeJaomajrmfjrifr+todw&m;todOm%frsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;ayonf?

39

xdk‹a-umifh TZmwfa-umif;rsm;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.w&m;a'oemawmfudk ,kH-unf olwdk‹u aojcmaphpyfpGm avhvm-unfhygu oifcef;pmtrsm;tjym;&,lrnfjzpfonf?

a&$EGm;uav;&kyfqif;wk THE GOLDEN CALF

tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ omoemrSef rS vrf;vGJaoGznfoGm;jyD; olwdk‹ udk;uG,faomEGm;&kyfonf tD*spf vlrsdK;wdk‹udk;uG,fonfh a&$jzifh oGef;avmif;xm;aom&kyfxkjzpf a-umif; okawoDtrsm;uqdk-u onf?

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyaomt a-umif;rsm;Y ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufrsm;rSm/ tpP&m tDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk zg&dk;bk&if.zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f &uf pufpGmu|efjyKaomb0rS/ eADrlpm(tvdkifa[hq vmrf)rSwpfqifh u,fwifcJhaomfvnf; tcsdKŒaom olwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&SifjrwfcsrSwfay;oem; awmfrlaomw&m;vrf;rSefrSaoGznfoGm;-ujcif;t a-umif; jzpfonf? tcsdKŒaomtpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ onf wrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf) a[m -um;jyoaomomoemw&m;a'oemudk em;vnf oabmaygufjcif;r&Sd-uonfhtjyif/ &kyfqif;wkudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;Y qufvufusifhokH;cJh-u .?

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfu/ Todk‹aom aoGznfonfhvrf;pOfodk‹ udkif;nGwfr+ESifhywfoufI az:jyxm;.?

xdkrSwyg; igt&SifjrwfonftpP&mtDvDt rsdK;om;wdk‹tm; ork'N&myifv,fudk ul;ausmfjzwfoef;I wbufurf;odk‹a&mufap awmfrlcJhavonf? xdk‹aemuf ‚if;wdk‹onf t-uifvlrsdK;wdk‹xH a&muf&Sdvm-uukefonf? xdkvlrsdK;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. &kyfyGm;qif;wk rsm;xH csOf;uyf(udk;uG,f)vsuf &Sd-uavonf? xdktcg ‚if;(tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;)wdk‹u tdk=(eADwrefawmf)rlpm/ toifonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹tzdk‹vnf; ‚if;wdk‹Y &Sdukefaom udk;uG,f &mrsm;uJhodk‹ udk;uG,f&mwqludk jyKvkyfIay;ygavmh[k ajymqdk-uavonf? (eADwref awmf)rlpmu “tcsif;wdk‹” toifwdk‹onf {uefpifppf todw&m;uif;rJh-uukefaom olrdkufrsm;yif jzpf-uukefonf[k ajymqdkcJhav.? {uefrvJG ‚if;wdk‹vkH;yrf;vsuf&Sdaom tr+udpPrsm;onf zsufqD;jcif;cH&ayrnf? xdk‹jyif ‚if;wdk‹jyKvsuf&Sd-uaomtr+ udpPrsm; onf(vkH;0)tcsnfESD;(tajctjrpfr&Sdaom)udpPrsm;omjzpfukef.? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;138=139) wrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)owday;xm;aomfvnf;/ wrefawmfrlpmu qDEdkif;awmifay:odk‹wufoGm;aomtcg/ tcsdKŒaomtpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹. aoGznfr+wdk‹ onfvnf; bGif;bGif;ay:vmawmhonf? eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)r&Sdonf udk tcGifhaumif;,lI qmrD&D[laomyk*~dKvfwpfOD;u ay:vmcJhonf? xdkyk*~dKvfonf tpP &mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ &kyfqif;wkudk;uG,fvdkjcif;odk‹ udkif;nGwfae-uonfhpdwfudk E+d;qGay;I EGm;uav;&kyfqif;wkwpfckudk oGef;avmif;jyD; udk;uG,f-u&ef jrLqG,fajymqdkavonf? xdktcg rlpmonf rdrdtrsdK;om;wdk‹xHa'gotrsufxGufum 0rf;enf;ylaqG;pGm jyefvmcJhjyD;v#if (Todk‹)ajymqdkcJhavonf? tdk=u|Ekfyf.trsdK;om;wdk‹/ toifwdk‹udk zef qif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tm; aumif;jrwfvSpGmaom uwdudkay; awmfrlcJhonf r[kwfavm?

40

odk‹jzpfay&m toifwdk‹tay:Y csdef;csufxm;aomxdktcsdefumvonf &Snfvsm; -umanmif;cJhavjyDavm? odk‹wnf;r[kwftoifwdk‹onf rdrdtay:Yrdrdwdk‹t&Sifjrwf. t rsufawmfoufa&mufjcif;udk tvdk&Sdaoma-umifh u|EkfyfESifhxm;&SdjyD;jzpfaom uwdudk azmufzsufcJh-uavoavm? (xdktcg) ,if;trsdK;om;wdk‹u (Todk‹)ajym-um;cJh-uukef.? (tdk=eADwrefawmf rlpm/ pifppf) u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf toifESifhxm;&SdcJhaomuwdudk rdrdwdk‹tvdkoabmESifh azguf zsufcJh-uonfr[kwf/ odk‹&mwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹rSmrlum; (upfAfwD)trsdK;om;wdk‹. vuf0wf vufpm;rsm;udk ypfcscJh-uayonf? xdk‹aemuf pmrd&Donfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;yif ypfcscJh avonf?

xdk‹aemuf ,if;pmrd&Donf ‚if;wdk‹tzdk‹toHxGufaom EGm;i,fuav;wpfaumif . cE<mudk,ftoGifo¾mefwpfckudk (oGef;avmif;)xkwf,lvmcJhavonf? (xdktcg) ,if;trsdK;om;wdk‹u “Tonfyif toifwdk‹. udk;uG,f&mt&Sif/ rlpm.udk;uG,f&mt &Sifjzpfonf? odk‹aomf rlpmum;(rdrdudk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; TrSmyif)arhxm;cJhavjyD”[k (tcsif;csif;) ajymqdk-uavonf? (pl&mwGm[m 20;86=88)

tb,fha-umifh tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ &kyfqif;wkjyKvkyfjyD;udk;uG,fvdkpdwf tquf rjywf&Sdae-uoenf;? Todk‹aompdwf"gwfudkif;nGwfr+onf bmupwifvmcJhoenf;?

,Qifu &kyfqif;wkrsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;yl;jcif;r&Sdonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ ae &if;xdkif&if; t"dy`g,fr&Sd &kyfqif;wkwpfckckudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvdkonfhpdwfay:ayguf vmrnfr[kwfonfrSm &Sif;aeygonf? &kyfqif;wkrsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfcJh-uolwdk‹ omv#if xdkuJhodk‹pdwful;ESifh qENjzpfay:vmEdkifayonf?

odk‹aomfvnf;/ tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf olwdk‹.bdk;ab;jzpfaom tDb&m[ifrf (tmb&m[rf).vufxufupI wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;oQifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfcJhol rsm; jzpfonf? “tpP&mtDvD”vlrsdK;rsm;[laomtrnfuyif “tpP&mtDvf.om;orD; rsm;”[k t"dy`g,f&onf? tpP&mtDvfonf wrefawmf,mukbf (*sufaumhbf).bGJ‹awmf jzpfonf? aemifwGif *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vkH;u xdktrnfudk,lI ,mukbf(*sufaumhbf). om;orD;rsm; (0g) tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;rsm;[k ac:wGifvm-uonf? tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹ onf? tmb&m[rf/ tdkufZufESifh *sufaumhbf(eADwrefawmftDb&m[ifrf/ tpP[mufESifh ,tfulbf=tvdkif[krfqvmrf)wdk‹xHrS wyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocifudk udk; uG,fqnf;uyfonfhomoemudk xdef;odrf;vmcJh-uonf? xdkwrefawmfwdk‹onf/ *sKd;Zuf (wrefawmf,lqGzf=tvdkifa[hqvmrf)ESifhtwl/ jynfoltrsm;pku &kyfqif;wkudk udk; uG,f-uonfh tD*spfEdkifiHodk‹oGm;a&mufaexdkif-u&mwGif ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm rdrdwdk‹. omoemudk xdef;odrf;xm;cJh-uonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;csuft&/ eADwrefawmfrlpm=tvdkifa[hqvmrf ay:xGef;csdefwGif tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹ .rl&if;omoemtwGif;&Sd-uI tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ,kH-unfae-uqJjzpfonf?

TudpPESifhywfoufI/ tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;udk udk; uG,fonfhrdrdwdk‹.t,l0g'udk rnfr#yifxdef;odrf;xm;-uayaomfvnf;/ ESpf&Snfvrsm; -umjrifhvmaomtcg/ olwdk‹aexdkifvsuf&Sdaomywf0ef;usifvlwdk‹. rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'-o Zmv$rf;rdk;r+&Sdojzifh/ tcsdKŒaomtpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf wajz;ajz;twk,lum rdrdwdk‹. t,l0g'ESifhwGJzufI &kyfqif;wkudk;uG,fjcif;jyKvm-uonf[k &Sif;jyjcif;onf toifh awmfqkH;jzpfayonf?

TudpPESifhywfoufI ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif xyfrHavhvmppfaq;-unfhaomt cg/ tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹tay: -oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;onfh rdp>m'd@dt,lonf a&S;a[mif;tD*spf

41

vlrsdK;wdk‹. t,l0g'jzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? wrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf) qDEdkif;awmifay:odk‹ wufoGm;csdefwGiftpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk;uG,f-uonfh a&$EGm;uav; &kyfqif;wkonf tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹udk;uG,fonfh “[maomf”ESifh“tmzpf”EGm;uav;&kyf qif;wkESpfckudk ykHwlul;oGef;avmif;xm;jcif; jzpfa-umif;yif TtqdkudkaxmufcH onfhta&;-uD;qkH; om"utaxmuftxm; jzpfayonf? c&pf,mefpma&;q&m &pfcsm'f

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ udk;uG,fonfh “[maomf”ac: a&$EGm;uav;&kyfqif;wkwpfck

&dAfpfu ola&;om;aom Too Long in the Sun [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;.?

EGm;ruav;“[maomf”ESifh EGm;xD;uav;“tm zpf”&kyfqif;wkESpfckonftD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ udk;uG,f aomaerif;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfhewfbk&m;jzpf onf? olwdk‹.,if;udk;uG,fr+onf aerif;udk udk;uG,f udkif;±+dif;onfh &Snfvsm;vSonfhordkif; a-umif;.tqifhwpfqifhjzpfonf? qDEdkif;awmif ajcrS a&$EGm;uav;&kyfqif;wkESifh xdktcsdefu usif;ycJhonfhylaZmfyoyGJ-uD;onf aerif;-uD;udk udk;uG,faomxkH;pHtwGuf vkHavmufaomouf aotaxmuftxm;jzpfayonf?==23

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ udk;uG,fonfh [maomf EGm;uav;&kyfqif;wkwpfck?

42

tcsdKŒaomtpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹tay: tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'-oZm oufa&mufjcif;onf tqifhtrsm;tjym;&SdcJhonf? rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'udk ,kH-unfusifhokH; onfhvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh awG‹qkHonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ &Sd&if;pGJ&kyfxkudk;uG,fvdkonfhqENjyif; jyvmojzifh uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf(tm,ofawmf 7;138)wGifaz:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; “tdk=(eADwrefawmf)rlpm/ toifonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹tzdk‹vnf; ‚if;wdk‹Y &Sdukefaom udk;uG,f &mrsm;uJhodk‹ udk;uG,f&mwqludk jyKvkyfIay;ygavmh”[k eADwrefawmfrlpmtm; awmif; qdk-uavonf? eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)udk “tdk=rlpm/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk 'dXrsuf0g;xifxif rzl;jrif&or#umvywfvkH; u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf toifhtm; tvsif;,kH-unf-urnfr[kwf”[k ajymqdk-uukef.? (pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;55)? Ttm,ofawmft& tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;u oGefoifxm; onfhtwdkif; rsufpdjzifhjrifawG‹&onfh0wˆKypPnf;&kyfqif;wkudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;Y tm;oef-ua-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfrdp>m'd@dt,l0g'udk tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;tcsdKŒwdk‹ pGJvrf;jcif;ESifhywf oufIt-urf;zsOf;az:jyjcif;onf/ rlvwdk&musrf;*efpmom;rsm;vGJacsmfajymif;vJvmcJh jcif;ESifh ubBmvm[f pwifvmonfh rlvZpfjrpfudk oabmayguf&eftwGuf ta&;-uD; ayonf? Tacgif;pOfESpfckudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹aocsmpGmqef;ppf-unfhaomtcg ‚if;wdk‹.Zpfjrpf onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS ubBmvm[fodk‹ FROM ANCIENT EGYPT TO THE KABBALAH eADwrefawmfrlpm(tvdkifa[hqvmrf) oufawmfxif&Sm;aepOfrSmyif/ tpP&mtDvD vlrsdK;tcsdKŒwdk‹onf tD*spfEdkifiHwGif awG‹jrifpGJvrf;cJhonfh &kyfqif;wkudk;uG,fonfht,l 0g'udkjyefvnfpdwfpGJvrf;ESpfouf-uI qufvufudk;uG,f-uonf? eADwrefawmfrlpm uG,fvGefjyD;onfhaemufydkif;rSmrlum; omoemrSefrSaoGznfjcif; wdk;vmcJhavonf? *sL; vlrsdK;tm;vkH; xdkuJhodk‹jzpfonf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf;/ tcsdKŒu tD*spfEdkifiHrS rdp>m'd@dt,l 0g'udk trSefyifvufcHusihfokH;-uonf? tD*spfeef;wGif;yOPvufatmufvrf;arSmfq&mwdk‹ .rSm;,Gif;aomoif-um;csufrsm;udk qufvuf,laqmifusifhokH;-u&if; xdkoif-um;csuf rsm;udk rdrdwdk‹.omoemhxkH;pHusifhpOfrsm;ESifhpmayrsm;wGif oGwfoGif;azgufjyefvmcJh-u onf? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS*sL;bmomodk‹ ,laqmifoGwfoGif;onfhoif-um;csufrsm; udk ubBmvm[fwGifvnf; oGwfoGif;-uonf? tD*spfvlrsdK;bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;uJhodk‹ ‚if; onfvnf;eufeJaomynm&yfpepfjzpfI atmufvrf;yOPvufarSmftwwfusifh-uHjcif;wGif tajccHayonf? ubBmvm[fwGif zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI wdk&m[fusrf;*efESifhrwl aoGznfvrf;vGJonfht,ltqay;xm;jcif;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;p&mwpfckjzpfonf? ‚if;t ,ltqrSm &kyf0g'jzpfI a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm; tpOftjrJxm0& wnf&Sdonf[laom rSm;,Gif;onfh tawG;tac:jzpfonf? Tacgif;pOfESifhywfoufI wl& uDvlrsdK;z&D;arqGefwpfOD;jzpfol rl&mwftGZf*sifu atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;onf?

ubBmvm[fonf wdk&musrf;ray:aygufrDtvsifESpfaygif;rsm;pGmupI pDpOfa&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfa-umif;xif&Sm;onf? ubBmvm[f.ta&;-uD;qkH;u¾rSm p-um0Vmpwifjzpfay:vm jcif;oDtdk&Djzpfonf? ToDtdk&Donf bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,faombmomt,l0g'u vufcH xm;aom zefqif;jcif;ta-umif;ESifh tvGefuGmjcm;aeayonf? ubBmvm[ft&/ zefqif; jcif;.tpueOD;wGif/ aqzD&Gwf(Sefiroth)ac: &kyf0wˆKESifhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mt*Fg&yfESpfrsdK;pvkH;

43

yg0ifonfh “t0dkif;o¾mef” odk‹r[kwf “ywfvnfvSnfhaeaomt&m”rsm; &Sdonf? tm;vkH;pk pkaygif; 32=ck&Sdonf? yxr 10=cku ol&d,pepfudkudk,fpm;jyKI/ useft&mrsm;u -u,f wm&mrsm;ESifh -um;&Sdtmumoudkudk,fpm;jyKonf? ubBmvm[foif-um;csufrSTtcsuf onf a&S;a[mif;euQwfaA'ifynmESifhqufpyfvsuf&Sda-umif;az:jyvsuf&Sdonf?==xdk‹a-umifh/ ubBmvm[fonf *sL;bmomt,l0g'ESifhroufqkdifbJ ta&SŒwdkif;rS qef;jym;aoma&S;a[mif; bmomt,l0g'ESifh ydkrdkI eD;pyfoufqdkifaeayonf?24

aqzD&Gwfonf ubBmvm[f.ajAmiftusqkH; vdk&mqGJIrrSefruefwDxGifxm;aomt,l0g' oif-um;csufjzpfonf? vuf0JbufykHyg ubBmvm[fausmufpmwGif awG‹&aomt0dkif;ykHrsm;onf aqzD&Gwf tcsdKŒjzpf onf? ubBmvm[fq&mrsm;u zefqif;jcif;udk aqzD&Gwfjzifh &Sif;jy-uonf? olwdk‹wifjyaom Zmwfvrf;onf pdwful;,Of'¾m&Dt,ltqom jzpfI rdk;ususrf;*efrsm;wGif az:jyxm;aomt csufrsm;ESifh zDvmqef‹usifjcm;em;vsuf&Sd.?

tcsdKŒaom*sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHESifh r,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;,Ofaus;r+rsm;. -oZm v$rf;rdk;jcif;cH&I/ bk&m;ocifu olwdk‹twGuf b0vrf;n$eftjzpfcsrSwfay;awmfrlaom wdk&musrf; awmfjrwfrS aoGznfoGm;jyD;/ &kyf0wˆKtrsdK;rsdK;udk udk;uG,fpjyKvmcJh-uonf? txufykHrSm rdp>m'd@dt ,l0g'. ol&d,aerif;udk ylaZmfyoonfhar#mfpifjrifh ausmif;awmf-uD;jzpfonf?

44

,[l'D*sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ xdka&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. &kyf0g'ESifhatmufvrf; yOPvufarSmftwwfynmwGiftajccHaomeufeJqef;jym;onfhoif-um;csufrsm;udk vufcH usifhokH;I/ wdk&musrf;awmfjrwfwGif wm;jrpfxm;aomtcsufrsm;udk ypfy,fvdkuf-u onf? rdp>m'd@dwdk‹.yOPvufarSmftwwfylaZmfyoenf;rsm;udk vufcHusifhokH;-uonf? odk‹ jzifh/ ubBmvm[fonf *sL;omoemtwGif; wdk&musrf;awmfjrwfESifhqef‹usifonfh v#dKŒ 0SufeufeJaomatmufvrf;ynm&yftjzpf yg0ifoGm;avonf? t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mr-uD; eufpwm tdwfcsf 0Jbfpwmu ol. Secret Societies and Subversive Movements [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

ya,m*jyKpm;jcif;arSmftwwfynmudk umeefe,fom;wdk‹u/ ygvufpwdkif;wGif tpP&mtDvD vlrsdK;wdk‹0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuftajccsjcif;rjyKrDtvsifuwnf;u/ usifhokH;ae-ujyD;jzpfonf? tD*spf/ tdEdN,ESifh *&dEdkifiHwdk‹rSmvnf; aA'ifq&mrsm;&SdaejyD;jzpfonf? arma&SxHodk‹usa&muf onfhusrf;*efwGifyg&Sdaomwm;jrpfcsufynwfcsufrsm;udk *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹u *&krrlbJ ab;ywf 0ef;usif"avh,kH-unfcsufrsm;ul;pufvmjzifh olwdk‹.usrf;*efrsm;wGif yOPvufarSmftwwf atmufvrf;ynmtawG;tac:rsm;udk a&maESmpyf,SufI tjcm;vlrsdK;wdk‹.t,l0g'rsm;udk rdrdwdk‹.xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;tjzpfarG;pm;usifhokH;-uavonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif yg;&Sm;vlrsdK; wdk‹.r*~DtawG;tac:/ yvmwdktawG;tac:opf/ ydkufom*dk&yftawG;tac:opf ponfhtawG; tac:rsm;udkiSm;&rf;I ubBmvm[f.a&SŒa&;aA'ifa[mtwwfydkif;udk jznfhpGuf,l-uonf? Ttcsufrsm;u ,ae‹vuf&Sdu|Ekfyfwdk‹odaomubBmvm[fonf *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹rSomppfppf qif;oufvmjcif;r[kwf[laom ubBmvm[fudkqef‹usifolwdk‹.tqdkudk w&m;0ifap onf?25

Tacgif;pOfESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,ofwpfckwGif rdef‹qdkxm; jcif;&Sdonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu tcsdKŒaomtpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹onf jyifyvlrsdK;rsm;xH rS yOPvufarSmftwwfudkqnf;yl;I rdrdwdk‹.omoemtwGif;odk‹ oGwfoGif;-ua-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrlonf?

xdkr#ru(todtvdrRmuif;rJh-uukefaom ,if;,[l'Dbmom0ifwdk‹onf tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. "rRa'oemawmfudk rvdkufem-ubJvsuf) eADwrefawmf pkvdkifrmef (t)pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrif;jyKvkyfaeaomtcg0,f ±+difwGmefrsm;&Gwfbwfo&ZÆm,f-u avaom pkef;ya,m*twwfudkom qnf;yl;vdkufpm;-uukef.? (Tr#ruao; tcsdKŒaom vl‹Amvwdk‹onf eADwrefawmf pkvdkifrmef(t)udkyif rdp>m'd@dt,ludk vdkufpm;onf[k pGyfpGJ-uonf?) pifppfwrlum; eADwrefawmf pkvdkifrmef(t) onf rnfonfhtcgr# rdp>m'd@dt,ludk vdkufpm;cJhonf r[kwfacs? odk‹&mwGif xdk ±d+ifwGmefwdk‹omv#if rdp>m'd@dt,ludk vdkufpm;-ucJh.? ,if;±+difwGmefwdk‹yifv#if pkef;ya,m*twwfudk vlwdk‹tm; oif-um;jyoay;-uavonf? xdk‹jyifw0 (,if;,[l'D bmom0ifwdk‹) AmAdvkHjrdKŒ&Sd tyg;awmfapwrefESpfyg;jzpfaom [m ±lwfESifh rm±lwfwdk‹tay:0,f usa&mufonfh pkef;ya,m*twwfudkvnf; vdkufem qnf;yl;-uavonf? xdktyg;awmfapwref ESpfyg;wdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹xH usa&mufaom pkef; ya,m*twwfrsm;udk) rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkr# oif-um;ay;avhr&Sd? (oif -um;ydk‹csay;yg&ef awmif;qdkolwdk‹udk tdk=tcsif;wdk‹) tu|Ekfyfwdk‹onf tv†m[ft &Sifjrwf. txHawmfrS (toifwdk‹tzdk‹) tprf;toyfwpf&yftjzpfESifhom qif; oufa&muf&Sdvm-uonf? toifwdk‹onf (Tpkef;ya,m* twwfudk qnf;yl; avhvmjyD;) rdp>m'd@dt,ludk rvdkufpm;-uukefvifh ([koGefoifqkH;rI jrpfwm;-u

45

avonf)? odk‹jrpfwm;jim;aomfvnf; ,if;olwdk‹onf xdktyg;awmfapwrefESpf yg;wdk‹xHrS ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;udk jywfpJapaomtwwfudk enf;cHoif,l-uukef.? pifppfqdkaomf xdkolwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tvdkawmfr&SdbJvsufESifh rnf olwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkr# xdktwwfjzifh ab;tEW&m,frjyKEdkif-uacs? trSefaomf um; ,if;olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tm; tusdK;aus;Zl;rjzpfxGef;apbJ tusdK;,kwfepfem apwwfaom pkef;ya,m*twwfudkom enf;cHoif,l-uavonf? pifppftm;jzifh (xdkuJhodk‹)tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. usrf;jrwfa'oemawmfudk ypfy,fI pkef;ya,m* twwfudk avhvmqnf;yl;olrsm;tbdk‹t&m aemifwrvGefb0wGif ukodkvft usdK; a0pka0ykH r&&SdEdkifa-umif;udkvnf; ,if;,[l'Dbmom0ifwdk‹onf todyif jzpf-uonf? xdk,[l'Drsm;onf rdrdwdk‹toufESifhyif vJvS,fI avhvmvdkufpm; qnf;yl;xm;aom xdkpkef;ya,m*twwfrsm;onf qdk;,kwfodrfzsif;vSpGmwum;/ xdkolwdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹.b0 jzpftifudk) od-uygv#if aumif;avpG? (pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;102)

,[l'D*sL;vlrsdK;tcsdKŒonf/ aemifwrvGefb0wGif tcGifhta&;qkH;±+H;-u&rnfudk od&Sd-uaomfvnf;/ yOPvufarSmftwwfatmufvrf;ynmudk oif,lusifh-uHtokH;jyK-u a-umif; Ttm,ofawmfwGif az:jyxm;ayonf? odk‹jzifh/ olwdk‹xHodk‹ xm0&bk&m;ocif u ydk‹csay;aomw&m;a'oempnf;rsOf;rsm;rS vrf;vGJoGm;-ujyD;/ olwdk‹.pdwfESifh0dnmOfwdk‹ onf rdp>m'd@dwdk‹. yOPvufarSmftwwfynmwGif epfjrKyfoGm;-uavonf? olwdk‹onf r aumif;qkd;0g;twGuf olwdk‹udk,fudka&mif;csvdkuf-uavjyD? wenf;tm;jzifh olwdk‹.,kH -unfr+udk ypfy,fvdkuf-uavonf? Ttm,ofawmfwGif az:jyxm;aomtcsufrsm;onf/ *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹.ordkif;wpf av#muf jzpfysufcJhaomta&;ygonfhyËdyuQudk az:jyvsuf&Sdonf? TyËdyuQrSm wref awmfrsm;rSwpfqifh xm0&bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;udk csay;awmf rlonfhw&m;a'oemrsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH;onfh*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;uwpfbufESifh bk&m;oQif .trdef‹ynwfcsufrsm;rS azgufjyefI olwdk‹.ywf0ef;usif&Sd rdp>m'd@drsm;.,Ofaus;r+udk twk,lvdkufemusifhokH;ol*sL;vlrsdK;tcsdKŒwdk‹uaemufwpfbuft-um;Y jzpfay:aomyËd yuQjzpfayonf? wdk&musrf;awmfwGif rdp>m'd@doif-um;csufrsm;jznfhpGufjcif;

PAGAN DOCTRINES ADDED TO THE TORAH

xdkazgufjyefaom*sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹.tjypfrsm;udk *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹.orRmusrf;"rRa[mif; usrf;wGif r-umc%az:jyxm;jcif;&Sdayonf? "rRa[mif;usrf;twGif; "rR&mZ0ifwpfckt jzpfyg0ifaomae[rdrSwfpmwGif *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹u olwdk‹.jypfr+rsm;udk0efcHI oHa0*aemif ww&m;&&Sd-ua-umif; az:jyxm;onf?

xdktcg Áoa&v trsdK;ppfjzpfaomolwdk‹onf wyg;trsdK;&Sdor#wdk‹ESifh uGmI/ udk,fhtjypf ESifh bdk;ab;wdk‹.tjypfrsm;udkazmfjyawmif;yef-u.? rdrdwdk‹ae&mY&yfaeI rdrdwdk‹bk&m; ocifxm0&bk&m;. ynwWdusrf;pmudk ae‹av;pkwpfpkzwf-u.? tjypfudkaz:jyawmif;yefI rdrdwdk‹bk&m;ocifudk ae‹av;pkwpfpk udk;uG,f-u.? xdktcg av0dom;a,m±+/ Amed/ uyfars v/ a&SAed/ AkEMd/ a&S&Ad/ Amed/ acemedwdk‹onf yv†ifay:rSm&yfI/ olwdk‹.bk&m;ocif xm0& bk&m;tm; -uD;pGmaomtoHESifh a-uG;a-umf-u.? ==(Todk‹qdk-u.)==odk‹&mwGif trdef‹awmfudkem;raxmif/ ykefuefvsufw&m;awmfudk ausm aemufodk‹ypfxm;-u.? txHawmfodk‹jyefvmapjcif;iSg/ qkH;raomudk,fawmf.ya&mzufwdk‹ udkowfItvGefjypfrSm;jcif;udk jyK-u.? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹udk aESmifh,Sufaom&efolvufodk‹

46

tyfvdkufawmfrl.? qif;&JcH&I udk,fawmfudk atmf[pf-uaomtcg/ aumif;uifbkHu em; axmifI/ u&k%maus;Zl;awmf-uG,f0onfhtwdkif;/ &efolvufrSu,fv$wfaom aus;Zl;&Sif wdk‹udk ay:xGef;apawmfrl.? wzefcsrf;om&aomtcg/ a&SŒawmfY 'kp&dkufudk jyK-ujyefaom a-umifh/ &efoltpdk;&rnfta-umif; wpfzeftyfawmfrl.? olwdk‹onf jyefvmIudk,fawmfudk atmf[pf-uaomtcg/ aumif;uifbkHu em;axmifI/ u&k%mawmf&Sdonftwdkif; txyfxyf u,fwifawmfrl.? w&m;awmfudk usifhjyefapjcif;iSg qkH;rawmfrlaomfvnf;/ olwdk‹onf em; raxmif/ rmeaxmifv$m;-u.? usifhaomolY touf&Sifp&mta-umif;jzpfaompD&ifawmfrl csufwdk‹udk vGefusL;-u.? cdkifrmaomvnfyif;ESifh&kef;vsuf em;raxmifbJ ae-u.? ===odk‹&mwGif udk,fawmfonfcspfoem;jcif;arwWmu&k%mESifhjynfhpkHaombk&m;jzpfI/ u&k %mawmf -uG,f0aoma-umifh/ olwdk‹udk&Sif;&Sif;zsufqD;awmfrrl/ pGef‹ypfawmfrrl? ===odk‹jzpfI/ tdktu|Ekfyfwdk‹.bk&m;/ -uD;jrwfI r[mwefcdk;ESifhjynfhpkHa-umufrufzG,faom bk&m;/ u&k%myËdnmOfawmfudkapmifhawmfrlaombk&m;/ tm±+&d&Sifbk&ifvufxufrSpI,ae‹ wdkifatmif/ tu|Efkyfwdk‹&Sifbk&if/ rSL;rwf/ ,Zfyka&m[dwf/ ya&mzuf/ aqGrsdK;ol-uD;/ udk,f awmf. vltaygif;wdk‹ay:odk‹ a&mufaom ab;'%f&Sdor#udkyrm%rjyKbJaeawmfrrlygESifh? udk,fawmfrlum;tu|Ekfyfwdk‹ay:odk‹a&mufapor#aomtr+Y w&m;awmfrl.? tu|Efkyfwdk‹onf w&m;ojzifhompD&ifawmfrljyD? tu|Efkyfwdk‹&Sifbk&if/rSL;rwf/ ,Zfya&m[dwf/ aqGrsdK;ol-uD;wdk‹ onfw&m;awmfudkrapmifh? ay;xm;aomynwfrsm;ESifh oufaocHcsufrsm;wdk‹udk em;raxmif -u? -uD;aomaus;Zl;udkjyKvsuftyfay;awmfrlI/ olwdk‹ydkifaomEdkifiH/ oem;awmfrlaomjynf -uD;/ jynfaumif;Yae&aomfvnf;/ tr+awmfudkraqmifr&Guf/ rdrdwdk‹jyKaom 'kp&dkufudk ra&SmifbJ ae-uyg.? bdk;ab;wdk‹onf tvGefjrwfaomtoD;tESHudkpm;&aomtcGifhESifh ol wdk‹tm;ay;oem;awmfrlaomjynfY tu|Efkyfwdk‹onf ,ae‹tapcHu|efjzpf-uyg.? ol‹u|efcH &-uyg.? tu|Efkyfwdk‹tjypfa-umifh/ tu|Ekfyfwdk‹ay:rSm cef‹xm;awmfrlaom &Sifbk&ifwdk‹ onf TjynfY -uG,f0pGmjzpfaom oD;ESHudk odrf;pm;jrJ&Sd-uyg.? tu|Ekfyfwdk‹.udk,fESifh wd &p>mefrsm;udk olwdk‹onf udk,foabmtavsmuftpdk;ydkifI/ tu|Efkyfwdk‹onf tvGefqif;&JcH vsufae&ygonf[kjrGufqdk-u.? (ae[rdrSwfpm 9;2=4/ 26=29/ 31=35) Tusrf;pmydk'fu/ ,[l'D*sL;vlrsdK;tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk‹onf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifudk

jyefvnf,kH-unfudk;uG,f&efvdkvm;-ua-umif;az:jyayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹ .ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ‚if;wdk‹ESifhrwlonfhtkyfpku tiftm;-uD;xGm;vmcJh-ujyD; xm0&bk&m;ocifudk,kH-unfonfh*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;udk v$rf;rdk;oGm;I olwdk‹.bmom omo emtcsdKŒtydkif;rsm;udkvnf; vdkcsifovdkajymif;vJypf-uavonf? xdk‹a-umifh wdk&m(awm0f &mofusrf;)ESifh "rRa[mif;usrf;rS tjcm;usrf;rsm;wGif txufwGifaz:jycJhonfh xm0&bk &m;udk udk;uG,fvdkonfhtawG;tac:ESifhtwl rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'rsm;rS oif-um;csuft,l tqrsm; a&mjyGrf;vsuf&Sd.? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf Taz:jycsufrsm;rS vGwfuif; awmfrl.)? Oyrm/

• wdk&m("rRa[mif;)usrf;yxrtapmifwGif/ p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk xm0&bk&m;oQifu ajcmuf&uftwGif; zefqif;onf[kqdkxm;onf? TtcsufrSm eudkrlvAsm'dwfawmfrS ,lvmjcif;jzpfI rSefuefonf? xdk‹aemuf xm0&bk&m;oQifonf ckepf&ufajrmufae‹ wGif tem;,lonf[kqdkjcif;onf vkH;0vkyf-uHjznfhpGufjcif;om jzpfayonf? ‚if;t qdkonf bk&m;rJhrdp>m'd@dt,ltqudk xm0&bk&m;oQif. *k%fawmftmEkabmfY vGJrSm; pGm jznfhpGufonfh azgufjyefjcif;omjzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf tm,ofawmf wpfydk'fwGif/

xdkrSwyg; {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf rdk;aumif;uifrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ yx0D ajrudkvnf;aumif;/ xdkrdk;rsm;ESifhajr-um;&Sd t&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ ajcmuf&uftwGif;

47

zefqif;awmfrlcJh.? odk‹wapvnf; igt&SifjrwfY yifyef;EGrf;e,fr+[lI tv#if;ouf a&mufcJhonfr&Sdacs? (pl&mum;zf 50;38) [k qdkxm;onf?

• wdk&musrf;.tjcm;tydkif;rsm;wGif/ xm0&bk&m;oQifudk rav;rpm;jyKonfhtokH;t E+ef;jzifh a&;om;xm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&onf? txl;ojzifh vlom;wdk‹.aysmhuGufrsm;udk xm0&bk&m;oQif. yifudkt&nftcsif;tjzpf rSm;,Gif;pGmxnfhoGif;tokH;jyKxm;onf? (xm0&bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;aysmhuGufrsm;ESifh uif;&Sif;ayonf)? xm0&bk&m;oQifudk Todk‹vlom;wdk‹.aysmhuGufrsm;jzifh vlwE+ef;oabmxm;jcif; onf rdp>m'd@dwdk‹u olwdk‹.pdwful;,Ofewfbk&m;rsm;udk vlo¾mefoGif;jcif;ESifh tvm;wlayonf?

• tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹.bdk;awmf *sufaumh(eADwrefawmf ,mtfulbf tvdkif;a[hq vmrf)u xm0&bk&m;ocifESifh ,SOfjydKifowfykwf&mY tEdkif&&Sdonf[k xm0&bk&m; ocifudk apmfum;armfum; a&;om;xm;onf? Ttcsufonf tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;rsm; onf vlrsdK;t&jrifhjrwf-uD;us,fa-umif;jyvdkjcif;jzpfonf? rdp>m'd@dvlrsdK;wdkif;wGif Todk‹aomt,ltqus,fjyef‹vsuf&Sdonf? (odk‹r[kwf wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwftokH;tE+ef;t& “wpf,loef rmef[kefjyif;jyjcif;”jzpfonf)?

• "rRa[mif;usrf;wGif xm0&bk&m;oQiftm; trsdK;om;ydkifbk&m;oQif = qdkvkd&if;rSm/ tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹.bk&m;oQiftjzpf owfrSwfvdkonfhoabmygaeonf? odk‹aomf vnf;/ xm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf/ p-um0VmwpfckvkH;ESifhouf&SdowW 0gvlom;rsm;tm;vkH;.t&SifoQifjzpfonf? Todk‹aomtrsdK;om;ydkifbk&m;tjzpfowf rSwfjcif;onf rdp>m'd@dwdk‹u olwdk‹trsdK;om;wpfrsdK;csif;uudk;uG,faom trsdK;om;ydkif ewfbk&m;rsm;&SdonfhxkH;"avhESifh wlnDaeayonf?

• "rRa[mif;usrf;tcsdKŒ (Oyrm=a,m±+rSwfpm)wGif/ *sL;trsdK;om;r[kwfolrsm;tay: &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm jyKusifh&ef trdef‹ay;xm;onf? rdef;r/ uav;i,fESifh Z&mtdk rsm;udkyg rcsefbJ tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfypf&ef trdef‹ay;xm;onf? -uifem oem;jcif;uif;rJhjcif;onf xm0&bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf). w&m;r#wr+ESifh vkH;0qef‹usifvsuf&Sdonf? Ttrdef‹rsm;onf/ pdwful;,Ofppfewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk; uG,fonfh rdp>m'd@dwdk‹. &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufr+rsm;udk jyefvnfaz:xkwfjcif;om jzpfay onf?

wdk&musrf;wGif xnfhoGif;a&mpyfvmaom Trdp>m'd@dt,l0g'rsm; pwifcJhaom rl vblwvnf; &Sd&rnf? wdk&musrf;.jyifyrS xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk av;pm;,kH-unfonfh *sL;(,[l'D)vlrsdK;rsm; trSefyif&Sd&rnf? xdkxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;rS qifhyGm;,lonfhtawG;t ac:rsm;udk wdk&musrf;wGif xnfhoGif;jznfhpGuf-ujcif;jzpfrnf? TxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;. rl vblwonf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfbkef;awmf-uD;rsm;(zg&dk;bk&if. yOPvufarSmfq&mrsm;)rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? trSefpifppf ,if;twwfynmonf *sL;(,[l'D)vlrsdK;trsm;tjym; wdk‹rSwpfqifh qufcHyGm;rsm;vmcJhonfh ubBmvm[fyif jzpfonf? ubBmvm[fonf a&S; a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh tjcm;rdp>m'd@drsm;. yOPvufarSmftwwfrsm;udk pkaygif;I *sL;bmomxJodk‹ oGwfoGif;I ,if;bmomtwGif;Y xyfrHzGH‹jzdK;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ubBmvm[fonf wdk&musrf;*eftwGif jrKyfatmif;aeaomv#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;udk az:xkwf ay;jcif;om jzpfonf[kqdkaomfvnf;/ *sL;vlrsdK;ordkif;yg&*l oDtdk'dk&drf;euf.tqdkt& ubBmvm[fonf *sL;bmomtwGif;odk‹ n‡ifompGmpdrfh0ifcJhaomtqdyfjzpfI aemifwGif *sL;bmomwpfckvkH;wGif ysHŒESH‹oGm;jyD;tqdyftawmufjyif;xefapcJhonf?26

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Todk‹qdkygu/ ubBmvm[fwGif a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. &kyf0g'tawG;tac: yg0ifaejcif;udk vdkufvHppfaq;awG‹&SdEdkifayvdrfhrnf?

zefqif;jcif;udk ypfy,faom ubBmvm[f.

rSm;,Gif;onfh oif-um;csuf THE KABBALAH’S FALSE DOCTRINE THAT IGNORES THE FACT OF CREATION

rlvwdk&m(awmif&mwf)usrf;*efonf vlom;rsm;twGuf tvif;a&mifjcnfjzpf ap&ef xm0&bk&m;oQifu ydk‹csay;awmfrlaomusrf;*efjzpfa-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwfwGif az:jyxm;ayonf?

{ueftrSef igt&Sifjrwfonf ‘awmif&mwf’usrf;udk csay;oem;awmfrlcJh.? ,if;‘awmif&mwf’usrf;jrwfwGif w&m;"rRn$ef-um;jcif;ESifh a&mifjcnfawmfonf &Sd.? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.)trdef‹awmfrsm;udk vdkufem-uukefaom eADwref awmfrsm;onf ,[l'Drsm;tay:Y ,if;‘awmif&mwf’usrf;jrwfESifhtnD w&m;ppf aq;pD&ifavh&SdcJh-uukef.? xdkenf;wlpGm ,[l'Dbkef;-uD;&[ef;wdk‹ESifh ynm&Sifok crdefwdk‹onfvnf; ,if;awmif&mwfusrf;jrwfESifhtnD w&m;ppfaq;pD&ifavh&Sd -uukefonf? ta-umif;aomfum; ‚if;(bkef;-uD;&[ef;wdk‹ESifhynm&Sif)wdk‹onf t v†m[ft&Sifjrwf. usrf;awmf(ESifhtnD vdkufemusifhokH;-u&ef)udk xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&ef trdef‹ay;awmfrljcif; cHcJh-uonfhtjyif/ ‚if;wdk‹onf xdkusrf; awmfudk vdkufemusifhokH;-uygrnf[k 0efcHolrsm;vnf; jzpfcJhjcif;a-umifhyif? odk‹ jzpfay&m (tdk=,[l'Dt-uD;tuJtaygif;wdk‹) toifwdk‹onf vlwdk‹tm; ra-umuf r&GHŒ-uavESifh/ igt&Sifjrwfudkom a-umuf&GHŒ-uavukef/ ‚if;jyif toifwdk‹onf igt&Sifjrwf. rkuQygXfawmfrsm;udk tenf;i,fr#aomtzdk;tca-u;aiGjzifh a&mif;pm;jcif; rjyK-uukefvifh? ‚if;jyif rnfolrqdk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfxkwfjyef csrSwfawmfrlonfh(trdef‹awmf)twdkif; w&m;ppfaq; pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;udk rjyKcJhrl/ xdkuJhodk‹aom olrsm;onf “umzd&f”aoGznfjiif;y,faomolrsm;yif jzpf-uay ownf;? (pl&mtvfrmath'[f 5;44)

xdk‹a-umifh/ wdk&m(awmif&mwf)usrf;onfvnf; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfuJhodk‹ xm0&bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)wnf&Sda-umif;/ t&Sifjrwf.tpGrf;wefcdk;tmEk abmfrsm;/ t&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifjrwfjzpfawmfrla-umif;/ p-um0Vmudk zefqif;a-umif;/ vlom;udk zefqif;jcif;.ta-umif;&if;ESifh vlom;rsm;vdkufem&ef t&SifjrwfcsrSwfay;xm;aomudk,fusifhw&m;rsm; ponfwdk‹ yg&Sdayonf? (odk‹aomfvnf;/ eudkrlvwdk&musrf;awmfonf ,ae‹tcsdefwGif rlvtwdkif;tjynfhtpkH r&Sdawmhacs? ,ae‹ &Sdaeaomwdk&musrf;onf ajymif;vJjyifqifxm;jyD;aom usrf;omusefaeawmhonf?) ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufrSm/ eudkrlvtwdkif;rSefuefaomwdk&musrf;ESifh uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfESpfckpvkH;onf wlnDaomtcsufrsm;&Sd-uonf? ‚if;tcsufrsm;rSm/ xm0& bk&m;oQifudk zefqif;&SiftjzpftodtrSwfjyKjcif;/ xm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwf onf vkH;0O\kHy&rwfjzpfjcif;/ tpueOD;uwnf;upIwnf&Sdjcif;/ t&SifjrwfrSty t jcm;aomt&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk t&Sifjrwfu AvmewˆdtajctaerSzefqif;xm;jcif;/ p-um 0VmwpfckvkH;ESifhtwl/ rdk;ESifhajr-uD;/ -u,fveuQwfwm&m/ oufrJhypPnf;rsm;/ vlom;rsm;

49

ESifhtjcm;ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk xdkt&Sifjrwfuzefqif;xm;jcif;/ xm0&bk&m;ocif onf wpfyg;wnf;wnf&Sdjcif;/ ponfhtcsufrsm;wGif wlnD-uayonf? TtrSefw&m;.aemufwpfbufwGif/ ubBmvm[fwGif rwlnDuGJjym;aomaz:jy csufrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? *sL;bmomtwGif;odk‹ n‡ifompGmpdrfh0ifcJhaomtqdyfjzpfI

p-um0VmESifh ouf&SdypPnf;wdk‹.rlvtpESifhywfoufI ubBmvm[foGefoifcsufrsm;onf/ pdwf ul;,Of'¾m&DZmwfvrf;rsm;ESifhjynfheufvsuf&SdjyD;/ bmomw&m;usrf;*efrsm;wGif az:jyxm;aom tcsufrsm;ESifh vkH;0qef‹usifvsuf&Sdonf?

aemifwGif *sL;bmomwpfckvkH;wGif ysHŒESH‹oGm;jyD;tqdyftawmufjyif;xefapcJhonfh ubBm vm[fynmwGif/ wdk&musrf;tppfESifhuk&ftmefusrf;yg zefqif;jcif;tcsufrsm;ESifh jcm;em; vsuf&Sdonf? tar&duef okawoeynm&Sif vef;pf tufpf tdk0ifu ubBmvm[fESifh

50

ywfoufaom ol.pmwrf;wpfckwGif/ ubBmvm[frnfodk‹tpjydK;vmEdkifcJhonf [laom tjrifudk atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;ayonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdk,lqcsuf rsm;ESifh trSefyifuif;&Sif;yg.)?

ubBmvm[fqdkif&mtawG‹t-uKHonf rdk;ususrf;*efESifhywfoufaomoabmxm;trsm;tjym; aygufzGm;vmcJhaponf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf trsm;tm;jzifh or&dk;ustoif;awmf. tjrifoabm xm;ESifh uGmjcm;ayonf? tpP&mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹.,kH-unfr+a&aomufjrpfonf “u|Ekfyfwdk‹. xm0&bk&m;oQifonf wpfyg;wnf;om&Sd.”[laoma-unmcsufjzpfonf? xm0&bk&m;oQif onf tqkH;r&Sd ajymjy&Sif;jyIr&Edkifavmufatmif jrifhrm;vGef;onfh tqifhwGif wpfyg;wnf; &Sdaeonf? ‚if;udk ubBmvm[fusrf;u tdef;aqmhzf(Ein Sof)=tqkH;r&Sdaomt&Sif[k ac: xm;onf? vlom;wdk‹onf xdkt&Sifudk od&Sdem;vnfEdkifavmufaomtodOm%ftpGrf;r&Sd ojzifh/ t&Sifjrwf.udk,fpm; bk&m;tqlqludk ay:xGef;ap&onf/ xdk‹a-umifh bk&m;aygif; tajrmuftjrm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k ubBmvm[fu xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;onf? xm0 &bk&m;oQif.udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonfh xdkbk&m;i,f bk&m;yGm;rsm;udk ubBmvm[fudk,kH-unf olwdk‹u aqzD&Gwf(Sefiroth)[k ac:-uonf? xm0&bk&m;oQifonf vlom;taejzifhem;vnf oabmaygufEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh wpfyg;wnf;wnf&Sd&mrS rsm;pGmaombk&m;yGm;rsm;tjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJvmcJhonfhykHpHudk ubBmvm[fu t,ltq±+axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh tus,fw0ifhqef; ppf&Sif;vif;jyxm;ayonf? TA[k0kpfbk&m;yGm;rsm;onf bk&m;ajrmufrsm;pGmudkudk;uG,f jcif;jzpfonf[laompGyfpGJcsufESifhywfoufI/ ubBmvm[fudk,kH-unfqnf;yl;olwdk‹u/ vkH;0 atmifjrifpGmr[kwfaomfvnf; tifrwefjyif;jyif;xefxefnif;qdkwefjyef-uayonf? ubBmvm[fw&m;usifhenf;t& urRXmef;xdkifjcif;jzifhxm0&bk&m;oQiftjrmuftjrm; &Sdonf [k xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;omru/ zcrnf;awmfbk&m;oQifESifh trdr,fawmfbk&m;oQif[lI vdif t& ESpfqlESpfyg;tjzpf yxrqkH;ay:aygufvmonf[k qdkonf? ‚if;crnf;awmfESifh r,fawmf udk [kcfrmESifhbDem[f(Hokhmah and Binah) [k rSnfhac:xm;onf? ‚if;zcrnf;awmfbk&m; oQif [kcfrm ESifh r,fawmfbk&m;oQif bDem[f wdk‹.pyf,Sufjcif;jzifh zefqif;jcif; qufvuf jzpfay:vmonf?==27 Tpdwful;,Ofbmomt,l0g'wGif owdxm;&rnfhpdwfwefcdk;qefonfh ,lqcsuf

wpfcsufrSm/ vlom;wdk‹onf zefqif;xm;aomouf&SdowW0gr[kwfonfomru/ tcsdKŒrSm ewfbk&m;rsm;tqifh&Sdonf [laomtcsufjzpfonf? T'¾m&Dqefqeft,ltqESifh ywfoufI tdk0ifu atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;onf?

ubBmvm[fusrf;tqdkwGif/ xm0&bk&m;oQif.ykHo¾mefudk wpfyg;wnf;aom t&Siftjzpf ±+jrifaomfvnf; vlom;rsm;ESifhtvm;wlonfhykHo¾meftjzpf &Sif;jyxm;onf? Oyrm/ xm0& bk&m;oQifonf urBmOD;vlom; odk‹r[kwf orm;&dk;usvlom; tm'rfu'frGef jzpfonf[k qdk xm;onf? vlom;onf yifudkt&ESifh ±+yfaxG;eufeJaomZD0tajccHwGif xm0&bk&m;oQif ESifh wlnDr+&Sdonf? TuJhodk‹ tm'rfESifha,a[m0gwdk‹udk xl;xl;qef;qef;Ed+if;,SOf'GefwGJxm;jcif; udk (aA'ifwGufenf;qefonfh)ubBmvm[fwGufcsufenf;jzpfonfh ,G'fa[ AmAfa[ (Yod he vav he)ac: wGufcsufenf;jzifh udef;*%ef; 45 tjzpf wGufcsufaz:xkwfxm;onf? T odk‹jzifh ubBmvm[f tzGifhËDumusrf;tqdkwGif a,a[m0gonf tm'rfESifhwef;wlI tm'rf onf xm0&bk&m;oQifjzpfonf[k tus,fzGifhqdkxm;onf? Ttqdkt& vlom;wdkif;onf tjrifhqkH;tqifhY xm0&bk&m;oQifESifh wef;wljzpfonf?

28 rdp>m'd@d'¾m&Dt,ltqa&maxG;yg0ifonfh TazgufjyefvGJacsmfonfhbmoma&; tawG;tac:uyif ,[l'D(*sL;)bmom qkwf,kwfoGm;aponfh tajccHjzpfonf? tcsdKŒ aomubBmvm[fynm&Sdwdk‹u omrefvl‹todw&m;xufausmfvGefI vlom;rsm;udk bk&m; tqifhtxd owfrSwf-uonf? TazgufjyefvGJrSm;aombmom,kH-unfcsufwGif/ vlom; onf ewfbk&m;tqifh&Sdonf[k ,kH-unfonfomru/ xdkvlom;rsm;onfvnf; *sL;vl rsdK;rsm;omjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfonf? tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpf rowfrSwfacs?

51

xdk‹a-umifh/ wpfyg;wnf;aomxm0&bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif; wGif rdp>m'd@d,kH-unfr+ESifhusifh-uHr+rsm;u tpm;xdk;oGm;awmhonf? TvGJrSm;aom,kH -unfcsufrsm;u wdk&musrf;udk rlvbmomt,l0g'udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;ESifh 'GefwGJEd+if; ,SOfIr&Edkifonftxd azgufjyefvGJrSm;atmif jyifqif-uavonf? ubBmvm[f. azgufjyefaomoif-um;csufrsm;onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm; . rdp>m'd@dtawG;tac:ESifh qifwlaejcif;onfvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfcsufjzpf onf? j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf eudkuwnf;utpOftjrJxm0&wnf&SdvmcJha-umif;/ Avme wdˆtv#if;r&Sd&mrS zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwfa-umif; ,kH-unfonfh/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh zef qif;jcif;udk ypfy,fonfh/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'ESifhywfoufI vGefcJhaompmrsufESmrsm;Y tawmfrsm;rsm;aqG;aEG;cJh-uavjyD? ubBmvm[f.tcsdKŒtydk'f rsm;wGif vlom;rsm;ESifhywfoufI xdkt,ltqudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf? xdkrSm;,Gif;csuf rSm/ vlom;onf zefqif;xm;onfht&mr[kwf/ vlom;onf rdrd.touf&Sifwnf&Sda&; onf vlom;wGifom wm0ef&Sdonf[k qdk.? acwfopfa0g[m&ESifhaz:jyrnfqdkygu/ vlom;udkomy"getajcjyKxm;aom avmuDa&;oufouf0g' (secular humanism) jzpfonf? TrSm;,Gif;v$Jacsmfaom&kyf0g'ESifh vlom;udkomy"getajcjyKxm;aom avmuD a&;oufouf0g't,ltqwdk‹u vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;ESpf&mcef‹ urBmhvlom;trsm;pktm; -oZmv$rf;rdk;cJhonfhtawG;tac:udk owfrSwfay;cJhjcif;onfvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f rSwf om;zG,ftcsufjzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. oif-um;csufrsm;ESifh tvm;wla&S;us onfh ubBmvm[fusrf;rsm;udk ,ae‹acwftxd ,laqmifvmcJhonfh tiftm;pk&Sdygovm; [k &J&Jwif;wif;ar;Edkifygonf? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;rSwpfqifh arqGefrsm;odk‹

FROM THE TEMPLARS TO THE MASONS

txufupmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifhywfoufI az:jycJh pOfu/ c&l;qdwfppfol&Jaumif;tkyfpkonf a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmf-uD;Y olwdk‹awG‹&SdcJh-u onfh “v#dKŒ0Sufcsuf”rsm;a-umifh/ c&pf,mefbmom,kH-unfcsufudkypfy,fjyD; atmuf vrf;ynmyOPvufarSmftwwfESifhywfoufonfh ylaZmfyojcif;rsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH; oGm;-ua-umif; xnfhajymcJhygonf? xdkv#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;onf ubBmvm[fESifhywfouf qufEG,faeonf[k okawoDtrsm;uvnf; oabmwl-ua-umif;udkvnf; az:jycJhyg onf? Oyrm jyifopfvlrsdK;pma&;q&m t,fvDzwf avAD. Histoire de la Magie (yOPvufarSmftwwf.ordkif;) [laompmtkyfwGif wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹u ubBm vm[fynmudk pwifaz:xkwfcJh-ua-umif; yg&Sdonf? olwdk‹onf ‚if;ynm&yfudk txl;jyK avhvmavhusifhcJh-uonf?29 xdk‹a-umifh a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHwGif tajccHaom ynm&yf onf ubBmvm[frSwpfqifh wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;xHodk‹ v$Jajymif;a&muf&SdoGm; ayonf? Foucault's Pendulum (zdk;aumh.csdefoD;)trnf&SdaompmtkyfwGif tDwmvDvlrsdK; 0wˆKpma&;q&m OKH bmwdk tDudku tjzpftysufZmwfvrf;wpfckvkH;wGif Tta-umif;ESifh ywfoufonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk az:jyxm;onf? ubBmvm[fusrf;u wifyvmppf ol&Jaumif;wdk‹udk rnfodk‹-oZmanmif;I ubBmvmusrf;udk vdkufpm;usifh-uHolwdk‹uvnf;

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a&S;a[mif;tD*spfzg&dk;bk&ifrsm;acwftxd a&S;usaomv#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;udk ydkifqdkif-u a-umif; 0wˆKwav#mufvkH;wGif ol.0wˆKZmwfaumifrsm;rSwpfqifh ajymjyoGm;onf? tDudk.tqdkt&/ xif&Sm;aom*sL;vlrsdK;acgif;aqmiftcsdKŒwdk‹onf a&S;a[mif;tD *spfvlrsdK;rsm;xHrS v#dKŒ0Sufynmrsm;udkoif,lqnf;yl;I "rRa[mif;usrf;. yxrig;apmif (Pentateuch)wGif jznfhpGufoGwfoGif;-uonf? ‚if;v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;udk ubBmvm[fusrf; udk oD;jcm;avhvmusifh-uHwwfajrmufolrsm;uomv#if oabmaygufEkdifonf? (aemuf ydkif;wGif pydefEdkifiHYa&;om;aom Zdk[&fusrf;onf ubBmvm[fusrf;rsm;. tajccHusrf; jzpfvmjyD; xdkusrf;ig;apmifYyg&Sdaom v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI tao;pdwf a&; om;xm;onf?) ubBmvm[fusrf;udk avhvmolwdk‹u ‚if;a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;udk zwf±+avhvma-umif; az:jyjyD;aemuf/ wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹ onf aqmvrGefausmif;awmf-uD;. *J-oar-wDtwdkif;twmrsm;rS v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;udk vnf; a*s&kqmvifjrdKŒawmfrS ubBmvm[fusrf;udku|rf;usifonfh &ADbkef;-uD;rsm;xHrS avhvmqnf;yl;cJh-uonf[k tDudkuqufvufa&;om;xm;onf?

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• Tykefuefr+jzpfay:I &mpkESpfxuf0uf-umanmif;jyD;aemuf bdk[D;rD,m;EdkifiH rS *|ef[yfpf trnf&Sdbkef;awmf-uD;wpfyg;u c&pf,mefbmom umaomvdwf toif;awmfudk ykefuefxG-uGatmif pwifay;vdkufonf? Tykefuefx-uGr+. aemufuG,frSmvnf; wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;wdk‹&Sdaejyefonf? xdk‹xufru [yfpfonf ubBmvm[fudktvGefpdwf0ifpm;olwpfOD;jzpfaejyefonf? ol. ubBmvm[fqdkif&mynm&yfoif-um;csufrsm;udk zGH‹jzdK;ap&mY tAD*fa'g bif tdkufZuf um&monf ta&;-uD;qkH;ESifh-oZmoufa&mufr+trsm;qkH;ay;aqmif oljzpfonf? um&monf ya&;*fjrdKŒ-uD;rS *sL;vlrsdK;&AfAD (*sL;bmombkef;awmf -uD;)jzpfonf?32

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aqmvrGefbk&if.ausmif;awmfykHpHwpfck? wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifh arqGefwdk‹u/ aqmvrGefbk&ifESifhywfoufaom olwdk‹.t,loD;jcif;a-umifh/ Tausmif;awmfwGif a&S; a[mif;rdpm>'d@dacwfrSqufcHcJhaom“v#dKŒ0Sufcsuf”&Sdonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? Ttcsuf a-umifh arqGefpmayrsm;wGif aqmvrGefbk&if.ausmif;awmfESifhywfoufI txl;tav; teufxm;I a&;om;-ujcif;jzpfonf?

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III. HUMANISM REVISITED vlom;udky"gexm;aom0g'udk vltrsm;tm;jzifh aumif;aomtawG;tac:tjzpf ,lq-uonf? vlom;rsm;udkcspfcifjcif;/ jidrf;csrf;jcif;udkcspfcifjcif;ESifh nDaemifpdwf "gwfarG;jrLjcif;/ [laomtcsufrsm;udk oif-um;tm;ay;onf[k qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;udky"gexm;aom0g'onf ydkrdkxif&Sm;ta&;ygaomvlom;y"getajcjyK0g't awG;tac:jzpfI vlom;udkomv#iftcsuftcsmyef;wdkif;tjzpfxm;onfh cH,lcsufjzpf onf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;&Siftm;ausmcdkif;I/ rdrd.wnf&Sda&;ESifh udk,fydkifvuQ%mtwGufomv#if ylyef&efzdwfac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf? omreftbd"gefwGif/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'udk “obm0vGefwefcdk;Á'd<yg'f-oZmtm%mxuf vlom;wdk‹wGif &Sdaomyifudkwefbdk;/ t*Fg&yfvuQ%mESifh jyKrlvkyfaqmifykHay:rlwnfI vlom;wdk‹twGuf taumif;qkH;[k,kH-unf&aompepf”[k t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkxm;ayonf?33

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av;q,f-umjyD;aemuf 1973=ckESpfwGif 'kwd,a-unmpmwrf;xyfrHxkwfcJhonf? xdk'k wd,a-unmpmwrf;u yxrpmwrf;udk twnfjyKonfhtjyif/ xdkumvwGif&Sdaom wdk;wufr+tcsdKŒESifhoufqdkifonfhjznfhpGufcsufrsm;yg&Sdonf? tawG;tac:&Siftrsm;tjym; ESifh/ odyH`ynm&Sif/ pma&;q&m/ rD'D,m;owif;avmuom;trsm;tjym;u tar&duef vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'toif;rS tm;ay;axmufcHaom ‚if;'kwd,a-unmpmwrf;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh-uonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹u ‚if;a-unmpmwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;-unfhaomtcg/ wpfckcsif;wGif bk &m;rJh0g'tajccHwpfckudk awGŒ&Sd&ayonf? ‚if;rSm=p-um0VmESifhvlom;rsm;onfzefqif; jcif;jzifhay:aygufvmcJhjcif;r[kwfbJ/ wpfrsdK;csif;onfoD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm ay:aygufvm cJh-uonf/ vlom;wdk‹onfrdrdudk,frSvGJI tjcm;rnfonfh-oZmtm%mudkr#&dk-udK;vdkufem &efrvdktyf/ xm0&bk&m;oQifudk ,kH-unfjcif;onf wpfOD;csif;ESifhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk;wuf a&;wGif aESmifhaES;aponf [laomrSm;,Gif;onfhtawG;tac:rsm;jzpfonf? Oyrm/ yxr vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'a-unmpmwrf;. yxrajcmufydk'fwGif atmufygtwdkif;qdkxm; onf?

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Ttqdkrsm;rSm/ rSefuefonfhbmoma&;udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk &efvkdoltodkif; t0dkif;wdk‹. ykHaoum;usvdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;onfh y&d,m,fjzpfonfudk owdxm;rdyg vdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'onf bmoma&;qef‹usifa&; pdwf"gwf.tajccHjzpfaoma-umifhyif? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'qdkonfrSmvnf;/ “vl om;onf ppfaq;apmifhusyfxm;jcif;r&SdbJ v$wfxm;jcif;cH&onf[k vufcH,lqxm; jcif;”udk az:xkwfjyjcif;yif jzpfayonf? ,if;,lqcsufonfvnf;/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH; wGif xm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,fjcif;.tajccHrlrsm;jzpfvmcJhay onf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,ofawmfwpfckwGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu atmufyg twdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?

vlom;onf rdrdrSm Ttwdkif;pGef‹v$wfxm;jcif;udk cHae&rnf[k xifrSwfavo avm? ‚if;rSm oGef;avmif;jcif;cH&aomokwf&nfwpfpufomv#ifjzpfcJhonfr[kwfavm? xdk‹aemuf ,if;okwf&nfonf aoG;cJjzpfcJh.? wpfzef xdkt&Sifjrwfonf (‚if; tm;)zefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf (‚if;tm;) aeom;use atmif jyKjyifawmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;(aoG;cJjzpfoGm;cJhaomokwf&nf)udk a,mufsm; rdef;r([lI) ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh.? xdk(uJhodk‹aom)t&Sifjrwfonf olaowdk‹tm; (wpfzefjyefI)&Sifapawmfrl&ef wwfpGrf;Edkifawmfaomt&Sif r[kwfygoavm? (pl&mtvfud,mr[f 75;36=40)

tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu vlwdk‹udk “twdkif;om;pGef‹v$wfxm;jcif;r&Sd”a-umif;rdef‹qdk awmfrlI qufvufjyD; t&Sifjrwf.zefqif;xm;jcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfa-umif;udk owday; awmfrl.? vlwpfOD;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu rdrdudkzefqif;xm;a-umif;od&SdonfESifh wjydKifwnf;/ ol‹udk“twdkif;om;v$wfxm;jcif;r[kwfa-umif;”udk owd&ojzifh tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf.a&SŒawmfarSmufwGif wm0ef&Sda-umif;udkvnf; owd&rnf? xdk‹a-umifh/ vlom; wdk‹udkzefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwf[laom rSm;,Gif;onfhtawG;t ac:onf vlom;y"getajc jyK0g'.tajccHtawG;tac:jzpfvmavonf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'. yxra-unm pmwrf;. yxra-unmcsufESpfcku Toif-um;csuftawG;tac:udk az:jyxm;jcif;jzpf onf? xdk‹xufru/ vlom;y"ge0g'Dwdk‹u Ttqdkudk odyH`ynmu axmufcHonf[k tcdkiftrmqdk-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ olwdk‹urSm;,Gif;-uonf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'.yxra-u nmpmwrf;xkwfjyefjyD;onfESifh/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'u odyH`ynmESifhudkufnDonf[k qdkaomtajccHtcsufESpfcsufu jydKysufoGm;avonf? 1? p-um0Vmonf rajymif;rvJxm0&wnf&Sdaeonf[laom rSm;,Gif;onfht,ltqudk vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'yxra-unmpmwrf;a&;qGJaecsdefwGif/ xdktcsdefu &&Sdonfh t qufrjywfaomodyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u y,fzsufcJhavonf? p-um0Vmonfus,fjyef‹ vsuf&Sdjcif;/ tmumoaemufcHa&mifjcnfjzmjcif;ESifh [dkufj'dK*sif"gwfaiG‹ESifh[DvD,rf"gwf aiG‹wdk‹.tcsdK;tpm;wGufcsufr+ ponfwdk‹u/ p-um0Vmonf tprlv&Sda-umif;/ vGefcJh onfh ESpfoef;aygif;axmifaygif; 15=17 avmufwkef;u Avmewˆdtv#if;r&Sd&mrS “bpfbdkif;”ac: -uD;us,fonfhaygufuGJr+-uD;jzifh pwifcJha-umif;udk az:jyvsuf&Sdonf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u ,if;odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk vufrcHvdk-uaomfvnf;/ aemufqkH;odyH`awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u v$rf;rdk;oGm;ayonf? odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u ydkrdkIxif &Sm;pGm jyovsuf&Sdojzifh/ tqkH;wGif odyH`ynm&Siftodkif;t0dkif;u bpfbdkif;oDtdk&Dudk

58

vufcH-uavonf? qdkvkd&if;rSm/ p-um0Vmonf tpysdK;cJhjcif;&Sdonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ vl om;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u rnfodk‹r#apm'u rwufEdkif-uawmhacs? odk‹jzifh/ jAdwdo# vlrsdK;tawG;tac:&Sif tefwdkeDzvl;u atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;onf?

===bk&m;rJh0g'Du avmavmq,fumvrSm p-um0Vmqdkif&m trsm;vufcHoabmwlcsufESifh ywfoufI taESmifht,Sufjzpfrnfum; trSefyif? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ pdef‹aomrwfu p -um0Vmonftprlv&SdcJhonf[laomtcsufudk tawG;tac:t& oufaoxlEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh aomfvnf; p-um0Vmynm&Sifwdk‹u odyH`ynmt& oufaoxlvdkufaoma-umifhwnf;?===36

2? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'a-unmpmwrf;udk odyH`enf;usonf[k ausmaxmuf aemufcHay;onfhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf a&;om;jyD;aemuf q,fpkESpftenf;i,frSpI ‚if; .tajccHonfvnf; wpfpcsif;pwifjydKysufvmcJhavonf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ bk&m;rJh 0g'D(vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹tygt0if)tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D= Oyrm 1930=ckESpfydkif;rsm; wGif attdkif tdkyg&ifESifh a*sbD tufpf a[mvf'def; wdk‹wifjyonfhZmwfvrf;onf odyH`ynmt& w&m;rw&m;r0ifawmhacs? ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf oufrJhypPnf;jzpfaom j'yf0wˆKrsm;rS wpfjydKifwnf; ay:xGef;vmonf[laom olwdk‹wifjyonfh touf.rlv blwZmwfvrf;onf rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:jzpfoGm;avjyD? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm; uvnf; ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf wpfpwpfpwdk;wufajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;r[kwfbJ/ wpfrsdK; csif;onf vdktyfonfht*Fg&yfrsm;tjynfhtpkHESifh &kwfw&ufay:xGef;ay:aygufvm-u a-umif; oufaocHaeonfhtcsufudk 1970=ckESpfrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D a&S;a[mif;ypPnf; qdkif&mynm&Sifrsm;u vufcH-uavjyD? acwfopfZD0aA'uvnf; ouf&SdypPnf;onf obm0ed,mrrsm;ESifh rawmfwqjzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfa-umif;udk awG‹&Sdaz:xkwf oufaojyxm;avjyD? udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;wpfckcsif;onf tvGeftrif;±+yfaxG;aom pepfrsm;yg0ifaejcif;u zefqif;jcif;udk oufaoxlaeayonf? (tao;pdwfudk Dawinism Refuted: How the Theory of Evolution Breaks Down in the Light of Modern Science)wGif zwf±+Edkifygonf? xdk‹xufru/ bmomt,l0g'onf vlom;wdk‹wdk;wufa&;wGif t[ef‹twm;jzpf aejyD; vlom;tcsif;csif;yËdyuQjzpfatmif qGJaqmifonf[laompGyfpGJcsufrsm; rSm;,Gif; a-umif;udkvnf; ordkif;u oufaoxlaeavjyD? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u/ bmom t,l0g'rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfygu vlom;wdk‹onf vGwfvyfIaysmf&$ifaomb0udk &&Sd-u rnf[k wifjy-uonf? vufawG‹wGif olwdk‹.wifjycsufESifh zDvmqef‹usifbufom jzpf aeonfudk awG‹jrifae-u&onf? vlom;y"getajcjyKa-unmpmwrf;ykHESdyfxkwfjyef jyD;aemuf ajcmufESpft-umwGif 'kwd,urBmppfpwifay:aygufcJhonf? avmuDa&;ouf oufzufqpftawG;tac:u urBmavmu-uD;udk pHwif&atmifay;qyfonfhab;'kuQ-uD; jzpfonf? aemufxyfvlom;y"getajcjyKtawG;tac:wpfckjzpfonfh uGefjrLepf0g'u qdkAD,uf&k&Sm;EdkifiHom;wdk‹udk yxr jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;atmif zsufqD;cJhjyD;/ aemufxyfquf vufI w&kwfjynfolwdk‹/ uarBm'D;,m;jynfolwdk‹/ AD,uferfjynfolwdk‹/ ajrmufudk;&D,m; jynfolwdk‹/ -uLbm;jynfolwdk‹ESifh aemufxyftmz&duwdkufvlrsdK;rsm;/ vufwiftar&du vlrsdK;rsm; ponfwdk‹tay: olrwlatmif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhab;'kuQuyf qdkufapcJh onf? uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;ESifh uGefjrLepftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;u urBmhvlom;aygif; oef; aygif; 120 udk owfjzwfcJh-uonf? taemufEdkifiHrsm;. vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'. tjcm;ykHpHwpfrsdK;jzpfaom t&if;&Sifpepfrsm;vnf; olwdk‹.vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh urBmh tjcm;a'otajrmuftjrm;odk‹ aysmf&$ifr+ay;aqmifEdkifjcif;r&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;vsuf&Sday onf?

59

vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'. bmoma&;udka0zefokH;oyfonfhtydkif;onf pdwfynm avmuwGifvnf; xif&Sm;ayonf? bk&m;rJh0g'. ESpfq,f&mpkESpfapmapmydkif;rS pwif vmcJhonfh tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfaom z&l'D,HtawG;tac:udk vufawG‹rsufjrifwGiftajccH aomrSwfwrf;rsm;u y,fzsufvdkufayonf? a*smh0g&SifwefwuUodkvfrS yufx&pf*vif; u ol.avmuDa&;oufoufavmuaemufydkif; xm0&bk&m;ESifhywfoufonfh oufao taxmuftxm;/ ,kH-unfr+nSdE+dif;jcif;ESifh usdK;a-umif;&Smjcif; (God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation and Reason in a Postsecular World) [laompmtkyfwGif/ atmufygt wdkif; &Sif;jyxm;onf?

ESpfq,f&mpkESpftqkH;ydkif;onf pdwfynmqdkif&mtjrifrsm;udk oufn‡mr+r&SdcJhvSay? txl;w vnfxif&Sm;onfhtcsufrSm/ (tjcm;tcsuftrsm;tjym;udk tomxm;I) z&l'f.bmom t,l0g'ESifhywfoufonfhtjrif rSm;,Gif;a-umif;az:xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? vlwdk‹.pdwf"gwf qdkif&mwnfjidrfr+ESifh b0aysmf&$ifr+twGuf bmoma&;udkif;&+dif;r+onf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf [laom vGefcJhonfhESpfq,fhig;ESpftwGif;rSodyH`ynmokawoeawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u bmoma&; onf pdwf"gwfusI pdwf"gwfrlrrSefjcif;jzpfapaompdwfa&m*gwpfrsdK; (neurois) odk‹r[kwf xdkodk‹jzpfjcif;. Zpfjrpfjzpfonf[k z&l'fESifhol.wynfhrsm;u wifjyvufcHxm;aomtqdkudk ysufjym;apjcif;jzpfonf? udk,fhudk,fudkowfaojcif;/ t&ufaopm rl;,pfaq;0g;aomuf okH;jcif;/ vifr,m;uGm&Sif;tdrfaxmifysufjcif;/ pdwfnpfjcif;/ ZeD;armifESHt-um; umrquf qHr+wGifauseyfr+r&&Sdjcif;tqifh/ ponfhpdwfydkif;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;wGif bmoma&;udkif;±d+if; usifh-uHr+onf taygif;vuQ%mbufrS yg0ifqufpyfaea-umif; okawoevkyfief; wpfckjyD; wpfckwdk‹u jznfhpGufaxmufcHxm;ayonf?37

twdkcsKH;&rnfqdkaomf/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'udk w&m;0ifonf[k vufcHap&ef ausmaxmufaemufcHay;onfhodyH`qdkif&mudk;um;csufrsm; w&m;r0ifa-umif; oufaoxl jyD;avjyD? xdk‹a-umifh/ ‚if;.uwdu0wfrsm;onfvnf; tv[\jzpfoGm;awmhonf? odk‹yifjim;vnf;/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹onf olwdk‹vufcHxm;aomtawG;tac:udk rpGef‹v$wf-ubJ/ trsm;vlxkudk0g'jzef‹I wurBmvkH;ysHŒESH‹oGm;atmif-udK;yrf;ae-uao; onf? txl;ojzifh ppfjyD;aemufydkif;umvwGif vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹.0g'jzef‹ jcif;onf/ odyH`ynm/ tawG;tac:/ aw;*Dwavmu/ pmayavmu/ tEkynmESifh &kyf&Sif ponfwdk‹jzifh vlxkudktqufrjywfoGwfoGif;vmcJh-uayonf? tausmf-um;qkH;jzpfcJh aom wpfyifwdkiftqdkausmf *|efvifEGef.aw;*Dw0dkif; “ombDwvfpf” (The Beatles) rS oDqdkcJhaom“pOf;pm;-unfhyg” (Imagine) [laomoDcsif;onf Oyrmwpfckjzpfayonf? xdk oDcsif;.t"dy`g,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?

pOf;pm;-unfhprf;yg/ aumif;uifbkHedA<mefr&Sdbl;vdk‹/

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pOf;pm;-unfhprf;yg? b,fwdkif;jynftwGufrS/ b,fol‹udkrSowfbdk‹rvdk/

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vG,fygw,f? pdwful;,Ofw,fvdk‹qdkrvm;/

60

igutdyfrufrufaew,fbJqdkrvm;/ igwpfa,mufxJawmhr[kwfbl;aemf/

wpfae‹us&if rif;vJygr,f/ wurmBvkH; wpfckxJjzpfr,f/

*|efavEGef. “bmom omoemr&Sdbl;vdk‹ pOf;pm;-unfhprf;yg”[laom aw;oHonf ESpfq,f&mpk ESpftwGif; tausmf-um;qkH;txif&Sm;qkH;aom vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'. 0g'jzef‹jcif;jzpfonf?

odyH`ynmt& cdkifvkHonfhtajccHr&Sdaom vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'udk vlxktm; pdwfwGif;cHpm;csufjzpfvmatmif ZGwftwif;oGwfoGif;-u&mYtokH;jyKaomv+HŒaqmfr+wGif ToDcsif;onf Oyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfayonf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'u bmomt,l 0g'udk usdK;a-umif;qDav#mfpGmwm;jrpfEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif/ bmoma&;uoif-um;ay; aomtrSefw&m;rsm;udkypfy,f&ef qDavsmfpGmusdK;a-umif;rjyEdkifojzifh/ olwdk‹taejzifh tmedoifxufjrufonf[kxifonfh Todk‹aomt-uHjyKenf;rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uayonf? 1933=ckESpfxkwfjyefonfh yxrvlom;y"getajcjyKa-unmpmwrf;rSuwdu 0wfawG jzpfay:vmjcif;r&Sdojzifh/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u 'kwd,a-unmpmwrf; rl-urf;udk wifjyvm-ujyefonf? xdkrl-urf;wGif/ yxra-unmpmwrf;rS uwdu0wfrsm; tb,fha-umifhjynfhpkHjzpfay:vmEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhta-umif;udk &Sif;jyxm;onf? T&Sif;jy

61

csufrsm;onf tvGeftiftm;aysmhajymif;aeaomfvnf;/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u olwdk‹.bk&m;rJh0g'tawG;tac:wGif rnfr#txdwG,fwmae-uonfudk jyqdkayonf? 'kwd,a-unmpmwrf;wGif/ txif&Sm;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm 1933=ckESpfa-unmpmwrf; . bmomt,l0g'qef‹usifa&;tcsuftvufrsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;tokH;jyKxm; jcif;jzpfonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf atmufygaumufE+wfcsufrsm;yg az:jycsufrsm;rS vGwfuif;yg.?)

1933=ckESpfuuJhodk‹/ &dk;&mbmomt,l0g'jzpfaom/ txl;ojzifh qkawmif;jcif;udk -um;em onfhxm0&bk&m;oQif/ qkawmif;olwdk‹udk -uifem,k,apmifha&Smufjcif;/ vlwdk‹.qkawmif; pum;rsm;udk -um;emoabmaygufjcif;/ ‚if;wdk‹twGuf wpfpkHwpfck vkyfaqmifay;Edkifjcif;/ ponfh,kH-unfcsufrsm;onf oufaoxlEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif acwfaemufusaejyDjzpfaom wpf,loef,kH-unfcsufjzpfonf[k vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u oabmxm;-uonf?=== bk&m;oQif.Asm'dwfawmf/ ylaZmfyomjcif;ESifh w&m;a'oemwdk‹udk vlom;wdk‹xufjrifhjrwf atmifxm;onfh &dk;&mbmomt,l0g',kH-unfr+onf wpf,loefjzpfI tm%m&Sifqefum vlom;wdk‹twGuf tusdK;rJhonf[k u|Efkyfwdk‹u ,kH-unf-uygonf?==bk&m;rJh0g'Drsm;jzpf onfhtav#muf u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf xm0&bk&m;rSr[kwfbJ vlom;rsm;rSpwif-uygonf? ewfa' 0grsm;rSr[kwfbJ obm0rS pwif-uygonf?38

Taz:jycsufrsm;wGif vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom tay:,H ausm&Sif;jycsufrsm;yg&Sdonf? bmomt,l0g'qdkif&mtawG;tac:udk &Sif;vif;pGmem; vnfoabmayguf&ef vlwpfa,mufwGif yxrOD;pGmtodOm%f&Sd&rnf? yifudk,foabm uvnf; &dk;pif;oef‹pif&rnf? -udKwifbufvdkufjcif;uif;&Sif;&rnf? xdkodk‹jzpfrnfhtpm;/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'onf/ tpuwnf;u bk&m;w&m;omoemudk oJ-uD;rJ-uD;qef‹ usifoltcsdKŒu olwdk‹. wpf,loef,kH-unfcsufudk rSefuefonf[k cH,lxm;jyD; tjcm;ol wdk‹tm; twif;t"rRoGwfoGif;&ef -udK;pm;jcif;omjzpfayonf? T-udK;yrf;r+rsm;onf vnf; atmifjrifr+r&SdbJ usqkH;vsufom &Sdaeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xm0&bk&m;oQifudk ouf0if,kH-unfjcif;ESifhywfoufI vlom; y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹.usdK;a-umif;rqDavsmfaomwifjycsufrsm;rSm topftqef;r[kwf acs? vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmtvsifu xm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sif jrwftm; r,kHr-unfjiif;y,folwdk‹. rSm;,Gif;aomwifjycsufudk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;om jzpfayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; r,kH-unfolwdk‹. Ta[mif;EGrf;aejyDjzpfaom tqdkESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?

toifwdk‹. c0yfudk;uG,f&mt&Sifjrwfonf wpfqlwnf;aomc0yfudk;uG,f&mt &Sifjrwfyifjzpfawmfrl.? odk‹&mwGif wrvGefb0udkr,kH-unf-uaomolwdk‹.pdwf ESvkH;rsm;onf (xdkt&Sifjrwfwpfqlwnf;jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk) jiif;qdkvsuf&SdI ‚if;wdk‹rSmrl rmefrme axmifv$m;vsufyif &Sd-uukef.? rvGJ{uef tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹v#dKŒ0Suf-uaomtr+udpPwdk‹udkvnf; aumif;/ xdkolwdk‹xif&Sm;ap-uukefaomtr+udpPwdk‹udkvnf;aumif;/ (t-uGif;rJh) odawmfrlayonf? {ueftrSef xdkt&Sifjrwfonf rmefrmeaxmifv$m;olwdk‹tm; ESpfoufawmfrlonfr[kwfay? xdk‹jyif ‚if;wdk‹udk toifwdk‹tm;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwfu rnfonfh t&mudkcsay;oem;awmfrlygoenf;[k ar;jref;avaomtcg/ ‚if;wdk‹u “a&S;ol a[mif;wdk‹ESifh pyfvsOf;IzefwD;xm;aom '¾m&D0wˆKyif”[k ajymqdkajz-um;av onf? (pl&mtvfe[vf 16;22=24)

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Ttm,ofawmfrsm;wGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;/ r,kH-unfolwdk‹u tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf ESifhw&m;a'oemawmfudkjiif;y,f-ujcif;ta-umif;&if;rSm/ olwdk‹.ESvkH;wGif;&Sd armufrm aomrmefrmea-umifh jzpfayonf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'qdkonfhtawG;tac:rSmvnf; ,QKacwfrSvlwdk‹u/ xdka[mif;EGrf;cJhjyDjzpfonfh/ zefqif;&Sifxm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sif jrwfudk/ jiif;y,fjcif;ykHpHwpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfayonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ vlom;y"ge tajcjyK0g'onf/ ‚if;udkaxmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹u a-unmouJhodk‹ tawG;tac:topf r[kwfay? rdrdwdk‹.rmefrmea-umifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,fcJh-uonfh a&S;ya0o eDvufxufuvlrsm;. tawG;tac:omv#if jzpfayonf?

Oa&mywdkufwGif vlom;y"getajcjyK0g' -uD;xGm;jyef‹yGm;vmcJhonfhordkif;udk avhvmjcif;jzifh Ttqdkudk oufaocHonfhtcsufrsm;udk awG‹&Sdrnfjzpfonf?

vlom;y"getajcjyKtawG;tac:u uwdu0wfay;cJhonfhykHpHESifh zDvmqef‹usifI/ bk&m;rJh0g'onf urBm-uD;udk ppfjzpfjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;ESifh 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkHcHpm;&jcif;rsm; udkom ay;aqmifcJh.?

ubBmvm[frS vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'.Zpfjrpf THE ROOTS OF HUMANISM IN THE KABBALAH

ubBmvm[frS tcsKdŒaoma0g[m&wdk‹wGif a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHtxda&S;usaom rSm;,Gif;onfhtawG;tac:rsm;yg&Sdaea-umif;ESifh xdka0g[m&rsm;udk aemufydkif;wGif tpP &mtDvDvlrsdK;wdk‹tm; tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrS csay;awmfrlonfhrSefuefaomusrf;*efw&m; a'oemY xnfhoGif;xm;a-umif; awG‹&SdcJh-uavjyD? xdktawG;tac:onfvnf;/ vlom; rsm;onf obm0vGeftiftm;jzpfonfhxm0&bk&m;oQifu zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ tpOftjrJwnf&SdvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[laomravsmfruefonfhoabmw&m;wGiftajccHxm;a-umif;udkvnf; od&SdcJh-uayjyD? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'onf Oa&mywdkufodk‹ Tvrf;a-umif;Zpfjrpfjzifh 0if a&mufvmcJhonf? c&pf,mefomoemonf xm0&bk&m;oQif&Sdjcif;cH,lcsufwGif tajccH onf? vlom;rsm;udk xm0&bk&m;oQifu zefqif;xm;I xdkt&SifjrwfwGifom vkH;0rSDcdk ae-u&onfhaus;u|efrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ Oa&mywpfcGifvkH; wGif wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;. xkH;"avhysHŒESHŒvmcJhonfESifhtr#/ tawG;tac:&Sift

63

ajrmuftjrm;udk ubBmvm[fu pwifqGJaqmifcJhavonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ wpfq,fhig;&mpk ESpfwGif/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'v+dif;t&Sdefonf Oa&mywdkuf. tawG;tac:ydkif;avm uwGif azsmufzsufIr&Edkifonfh tpGef;txif;rsm;udk csefxm;avonf? TuJhodk‹aom vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'ESifh ubBmvm[f.qufpyfr+udk tjcm;t axmuftxm;trsm;tjym;uvnf; tav;teufxm;I az:jyxm;onfudk awG‹&ay onf? xdktaxmuftxm;rsm;teuf AufwDuifykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;orRmusrf;pmwuUodkvf rS ordkif;ygarmuQ rmvmcD rmwif. TaoG;.aomhcsufrsm; (The Keys of This Blood) [laom pmtkyfjzpfonf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹tay: ubBmvm[f.-oZmv$rf;rdk;r+ &Sda-umif; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG‹&onf[k a&;om;xm;onf?

tajctaewdkif;u ra&r&mjzpfaeonfh tDwmvDEdkifiH. tEkynmESifhpmayjyefvnfxGef;um; vmonfhacwfapmapmydkif;wGif/ xdkacwfwGif xdef;csKyfxm;onfh tm%mpufrsm;rS vGwfajruf &eftwGuf vlom;y"getajcjyKtoif;tzGJ‹rsm;xGufay:vmcJhonf? Ttoif;tzGJ‹rsm;udk v#dKŒ0Sufjcif;jzifh umuG,fxm;&rnf[laomtodudk oGwfoGif;xm;I/ v#dKŒ0Sufr+rsm;tjyif Tvlom;y"getajcjyKtoif;tzGJ‹rsm;wGif tjcm;xif&Sm;onfh t*Fg&yfESpf&yf&Sdao;onf? yxrt*Fg&yfrSm/ c&pf,mefbkef;awmf-uD;"rRq&mwdk‹ESifh jynfol‹tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifwdk‹. or&dk;usaz:aom c&pf,mefusrf;pmt"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESifh/ jynfol‹tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh EdkifiH a&;avmutwGuf bmoma&;uowfrSwfay;aom tawG;tac:rsm;udkqef‹usifykefuefjcif; jzpfonf?=== Ttoif;tzGJ‹wdk‹onf ormusrf;pmESifh xm0&bk&m;oQif. rkuQygXfawmfudk olwdk‹.oD; jcm;em;vnfoabmaygufaomzGifhqdkcsufESifh cH,lcsufrsm;&Sd-u&m/ xdkuJhodk‹rkef;wD;-ujcif; onfvnf; txl;wvnftHh-ozG,faomtcsufr[kwfay? tmz&duajrmufydkif;a'o=txl; ojzifhtD*spfEdkifiH=rStarGqufcHcJhonfhavmuDynm&yfrsm;ESifh *sL;vlrsdK;wdk‹. ubBmv[fwGif tajccHonfh aemqpf(gnosis)ac: tifrwefv#dKŒ0Sufaomynm&yfwGifwG,fuyfae-uonf?= tDwmvDvlrsdK;vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u ubBmvm[fudk eudkykHpHudkyifrrSwfrdEdkifavmuf atmif vdkwdk;ydkav#mh vkyf-uavonf? aemqpfcH,lcsufudk jyefvnfrGef;rHwnfaqmufI avmuDa&;oufoufykHpHoGif;vdkuf-uonf? txl;wvnfrGef;rHxm;aom aemqpf cH,lcsuf onf rawG‹rjrif&aomobm0tiftm;udk vlr+a&;=EdkifiHa&;udpPtwGuf tokH;jyKrnfh enf; vrf;ay;onfh v#dKŒ0Sufynmjzpfonf?39

twdkcsKH;vdkufygu/ xdkacwfwGif zGJ‹pnf; v+yf&Sm;cJh-uaomvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dtoif; tzGJ‹wdk‹u Oa&mywdkufudk pdk;rdk;aeonfh umaom vdwfc&pf,meftoif;awmf,Ofaus;r+udk ubBm vm[fwGiftajccHonfh,Ofaus;r+ESifh tpm;xdk;&ef vdkvm;jcif;jzpfonf? vlr+a&;=EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr+ udk zefwD;vdk-ujcif;jzpfonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,ft csufwpfcsufrSm/ ubBmvm[ftjyif T,Ofaus;r+ topfwGif a&S;a[mif;tD*spftawG;tac:oif-um; csufrsm;vnf; yg0ifaejcif;jzpfonf[k ygarmuQ rmwifu a&;om;xm;ayonf?

AufwDuifwuUodkvfrSordkif; yg&*l rmvmcDrmwif az:jy onfhtwdkif;/ Oa&myrSvlom; y"getajcjyK0g'ESifh ubBm v[fynmwdk‹ qufpyfr+ &Sd.?

xdkacwfvlom;y"getajcjyKtoif;tzGJ‹rsm;udk wnf axmifcJh-uolwdk‹onf/ p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD;us,f aomwefcdk;tm%m&Sifydokum(rGefjrwfaomwuf-wm*&m rmwGef= av;rsufESmewfbk&m; YHWH )udkylaZmf qnf;uyfI/ trsm;tm;jzifh tD*spfEdkifiHZmwdjzpfaom yD&

64

rpfESifh tvkH;pkHudkawG‹jrifaompuQKponfhoauFwrsm;udk ul;,ltokH;jyK-uonf?40

vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹.,kH-unfcsufwGifokH;aom “p-um0Vmtmumo. -uD;us,faomwefcdk;tm%m&Sifydokum”(the Great Architect of the Universe)[laom a0g[m&udk ,ae‹acwfarqGefwdk‹vnf; tokH;jyKqJjzpfonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&mwpfck jzpfonf? TtokH;tE+ef;t& vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'DESifh arqGef&D*dk%f;om;rsm;t-um; qufpyfr+&Sd&rnf[k ygarmuQ rmwifu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?

,QKtcsdef tjcm;ajrmufydkif;t&yfrsm;wGif/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Drsm;ESifh ta&;-uD;onfhyl; aygif;r+&Sdaeonf? Todk‹aomyl;aygif;r+udk rnfolur# rar#mfvifhcJhacs? 1300=ckESpfrsm;wGif/ ubBmvm[fudk,kH-unfaomvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dtoif;rsm;u p wifae&m&Smae-upOf==txl;ojzifht*Fvef/ paumhwvefESifh jyifopfEdkifiHrsm;wGif tv,f acwf*dk%f;rsm; &SdaeavjyD? 1300=ckESpfrsm;wGif touf&SifcJhonfhvlrsm;rS rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufur# z&D;arqGef*dk%f; rsm;ESifh tDwmvDvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹. pdwf"gwfESifh,kH-unfr+rsm; yl;aygif;oGm;Edkif vdrfhrnf[k cef‹rSef;cJh-urnfr[kwfay?== arqGef&D*dk%f;opfwdk‹onf a&mrc&pf,meftoif;awmf. tm%mpufudk opPmcHjcif;rS xGuf cGmoGm;onf? tDwmvsHvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'D avmuDynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf arqGef&Davmh*sf (tzGJ‹).v#dKŒ0Sufr+tmrcHcsufu tajctaet&ta&;w-uD;vdktyfaeonf? trSefrSm/ xdktkyf pkESpfpkwdk‹onf/ v#dKŒ0Sufr+xuf ydkIeD;pyfonfhwlnDr+&Sdae-uonf? arqGef&D*dk%f;ESifhywfouf aompmayrsm;ESifhrSwfwrf;rsm;t&/ olwdk‹.t"dubmomt,l0g'rSm tDwmvsHvlom;y"ge tajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹. p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD;us,faomydokumudk udk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf?== p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD;us,faomydokumonf &kyfavmutmumotwGuf txif&Sm;qkH; ESifh ta&;ygqkH;vdktyfcsufjzpfonf? ‚if;rSm “ynmOm%fyGifhvif;aom” pdwfrS xGufay: vmjcif;jzpfonf? T,kH-unfcsufonf tajccH cH,lcsuft& c&pf,mefomoemESifh n‡dEd+if;I r&EdkifcJhacs? tjypfi&Jxdkufonf/ jypf'%fcwfjcif;twGuf i&JbkH&Sdonf/ qkrGefaumif;tjzpf aumif;uifbkH Y pHpm;apjcif;/ trsm;vlxktwGuftjrJwaptepfemcHjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk wm;jrpfxm;jcif; a-umifhjzpfonf?41

twdkcsKH;&aomf/ Oa&mywdkufwGif wpfq,fhav;&mpkESpftwGif; ubBmvm[fwGif tajccHaomvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'DESifharqGef&DtzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? TtzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onf/ *sL;bmom0if/ c&pf,mefbmom0ifESifh rGwfpvifrfwdk‹u xm0& bk&m;oQifonf p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udkzefqif;awmfrlI pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfum vlom;wdk‹ twGuf wpfqlwnf;aomxm0&bk&m;oQifjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfouJhodk‹ r,kH-unf-uacs? xm0&bk&m;oQiftpm;/ &kyfavmup-um0Vm.wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfaom“p-um0Vm tmumo.-uD;us,faomydokum”udkom vufcH-uonf? wpfenf;qdkaomf/ Oa&mywdkufwGif wpfq,fhav;&mpkESpftwGif;ay:aygufvm aom ‚if;v#dKŒ0Suftoif;tzGJ‹rsm;onf/ xm0&bk&m;oQifudkypfy,fI/ p-um0Vmtmumo .-uD;us,faomydokumcH,lcsufatmufwGif/ &kyf0wˆKp-um0Vmudk olwdk‹.ewfbk&m;t jzpf vufcH,kH-unfonf? (trSefpifppf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdk‹xufomvGefjrifhjrwf awmfrl.?) Tazgufjyefaom,kH-unfr+t,l0g'udk ydkI&Sif;vif;pGmt"dy`g,fzGifhqdkrnfqdkv#if ESpfq,f&mpkESpfodk‹ckeful;I arqGef&D*dk%f;om;wdk‹.pmayrsm;udk avhvm-unfh&ygrnf? OyrmwpfckrSm/ wl&uDEdkifiHrS 0g&ifhqkH;z&D;arqGeftzGJ‹om; aqvmrDtDqif'uf. arqGef vkufwef tDqifvifarvm (z&D;arqGef&DrSoif-um;csufrsm;)ac:pmtkyfonf arqGef tzGJ‹0ifopfrsm;udkoif-um;avhusifhay&ef a&;om;xm;aompmtkyfjzpfonf? arqGeftzGJ‹

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om;wdk‹. “p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD;us,faomydokum”ESifhywfoufaom,kH-unfcsuf udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;az:jyxm;ayonf?

arqGef&Donf bk&m;rJhaomtzGJ‹r[kwfay? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹cH,lonfhbk&m;oQifonf bm oma&;wGifvufcH,kH-unfaombk&m;oQifESifhwpfjcm;pDuGJjym;jcm;em;onf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹. bk&m;ocifonf/ jrifhjrwfaomrl0g'jzpfonf? ‚if;rSm tDAdkvl;&Sif;.txGwftxdyfjzpfonf? rdrdtwGif;a0ae,sudk a0zefokH;oyfjcif;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkem;vnfoabmaygufjyD; odyH`ynm .vrf;a-umif;ay:wGif wrifwumav#mufum/ todOm%f&Sd&Sd tusdK;&Sd&Sd (ajrmfjrifjcif;jzifh)/ xdktxGwftxdyfbk&m;ESifh uGm[vsuf&Sdaomaxmifhudk usOf;ajrmif;apEdkifonf? xdka&mtcg/ ‚if;bk&m;oQifonf/ vlom;wdk‹.aumif;usdK;ESifhqdk;usdK;t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh roufqdkifawmhacs? ‚if;onf vlyk*~dKvftjzpftaumiftxnfudk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif;r&Sd? ‚if;bk&m;oQifonf/ vlom; avmuudk vrf;n$efjyoaeonfht&Siftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ obm0udkxdef;csKyfaejcif;vnf; aumif;r&Sday? p-um0Vm.-uD;us,faomvkyfief;. ydokumjzpfI/ tqifajyajywpnf; wvkH;wnf;tjzpf wnf&Sdonf? ‚if;onf p-um0VmtwGif;&Sd ouf&Sdt&mtm;vkH;.pkaygif;r+ jzpfonf? tppt&m&mudkodrf;-uKH;0dkif;ywfxm;onfh tiftm;pkpGrf;tifjzpfonf? Tt&nf tcsif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf;/ ‚if;udk tprlv[kvufrcHEdkifay/===,if;um;-uD;us,fqef;jym; aomv#dKŒ0Sufcsufjzpf.?42

‚if;pmtkyfwGif/ z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹ajymaom “p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD; us,faomydokum”rSm obm0w&m;udkqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh olwk‹donf obm0udkudk;uG,folrsm;jzpfonf?

obm0rSvGJI u|Ekfyfwdk‹.pdwful;pdwfoef; odk‹r[kwfvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk wm0ef,lxm; onfhwefcdk;tiftm;pkr&Sdacs?===arqGef&DtzGJ‹.rl0g'ESifhoif-um;csufrsm;onf odyH`ynmt & jzpf&yfrSef trSefw&m;rsm;jzpfI/ ynmOm%ftpGrf;.&vm'frsm;jzpfonf? bk&m;oQifqdk onfrSm tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfonf? ‚if;.tajccHusaomtpdwftydkif;wpfckonf obm0pGrf;tif jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh t-uGif;rJhy&rwfjzpfaomtrSefw&m;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfI ‚if;udkywf vnf0dkif;vsuf&Sdaom pGrf;tifjzpfonf?43

wl&uDvlrsdK;z&D;arqGeftzGJ‹om;rsm;twGufoufouf xkwfa0aom rDrm&f pDeef r*~Zif;wGif vnf; arqGeftawG;tac:ESifhywfoufI xkdenf;twdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD;us,faomydokumonf xm0&wnfjrJjcif;odk‹udkif;nGwfjcif; jzpf onf? u|Efkyfwdk‹twGufrlum; csOf;uyfjcif; jzpfonf? qufwdkufjzpfay:aeaomxm0& wnf jrJjcif;tajctaeudk jyD;jynfhpkHatmif jzpfay:aponf? ‚if;onf vuf&SdypPKy`eftcsdefor,ESifh z&D;arqGeftawG;tac: odk‹r[kwftodw&m;wdk‹t-um;&Sd uGm[r+jzpfonf?44

arqGeftzGJ‹om;rsm;u “usKyfwdk‹bk&m;oQifudk,kH-unfygonf/ bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹udk usKyfwdk‹vufrcHyg”[kqdk&mY/ olwdk‹t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkxm;onfh p-um0Vmtmumo.-uD; us,faomydokumudk qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹.azgufjyefaom,kH-unf csuft&/ trsm;,kH-unfonfhxm0&bk&m;oQifr[kwfbJ/ obm0orm;ESifhvlom;y"get ajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹.cH,lcsufjzpfaom obm0w&m;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;ESifh vlom;avmuwdk‹onf omv#if olwdk‹.rdk;usewfa'0gjzpfonf?

arqGef&DtzGJ‹.pmayrsm;udkcsKH-unfhvdkufv#if/ TtzGJ‹onf aojcmpepfwuszGJ‹ pnf;xm;aom vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'tzGJ‹jzpfa-umif;ESifh ‚if;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm wu rBmvkH;wGif avmuDa&;oufoufudkomtav;xm;aom vlom;y"getajcjyKpepfudk wnfaqmufvdkjcif;jzpfa-umif; pwifawG‹jrifEdkifayonf? TtawG;tac:rsm;onf/ wpf q,fhav;&mpkESpfwGif ay:aygufcJhaomvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹rS pwifvmcJhI/ vuf&Sd acwfarqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u qufvufwifjyumuG,fae-uao;onf?

66

arqGefoauFwtcsdKŒ

67

arqGef&Dvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'= a0ae,svl‹avmuudk udk;uG,fjcif;

MASONIC HUMANISM: THE WORSHIP OF HUMANITY

arqGef&DtzGJ‹wGif; jzef‹a0aompmayrsm;u tzGJ‹.vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'tawG; tac:udkaz:jyxm;I/ wpfqlwnf;aomxm0&bk&m;oQif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)udk udk;uG,f onfhomoemudk &efvdkrkef;wD;wdkufcdkufjcif;ESifhywfoufI tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;ay onf? arqGef&DpmaywGif TudpPESifhywfoufI ra&rwGufEdkifatmifrsm;jym;aom&Sif; vif;csufrsm;/ t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;/ udk;um;csufrsm;ESifh Oyrmrsm;jynfheufvsuf&Sd onf? u|Efkyfwdk‹tpOD;ydkif;wGif qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'onf vlom; wdk‹.zefqif;&SifxHawmfrSausmcdkif;I/ “vlom;onf p-um0VmwGif tjrifhqkH;tqifhwGif &Sdonf”[k rSm;,Gif;pGm vufcH,kH-unfavonf? Tum;/ trSeftm;jzifh vlom;avmu udkudk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf? ubBmvm[fvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'Dwdk‹u wpfq,fhav;&mpk ESpfESifhwpfq,fhig;&mpkESpfrsm;wGif pwifcJhaom T,kH-unfcsufonf/ ,ae‹acwfopf arqGef&DtzGJ‹wGifyif usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; qufvuf,kH-unfae-uay onf? yDudk'Jv†m rD&ef'dkvmonf wpfq,fhav; &mpkESpfrS tausmf-um;qkH;vlom;y"getajcjyK0g 'Djzpfonf? ola&;om;aom Conclusiones ph iloso-phicae, cabalsticae, et theologicae pmtkyf udk rdp>m'd@dtawG;tac:rsm;yg0ifojzifh 1489=ck

yDudk'Jv†m rD&ef'dkvm = ausmf-um;onfh vl om;y"getajcjyK0g'DwpfOD;?

ESpfwGif tXrajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD; tifEdkpifh u ±+wfcsydwfyifcJhavonf? urBmavmuwGif vlom;xufydkrdk-uD;jrifhjrwfol r&Sd[k rD&ef'dkvm u a&;om;xm;onf? c&pf,meftoif;awmfrS/ TtawG;tac:onf vlom;udk udk;uG,faom rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'jzpfonf[k jrifonf? trSefrSm vnf; rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'yifjzpfayonf? xm0& bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfxuf ydkrdkjrifhjrwf ol[lI tv#if;r&Sdacs? vlom;onf xdkt&Sif jrwfu zefqif;xm;jcif;omjzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ arqGefwdk‹onf vlom; avmuudk udk;uG,faomrD&ef'dkvm.rdp>m'd@dt awG;tac:udk ydkrdkyGifhvif;pGm a-unm-uayonf? Oyrm/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹.pmapmifi,fwpf ckwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;ayonf?

a&S;usonfh vlŒtzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onf/ tm;enf;-uonf? xdkodk‹tm;enf;-uaoma-umifh/ olwdk‹. ywf0ef;usiftiftm;rsm;ESifhjzpf&yfrsm;udk ewfbk&m;rsm;tjzpf udk;uG,f-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; arqGef&DtzGJ‹u vlom;avmuudkom udk;uG,fonf?45

z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹.aysmufoGm;aomaomhcsufrsm; (The Lost Keys of Freeasonry) [laompmtkyfwGif/ rifvD yD a[mvfu TarqGef&Dvlom;y"getajcjyK0g'oif-um;csuf onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS pwifvmcJhonf[k &Sif;jyxm;onf?

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a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹uJhodk‹/ tdk;xdef;onf.bD;wGifvSnfhonfhyrm/ vlom;onf bk&m; tjzpfodk‹a&mufatmif ykHpHoGif;cH&onf? ol.a&mifjcnfvif;xif;vmaomtcg tppt&m&m udkxdef;odrf;xm;EdkifpGrf;&SdI txufqifhodk‹jrifhwifjcif;cH&jyD;/ rmpwmarqGef(arqGefOD;pD; acgif;aqmif)rsm;tkyfpkodk‹ oGm;a&mufaygif;pnf;avonf? xdkarqGefOD;pD;acgif;aqmifwdk‹ onf/ a&$jzifhwefqmqifxm;aom tjyma&mif0wf&kHrsm;udk jcHK&kHvsuf&Sd-uum/ arqGefa[mf eef;-uD;. okH;bufokH;wefvif;xif;aoma&mifjcnfjzifh nOfh.tarSmifudk yaysmufvGifhjy,f oGm;ap&ef &SmazGae-uonf?46

arqGef&DtzGJ‹. rSm;,Gif;aom,kH-unfcsufwGif/ vlom;rsm;onf bk&m;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; *&if;rmpwm (Grand Master) [kac:aom arqGef&DtzGJ‹acgif;aqmifwdk‹om v#if xdkewfbk&m;tqifhodk‹tjynfht0 a&muf-uonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdk‹xuf omvGefawmfrl.?) *&if;rmpwmtqifhodk‹tjynfht0a&muf&Sd&ef xm0&bk&m;oQifESifh vl om;rsm;onf t&Sifjrwf.aus;u|efrsm;jzpfonf[laom,kH-unfcsufudk tjyD;tydkifpGef‹ v$wfypf&rnf? arqGef&Dqdkif&m xl;jcm;eufeJaomOm%ftjrif(Mystic Masonry) [l aompmtkyfudka&;onfh a*s 'D bufu TtcsufESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&; om;xm;onf?

z&D;arqGef&DuvufcHaomwpfqlwnf;aombk&m;onf vlŒavmujzpfonf?==vlom;avm uonf vlwdkif;twGuf wnf&Sdaomwpfqlwnf;aombk&m;vnf;jzpfonf?47

arqGef&DtawG;tac:onf bmomt,l0g'wpfrsdK;jzpfa-umif; xif&Sm;vsuf&Sd.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ wpfyg;wnf;aomxm0&bk&m;oQifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh omoem r[kwfay? ‚if;onf vlom;avmuudkudk;uG,faombmomt,l0g'jzpfojzifh/ rSm;,Gif; aomt,l0g'jzpfonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹.pmayrsm;u TtcsufudkxyfcgwvJvJ tcdkif trmqdkIa&;om;-uonf? wmufarqGeftrnf&Sd wl&uDEdkifiHarqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹ t wGufxkwfa0aomr*~Zif;rS aqmif;yg;wpfckwGif/ “arqGef&D.tjrifhrm;qkH;pHerlemonf ‘vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'’oif-um;csufwGif&Sdonf[k u|Ekfyfwdk‹cH,l-uygonf?”48 [k a&;om;xm;onf? aemufxyfwl&uDpmapmifwpfcku/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'onf bmomt,l0g 'wpfckjzpfa-umif; &Sif;jyxm;onf?

(vlom;y"getajcjyK0g')onf/ wpf,loefbmoma&;a[majymr+rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;I rSefuef onfhbmomt,l0g'wpfckjzpfonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹. vlom;y"getajcjyKt,l0g'onf touf &Sifaejcif;b0.tajccHZpfjrpft"dy`g,fu vli,frsm;rodao;onfhvdkvm;awmifhwr+rsm;udk jznfhpGrf;ay;vdrfhrnf?49

arqGeftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u olwdk‹,kH-unfonfh TrSm;,Gif;aombmomt,l0g'udk rnf odk‹ylaZmfyoenf;? Ttcsufudkod&Sd&ef vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;odk‹ rnfuJhodk‹owif;jzef‹-uonf udk teD;uyfI-unfh&ygrnf? vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'qdkif&m udk,fusifhw&m;oDtdk&D

HUMANIST MORAL THEORY

,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf EdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;&Sdvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; odk‹ xdk;0ifae-uonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;/ tifwmeufqdkufrsm;/ owif;pma-umf jimrsm;ESifh a-unmpmwrf;rsm;jzifh/ olwdk‹.tzGJJ‹onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.aumif;usdK;udkom aqmif&Gufonf[k wifjy-uonf? tcsdKŒwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹rSaxmufyHhaom ukodkvfa&;toif;tzGJ‹rsm;yif &Sdonf?

69

&dkwm&DuvyfESifhvdkif;tGef;(jcaoFh)uvyfwdk‹onfvnf; arqGef&DtzGJ‹.“aysmh ajymif;”aomykHpHjzpfI txufygtwdkif; vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.aumif;usdK;udkom aqmif&Guf onf[k qdk-uonf? trSefpifppf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf aumif;usdK;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf wm;jrpf&rnfh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;r[kwfay? u|Ekfyfwdk‹uvnf; rwm;jrpfvdkyg? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹. tqdkaemufuG,fwGif/ vSnfhpm;r+udef;atmif;aeayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹u bk&m;w &m;bmom,kH-unfr+r&Sdaomfvnf; udk,fusifhw&m;&SdEdkifonf[k qdkonf? udk,fusifhw &m;ESifhjynfhpkHaomurBmudk bmomt,l0g'r&SdbJ wnfaqmufEdkifonf[k wifjy-uonf? olwdk‹.tvSL'gevkyfief;tm;vkH;.&nf&G,fcsufrSmvnf; Ttqdkudk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif; Y jzef‹jzL;&efjzpfonf? Ttqdkonf rnfr#txdvSnfhpm;xm;onfudk r-umrDawG‹-uygrnf? odk‹aomf vnf;/ TudpPESifhywfoufI arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹.tjrifudk OD;pGmokH;oyfjcif;onfvnf; tokH;0ifygvdrfhrnf? arqGef&Dwdk‹.tifwmeuf0JbfqdkufwGif “bmomt,l0g'r&Sdaom udk,fusifhw&m;” &SdEdkifa-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

vlom;qdkwmbmvJ? b,fuvmovJ? b,fudkOD;wnfaeovJ?==vlwpfa,mufb,fvdkae xdkifovJ? b,fvdkaexdkif&rvJ? bmoma&;rsm;u Tar;cGef;rsm;udk csrSwfxm;aompnf; rsOf;pnf;urf;csufrsm;twGif;&Sd udk,fusifhw&m;rl0g'rsm;jzifh tajzay;-uonf? odk‹aomf vnf; olwdk‹u xm0&bk&m;oQif/ aumif;uifbkHedAQmef/ i&JbkH/ &Sdcdk;0wfjyKjcif;/ ponfh &kyf vGefcH,lcsufrsm;udk wifjyoif-um;-uonf? vlwdk‹u/ olwdk‹&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;em;rvnfEdkif onfh &kyfvGefjy\emESifhrywfoufonfh b0.rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk &SmazG,l-u&onf? z&D; arqGef&DtzGJ‹u Trl0g'rsm;udk vGwfvyfr+/ wef;wlr+/ vlom;tcsif;csif;&if;ESD;cspfcifr+(nD &if;tpfudk armif&if;ESrpdwf"gwf)/ vkyfief;udkcspfcifjcif;/ jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk vdk vm;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u a-unmvmcJhonf? Ttcsufrsm;u vlwpfOD;udk bmoma&;abmiftwGif;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;apjyD;/ b0.rl0g'udkqufvufay; xm;onf? olwdk‹.tajccHrludk &kyfvGefavmucH,lcsufwGif &SmazGjcif;r[kwfbJ/ TurBm ajr-uD;ay:0,f aexdkifaom &ifhusufonfhvlyk*~dKvf.twGif;pdwfrS &SmazG,l-uonf?50

TuJhodk‹awG;awmaomarqGefwpfOD;onf/ xm0&bk&m;oQiftm;,kH-unfI t&Sif jrwf.oabmwlvufcHjcif;udkar#mfudk;um ukodkvfvkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufoludk qef‹usif onf? olwdk‹twGuf/ tppt&m&monf vlom;avmutwGufom vkyfaqmif&rnf? T tawG;tac:rsm;udk wl&uDarqGef&Davmh*sfrS xkwfa0aompmayrsm;wGif awG‹jrifEdkifay onf?

arqGef&Dqdkif&mudk,fusifhw&m;onf vlom;avmuudk cspfcifjcif;wGif tajccHonf? aemift em*wfwGif&&Sdrnfh aumif;usdK;/ qkvmbf/ edAQmefponfudk &&Sd&eftwGufar#mfvifhcsufjzifhf vnf;aumif;/ wpfOD;OD;udka-umufIjzpfap/ bmoma&;ynwfcsuf odk‹r[kwf EdkifiHa&;tzGJ‹ tpnf;udka-umufIjzpfap/ rawG‹rjrif&aom obm0vGeftiftm;rsm;udk a-um&GHŒIjzpfap/ aumif;usdK;jyKjcif;udk vkH;0y,fcsonf? rdrd.tdrfaxmifpk/ wdkif;jynf/ vlom;rsm;ESifh vlom; avmuudk cspfcifjr‡ifhwifaxmufyHhjcif;om jyKonf? Tum; z&D;arqGef&Dqdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif; ajymif;vJr+. txif&Sm;qkH;&nfrSef;csufjzpfonf? vlrsm;udkcspfcifjcif;ESifh rnfonfhtusdK;& vm'fudkr#ar#mfudk;jcif;r&SdbJ aumif;usdK;jyKjcif;onf -uD;us,faomtDAdkvl;&Sif;. tjrifhqkH; aomtqifhjzpfonf?51

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arqGef&DtzGJ‹tawG;tac:t&/ bmomt,l0g'.obm0vGefavmutay:tajccHaom udk,f usifhw&m;ynwfcsufaESmif-udK;rsm;rS vlŒavmuudk u,fq,fEdkif&ef/ vlom;avmuudk cspf jrwfEdk;jcif;wGiftajccHonfhudk,fusifhw&m;udk wnfaqmuf&efvdktyfayonf? ‚if;. tpOf tvm&Sdudk,fusifhw&m;rl0g'wGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf vlom;.ZD0qdkif&mjzpfwwfr+rsm;/ auseyfr+twGufvdktyfr+rsm;/ vlr+a&;b0.pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhoufqdkif&mtoif;tzGJ‹rsm;/ todw&m;/ vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r+ESifhajymqdkEdkifcGifhrsm;ESifhtwl/ aemufqkH;wGif obm0qef aomb0aexdkifr+tm;vkH;twGuf vdktyfr+/ ponfwdk‹udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹.yef;wdkifrSm/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;wGif vlom;y"getajcjyKudk,fusifhw&m;udk wnfaqmufI apmifha&Smuf&efjzpfonf?54

rmpwmarqGef tDqif'gufajymonfh “bmomt,l0g'. obm0 vGefavmut ay:tajccHaomudk,fusifhw&m;ynwfcsufaESmif-udK;rsm;rS vlŒavmuudk u,fq,fEdkif &ef”[laomtydkif;rSm/ vltrsm;tm; bmomt,l0g'rS uif;uGmzJ-uOfoGm;apjcif;udk qdk vdkonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif tDqif'gufu Tyef;wdkifESifholwdk‹tqdkt& ‚if;. “wdk;wuf onfh,Ofaus;r+acwfudk wnfaqmufrnfhrl0g'rsm;”ta-umif;udkvnf; xyfrH&Sif;jyxm; .?

arqGef&DtzGJ‹. tjyKoabmaqmifaomrl0g'rsm;onf wdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r+acwfudk wnfaqmuf&ef jynfhpkHvkHavmufayonf? ‚if;wdk‹rSm= = yk*~v"d@mefr[kwfaombk&m;(p-um0Vm.-uD;us,faomydokum)udk vufcHjcif;jzpfI/ ‚if;onfyif tDAdkvl;&Sif;(rawmfwqwdkufqdkifr+a-umifh wpfpwpfpajymif;vJjcif;)jzpfonf? = Asm'dwfawmfusa&mufjcif;/ xl;jcm;eufeJaomOm%ftajrmftjrifudk,kH-unfr+ESifh [mvm [if;vif;tqHr&Sdaom,kH-unfr+/ ponfwdk‹udk ypfy,fonf? = qifjcifwkHw&m;&Sdaom vlom;y"getajcjyKtawG;tac:ESifhvkyftm;. xGwfjrwfr+? txufygtcsufokH;csufrS/ yxrtcsufonf xm0&bk&m;oQif&Sdjcif;udk y,fcs

jcif; jzpfonf? 'kwd,tcsufonf xm0&bk&m;oQifxHawmfrSvmaom Asm'dwfawmfrsm; ESifh ‚if;wGiftajccHaombmoma&;ynmrsm;udk y,fcsjcif;jzpfonf? (tDqif'gufu ‚if; udk “[mvm[if;vif;tqHr&Sdaom,kH-unfr+”[k trnfay;xm;onf?) wwd,tcsuf onf/ todOm%fuif;rJhpGm vlom;avmuESifh vlom;y"getajcjyKcH,lcsuf.“vkyftm;” udk (uGefjrLepf0g'rSmuJhodk‹)txGwftjrwftjzpf jr‡ifhwifxm;onf?

tu,fI TazgufjyefvGJrSm;aomtawG;tac:rsm;u urBmay:wGif rnfodk‹tjrpf wG,faeonfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹okH;oyfygu/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+udk odjrifEdkifay onf? Tae&mwGif aemufxyfta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;oifhayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹u rdrdwdk‹cH,lxm;onfhwm0ef(rpf&Sif)udk rnfodk‹toufoGif;v+yf&Sm;-uygo enf;? arqGef&DtzGJ‹. pmayrsm;udkzwf&+jcif;jzifholwdk‹u trsm;vlxktm; “0g'jzef‹”jcif; jzifh bmomt,l0g'udk zsufqD;ypfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xif-uonf? rmpwmtDqif'gufu ol .pmtkyfwGif TudpPESifhywfoufI tus,fw0ifhwifjyxm;ayonf?

76

===tvGeftrif;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfhtpdk;&rsm;uyif bmomt,l0g'udk zsufqD;ypf&ef -udK; yrf;&mY ratmifjrifEdkifcJh-uacs? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk [mvm[if;vif;tqHr&SdaomavSeH "g;xpf,kH-unfr+rS u,fwif&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;t& -urf;wrf;wif;usyfaomenf;jzifh ynm ay;jcif;onf tusdK;r&SdbJ zDvmqef‹usifonfhwefjyefr+udkom jzpfay:aponf? ydwfyifcJhaom olwdk‹c0yfudk;uG,fr+jyKonfhae&mXmrsm;onf ,ae‹ydkrdkI jynfhv#Haeayonf? Oya't& ydwfyifcJhaom olwdk‹.wpf,loef,kH-unfcsufrsm;onfvnf; ydkrdkIom cdkifrmvmayonf? aemufxyfa[majymyGJwpfckwGif ESvkH;om;ESifhpdwf"gwfcHpm;r+udk xdcdkufpdrfh0ifonfhudpPrsm; wGif wm;jrpfjcif;onf rxda&mufay? tusdK;jyKaomodyH`ynmESifh usdK;a-umif;jyjcif;ajrmf jrifr+rsm;uomv#iftrsm;vlxkudk tarSmifwGif;rStvif;odk‹a&mufvmatmif ac:aqmifEdkif vdrfhrnf? tu,fI trsm;vlxkudk Tenf;jzifh ynmay;Edkifygu/ olwdk‹onf vlom;y"ge tajcjyKtawG;tac:udk av;pm;vm-urnfjzpfjyD;/ bmomt,l0g'.tusdK;&Sdaomtydkif; udkom a&G;cs,f,l-uum/ tokH;r0ifaomwpf,loef ,kH-unfcsufrsm;rS tvGwf&kef;Edkif-u vdrfhrnf?55

Tae&mwGif rnfodk‹qdkvdkonfudk oabmayguf&ef aocsmCepGm qef;ppf&yg rnf? tDqif'gufu/ bmomt,l0g'udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;tm;jzifh ydkrdkv+HŒaqmfay;ojzifh bmomt,l0g'udk ydkrdktm;aumif;aponf[k qdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh bmomt,l0g',kH -unfr+ydkrdktm;oefvmjcif;r&Sdap&ef/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u bmomt,l0g'udk ynm&nf pGrf;tqifhjzifh zsufqD;&rnf[k tDqif'gufu pOf;pm;rdayonf? “tusdK;jyKaomodyH`y nmESifh usdK;a-umif;jyjcif;ajrmfjrifr+rsm;”qdkonfrSm/ odyH`ynmtppf/ usdK;a-umif;jytod ynmtppfESifh ajrmfjrifr+tppfr[kwfacs?” ol.qdkvdk&if;rSm 'g0if0g'uJhodk‹ ay:yifa& yef;pm;pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh zkH;uG,fxm;aomvlom;y"getajcjyKtawG;tac:om jzpfonf? TtawG;tac:rsm;udk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif;odk‹jzef‹jzL;EdkifonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/“ vlom;y "getajcjyKtawG;tac:udk av;pm;vm-urnf”[kqdkjcif;onf/ bmomt,l0g'wGif vl om;y"getajcjyK0g'uvufcHaomtcsufrsm;om usef&pfvdrfhrnf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpf onf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ wpfyg;wnf;aomxm0&bk&m;oQifudkudk;uG,fonfh bmomt ,l0g'. tajccHtrSefw&m;rsm;udk y,fzufjiif;y,fypf&efjzpfonf? (tDqif'gufu ‚if; tajccHrsm;udk tokH;r0ifaomwpf,loef,kH-unfcsufrsm;[k rSnfhac:xm;onf)? pifppf tm;jzifh/ vlom;udkxm0&bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;awmfrlI vlom; onf xdkt&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmfrsm;udkemcHvdkufem&efwm0ef&Sdjcif;,kH-unfcsuftodw &m;onf rSefuefaomtajccHw&m;jzpfonfhtjyif tqkH;pGefaomopPmw&m;vnf; jzpf.? tDqif'gufESifhtwl ol.tawG;tac:udkvufcHtokH;csaeol arqGeftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹ onf t-uD;tus,frSm;,Gif;ae-ua-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?

TuJhodk‹aomtusdK;quftm;vkH;a-umifh/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'qdkif&mESifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹qdkif &m ta&;-uD;qkH;aomwm0efrSm odyH`ynmESifhusdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;rS b,faomtcgr# ausmcdkif;oGm;jcif;rjyK&efjzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;t&/ Tenf;onf taumif;qkH;enf;jzpfonf udkvufcHI/ u|Efkyfwdk‹.T,kH-unfcsufudk trsm;vlxkxHodk‹jzef‹jzL;um/ trsm;vlxkudk tusdK;jzpfxGef;aomodyH`ynmoif-um;ydk‹csay;&efvnf; ta&;-uD;qkH;aomwm0efwGifyg0if onf[k u|Efkyfajymvdkygonf? tmef;&Deef.pum;rsm;onfvnf; tvGefta&;-uD;ygonf? “tusdK;jzpfxGef;aomodyH`ESifh usdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;wdk‹jzifh vlom;wdk‹tm; Om%ftvif;ay; ygu/ aemifwpfae‹wpfcsdefwGif bmomt,l0g'onfvnf; vdktyfawmhrnf r[kwfay?”56

Tum; arqGef&DtzGJ‹. tqkH;pGefaom yef;wdkifjzpfonf? olwdk‹onf bmomt,l 0g'udk tjyD;tydkifzsufqD;ypfjyD;/ vlom;avmu.“rGefjrwfjcif;”wGiftajccHaom vl om;udkomy"getajcjyKxm;aomurBmudk wnfaqmufvdk-uonf? ‚if;rSm/ vlom;wdk‹ onf olwdk‹zefqif;cJhaomt&SifoQifudkjiif;qefypfy,fI olwdk‹udk,fudkbk&m;tjzpf,lq

77

onfhtodw&m;uif;rJhaompepfudk wnfaqmufvdkjcif;jzpfonf?=== Tyef;wdkifonf vnf; arqGef&DtzGJ‹wnf&Sdaeonfhta-umif;&if;jzpfayonf? arqGeftzGJ‹. tdkifem(a-u; rkH)trnf&Sdr*~Zif;pmapmifwpfckwGif/ ‚if;udk “tawG;tac:rsm;. ausmif;awmf-uD;”[k trnf ay;xm;ayonf?

*sDtD vJpfpif;ESifh tD &Deef? arqGeftzGJ‹om;wdk‹onf/ Tbk&m;rJh0g'Dpma&;q&mESpfOD;.

bmomt,l0g'udk TurBmajrjyifay:rStjyD;ydkifazsmufzsufypfvdkonfhtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfaz:vdk-uonf?

acwfopfarqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf/ a&S;,QifuarqGeftzGJ‹0ifrsm;.yef;wdkifjzpfaom &kyf0wˆK ausmif;awmf-uD;rsm;udkwnfaqmufonfhtawG;tac:udk/ “tawG;tac:rsm;.ausmif;awmf -uD;”jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufavjyD? arqGef&DtzGJ‹.rl0g'ESifhtusdK;rsm;udk wnfaqmufjyD;/ Tu rBmajrjyifay:wGif tajrmftjrif&Sdonfhvlyk*~dKvfrsm;wdk;yGm;vmonfhtcsdefwGif ,if;tawG;t ac:rsm;.ausmif;awmf-uD;udk wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfEdkifayrnf?57 Tyef;wdkifodk‹a&mufEdkif&eftwGuf/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹onf urBmhEdkifiHtajrmuf

tjrm;wGif/ rarmryef;aqmif&Guf-uayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹.toif;tzGJ‹rsm;onf/ wuU odkvfrsm;/ tjcm;ynma&;Xmersm;/ pme,fZif;avmu/ tEkynmavmESifhtawG;tac:t odkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif -oZmanmif;-uonf? olwkd‹.tawG;tac:udk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGifjzef‹ jzL;&efESifh/ bmomt,l0g'.tajccH,kH-unfcsuftrSefw&m;rsm;udk ±+wfcsuJh&Jhypf&ef r em;rae -udK;yrf;-uonf? a&SŒvmrnfhpmrsufESmtenf;i,fwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf arqGef&DtzGJ‹rl0g'. 0g'jzef‹jcif;wpfckjzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&ygrnf? xdk‹xufru olwdk‹u bk&m;oQif.trnfemrawmf odk‹r[kwfbmoma&;ESifhywfoufI yg;pyfyifr[-ubJ vl om;wdk‹.aysmf&$if&mudpPrsm;/ vdktifqENrsm;ESifh avmuDa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udkom *&k pdkufaqmif&Gufrnfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsdK;udk wnfaqmuf&ef &nf&G,f-uonf? Todk‹aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ “==pifppfrSmrlum; toifwdk‹onf xdkt&Sifjrwfudkyif rdrdwdk‹. ausmaemufwGif tr+rJhtrSwfrJh ypfy,fxm;cJh-uukef.”(pl&mwrefawmf[l'f 11;92)[k uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifaz:jyxm;aom r',mefvlrsdK;rsm;ta-umif;ESifh wlayonf? TuJhodk‹ todOm%fenf;yg;aom ,Ofaus;r+wGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒjcif;/ t&Sifjrwf.tvdkqENudkvdkufemusifh-uHjcif;/ c0yfqnf;uyfjcif;/ aemifwrvGefb0t

78

wGuf pOf;pm;jcif; r&Sdacs? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒjcif;/ aemifwrvGefb0t wGufpOf;pm;ylyefjcif;ponfhtawG;tac:wdk‹onf a&S;qefvGef;I/ ynmrJholwdk‹.vuQ %mjzpfonf[k ,lq-uayonf? olwdk‹.vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;onfhoif-um;csufrsm;udk &kyf&SifZmwfvrf;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ umwGef;ESifh0wˆKZmwfvrf;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ t qufrjywf oGwfoGif;em;cs-uonf?

T-uD;us,fonfhvdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+pDrHudef;-uD;wGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;rsm;u a&SŒwef;rS OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyK-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;tkyfpkESifhyk*~dKvfwdk‹vnf; ‚if; pDrHudef;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf-uayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹uvnf; xdkolwdk‹udk “tusdK;awmfaqmif”rsm;tjzpfvufcHI olwdk‹ESifhtawG;tac:csif;wlnDonfhr[mrdwf rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf-uonf? aqvmrD tDqif'gufu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;ayonf?

arqGef&DtzGJ‹u Ttcsufudk vufcHonf? jyifyurBmwGif arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifrsm;r[kwf-uaomf vnf;/ arqGef&DtawG;tac:udkaxmufcHtm;ay;aom tajrmftjrif&Sdonfhyk*~dKvfrsm; &Sd-u onf? TtawG;tac:onf/ tm;vkH;jcHKikHI vlom;avmurS vlom;wdk‹.tawG;tac:jzpf aoma-umifhwnf;?58

bmomt,l0g'udkwdkufcdkufonfh tqufrjywfaomppfwGif/ tajccHta-umif;jy csuf odk‹r[kwf &Sif;vif;csufESpfckudktokH;jyK-uonf? ‚if;wdk‹rSm/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzpfonf? a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif/ olwdk‹ay;onfh ta-umif;jycsufESpfcsufESifhtwl olwdk‹ .rlvZpfjrpftjyif ‚if;wdk‹ESifharqGef&DtzGJ‹qufpyfykHwdk‹udk avhvm-uygrnf? xdktcg wpfq,fhudk;&mpkESpfrSpI TurBm-uD;udk -oZmanmif;vmcJhonfhjrifuGif;rsm;aemuf uG,fta-umif;udk &Sif;vif;pGmoabmayguf-uygvdrfhrnf?

79

IV. MATERIALISM REVISITED

Tpmtkyf. yxrtcef;wGif/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiH zg&dk;bk&if.tkyfcsKyfr+ESifh ‚if;.ausmaxmufaemufcHtawG;tac:rsm;ESifhywfoufI ta&;-uD;onfh ed*kH;csKyfjcif; rsm;jyKcJh-uavjyD? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.tawG;tac:rS txl;pdwf0ifpm;&rnfht*Fg &yfwpfckrSm/ &kyf0g'jzpfjcif;ESifh j'yf0wˆKypPnf;wdk‹onf xm0&jzpfI zefqif;xm;jcif;r [kwf[laomtawG;tac:jzpfonf? [D&rfaomhrsm; [laompmtkyfwGif c&pPwdkzg EdkufESifh a&mbwf vdkrwfpf wdk‹u/ Tae&mwGif xyfrHIaz:jyoifhonfhtcsufrsm;udk a&;om;xm; ayonf?

tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹u j'yf0wˆKonf tpOftjrJwnf&SdvmcJhonf? olwdk‹twGuf bk&m;ocifu Avmewˆd bmrStvsif;r&Sd&mu wpfpkHwpfck&Sdvmatmifzefqif;vdkufonfqdkjcif;rSm t"dy`g,f uif;rJh.? olwdk‹.tjrifwGif/ urBmavmuonf z&dkz&JajAmif;qefaeonfhtajctaerS tpD tpOfwusjzpfvmjcif;rS ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpwifI pnf;&kH;r+tiftm;ESifh z&dkz&JA &rf;A'gtiftm;ESpfrsdK;wdk‹ ppfcif;jcif;pwifvmcJhonf==Tz&dkz&Jtajctaeudk EGef(eef)[k ac:I/ plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹===az:jyouJhodk‹===t&mcyfodrf;tm;vkH;onf arSmifrdkufvsuf&Sdonf? aer&Sd a&r&Sdonfh tolw&meufaomacsmufrStiftm;pk.twGif;Y zefqif;Edkifjcif;pGrf;tif&Sd ae&mu xdkpGrf;tifuyif tpDtpOfusjcif;pwif&ef n$ef-um;xdef;uGyfonf? TepfjrKyfae aomtiftm;onf z&dkz&Jjzpfaeaom j'yf0wˆKtwGif;&SdaepOf oludk,fwdkifu rdrd.wnf&Sdae jcif;udkrod&Sdacs? jzpfwef&mjcif;(probability)wpfckomjzpfcJhI/ xdkz&dkz&Jjzpfaejcif;twGif;Y wpfckESifhwpfck &pfywfvkH;axG;vmjcif;jzifh tvsif;oifhovdkusbef;jzpfay:vmaom tvm; tvmpGrf;&nfowWd jzpfonf?59

a&S;a[mif;tD*spf'¾m&DESifh acwfopf&kyf0g'tawG;tac:wdk‹ ododomomqifwl aeonfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? TtcsufESifhywfoufaomv#dKŒ0SufcsufrSm/ acwfopftzGJ‹t pnf;wpfcku xdka&S;a[mif;tD*spf,kH-unfr+udk vufcHusifhokH;I/ wurBmvkH;odk‹ olwdk‹. ,kH-unfcsufudk jzef‹jzL;&ef&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;tzGJ‹tpnf;onf arqGef&Dt zGJ‹jzpf.?

80

arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;rsm;ESifh a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiH MASONS AND ANCIENT EGYPT

a&S;a[mif;tD*spf&kyf0g'tawG;tac:onf T,Ofaus;r+acwfysufoGm;jyD;aemuf aysmufuG,foGm;avonf? *sL;vlrsdK;tcsdKŒwdk‹u ubBmvm[favmuDynmwGif TtawG; tac:udkxnfhoGif;I qufvufxdef;odrf;vmcJh-uonf? aemufwpfbufwGif/ *&dvlrsdK; tawG;tac:ynm&Sifwdk‹uvnf; ‚if;tawG;tac:udka&G;cs,fcH,lI/ xyfrHt"dy`g,fzGifhqdk um “[m;ruftawG;tac:tkyfpk”(Hermeticism)ac: tjrifcsif;wltkyfpkudk wnfaxmif jcif;jzifh wnfwHhapcJhonf?

[mruftawG;tac:tkyfpktrnfonf/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfewfbk&m;“aomh” (Thoth) ESifhtqifhwl *&dewfbk&m;.trnfjzpfonf? [m;ruftawG;tac:onf a&S;a[mif; tD*spftawG;tac:udk *&dvlrsdK;wdk‹ wGifac:aomtrnfjzpfonf?

rmpwmaqvmrD tDqif'gufu TtawG;tac:.rlvZpfjrpfESifhywfoufaomt a-umif;udk acwfopfarqGef&DtzGJ‹wGif rnfodk‹ywfoufaeonfudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹wGif bmomt,l0g'udkudkif;±+dkif;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfck&SdcJh&m/ [m ruftawG;tac:twGuf tawG;tac:pepfESihf,kH-unfr+wpfrsdK;udk tarGtESpftjzpfay;xm; cJhonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹onfvnf; TtawG;tac:rsdK;ESifhtvm;wlaom,kH-unfr+udk cH,lxm; onf? Oyrm/ jrifhaomtqifhwpfqifhqifhodk‹a&mufjyD;olwdk‹onf/ tzGJ‹.ylaZmfyor+tcef;tem; rsm;wGif olwdk‹.pdwfwefcdk;rStawG;tac:ESifhcHpm;r+rsm;udk tqifhedrfhaeao;olwdk‹tm; avhusifh ay;onf? ydkufom*dk&yfonf xdkodk‹avhusifhay;cJhol [mruftawG;tac:orm;wpfOD; jzpfonf? tvufZENm;tawG;tac:tkyfpkESifh eydkvD,HacwftawG;tac:tkyfpkwdk‹onfvnf; a&S;a[mif; tD*spfacwfwGiftajccH-uI/ ,ae‹acwfarqGef&DtzGJ‹. ylaZmfyor+xkH;"avhrsm;ESifh odomxif &Sm;pGm wlnD-uayonf?60

tDqif'gufonf arqGef&D.rlvZpfjrpfwGif a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.-oZm oufa&mufr+&Sdjcif;ESifhywfoufI “z&D;arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHtxda&S; usaomylaZmfyor+&Sdonfh vlr+a&;toif;tzGJ‹jzpfonf?”61 [krzkH;ruG,fajAmiftusqkH; a-unmoljzpfonf? tjcm;arqGef&DtzGJ‹ tm%mydkifacgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;wdk‹uvnf;/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹ onf a&S;a[mif;bk&m;rJhrdp>m'd@dtD*spf,Ofaus;r+ESifh *&d,Ofaus;r+rsm;rS v#dKŒ0SuftzGJ‹t pnf;rsm;rS qif;oufvmonf[k cH,l-uonf? wl&uDvlrsdK; 0g&ifharqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwpfOD; jzpfol pufpD;vf av,dufwufZfu rDrm&f qDeef r*~Zif;wGif “arqGef&DtzGJ‹qdkif&mv#dKŒ 0Sufcsufrsm;=v#dKŒ0SufonfhtcsufESifhrv#dKŒ0Sufonfhtcsuf”[laomacgif;pOfygaqmif; yg;Y atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?

a&S;a[mif;*&d/ tD*spfESifh a&mr,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;wGif/ v#dKŒ0Sufqef;jym;onfh tkyfpkrsm;&Sd cJhonf? ‚if;toif;tzGJ‹wdk‹onf oD;jcm;v#dKŒ0Sufaomynmudk vdkufpm;avhusifhay;onf? T tzGJ‹wGif tcsdeftm;jzifh-umanmif;aomavhvmavhusifhr+ESifhylaZmfyor+tcef;tem;rsm;udk ausmfvGefjyD;aemufrS tzGJ‹0iftjzpftodtrSwfjyKcH&onf? xdktkyfpkrsm;teuf/ yxrOD;qkH; tkyfpkrSm “tdk&Dppf”tkyfpkjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? “tdk&Dppf”ewfbk&m;. arG;zGm;jcif;/ i,f &G,fpOfb0/ tarSmifESifh,SOfjydKifwdkufcdkufjcif;/ aoqkH;jcif;ESifhjyefvnf&Sifxjcif; ponfht jzpftysufrsm;tay:tajccHaomtkyfpkjzpfonf? Tta-umif;&yfrsm;udk txl;tav;ay;I Zmwfvrf;rsm;az:um bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;OD;aqmifonfhylaZmfyor+ESifh xdktcef;tem;udkwuf a&mufjcif;twGuf txl;pDrHxm;aomqkwHqdyfrsm; csD;jr‡ifhjcif;/ ponfwdk‹jyK-uonf? === aemifESpftwef-umjyD;aemuf/ yxrqkH;tywfjynfhonfh arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifylaZmfyor+tcef; tem;rsm;udk usif;y-uonf? tzGJ‹0ifwdk‹.pnf;vkH;r+udk tpOfrjywfqufvufxdef;odrf;vmcJh

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-uI/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f ydwfyifjcif;cH&onfhtcsdefwGifvnf; olwdk‹.b0udk v#dKŒ0SufpGm &Sifoef apEdkif-uonf? ,ae‹acwftxd qufvufwnfwef‹vmEdkifcJh-ujcif;rSm/ olwdk‹.trnfESifh ykH pHrsm;udk tvdkufoifhovdk ajymif;vJvmcJh-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap/ olwdk‹. oauFwrsm;ESifhoD;jcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;udk opPm&Sd&Sdxdef;odrf;xm;I olwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;tzGJ‹om;rsm;tm; qufvuftarGcHapcJh-uonf? olwdk‹wnfaqmufxm;

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹u/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf xm0&jzpfI/ p-um0Vm. wnfaqmufr+ pepfonf xdkj'yfypPnf;. v#dKŒ0Sufqef;us,faom“udk,fydkifpDrHr+”jzifh jzpfay:vmonf[k ,kH -unf-uonf?

onfhtawG;tac:onf olwdk‹.wnfaxmifxm;aomtzGJ‹twGuf tEW&m,fzdwfac:Edkifjcif;Y av#mhyg;ap&ef olwdk‹t-um;wGif v#dKŒ0Sufaompnf;rsOf;Oya'csrSwfxm;onf? rodem;rvnf ol(vljydef;)wdk‹.&efrS umuG,f&ef/ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr+arqGef&DtzGJ‹wGif cdkatmif;-uonf? ‚if;tzGJ‹. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ESifhywfoufI yd&daompnf;rsOf;rsm;&Sdonf? ‚if;pnf;urf; rsm;udk olwdk‹.pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;tawG;tac:rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um aemifwGif,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹ awG‹jrif-uaom &dk;&dk;,kwWdwefonfharqGef&DtzGJ‹udk -oZmv$rf;rdk;xm;avonf?62

av,dufwufZfu/ arqGef&D.rlvZpfjrpftzGJ‹rsm;udk csD;-uL;xm;onf? olwdk‹ onf “vljydef;vlŒAmv”rsm;.&efrSumuG,f&ef v#dKŒ0Sufyd&dpGm aexdkifv+yf&Sm;cJh-u onf[k qdkxm;onf? T"rR'd@mefrusonfhtqdkudkc%z,fxm;I/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spf/ a&S;a[mif;*&dESifha&mr rdp>m'd@dacwfrsm;wGif wnfaxmifcJhonfhtzGJ‹ tpnf;wdk‹udk udk,fpm;jyKaomtzGJ‹jzpfa-umif; txufygudk;um;csufrS od&Sdoabm aygufEdkifayonf? xdk,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;wGif/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spf,Ofaus;r+acwfonf a&S;tusqkH;jzpfojzifh/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹.Zpfjrpfonf a&S;a[mif;tD*spf,Ofaus;r+jzpfonf [k qdkEdkifayonf? (txufwGif/ xdkrdp>m'd@dxkH;wrf;pOfvmESifh acwfopfarqGef&DtzGJ‹wdk‹ .qufpyfr+onf wifyvmppfol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfa-umif; awG‹&SdcJh-uayjyD?) bk&m;rJhpepfESifhywfoufaomta-umif;&yfrsm;udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jy&mY a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHudk trsm;qkH;az:jyxm;onfudk awG‹&ayonf? ‚if;onf

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qdk;oGrf;qkH;aom pepfykHpHjzpfonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf tm,ofawmftrsm;tjym; wGif tD*spfEdkifiHudk tkyfpdk;cJhaomzg&dk;bk&ifrsm;ESifh twGif;vlrsm;. &ufpufr+/ rw&m;r+/ ,kwfrmpOf;vJr+ESifh vGefu|Hr+rsm;ta-umif;udk az:jyxm;awmfrl.? xdk‹xufydkI tD*spfvl rsdK;wdk‹onf/ rsufpdrSdwfacgif;ndwfwwfaom a-umifawmifawmifvlrsdK;jzpfIf tkyfcsKyfol wdk‹uudk;uG,fcdkif;or#ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ,kH-unf-ujyefonf? odk‹jzpfapumrl/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹u olwdk‹tzGJ‹tawG;tac:onf/ a&S;a[mif;tD *spfEdkifiHrS tarGcHvmcJhonf[k ,kH-unfxm;-uI/ xdk,Ofaus;r+onf csD;-uL;xdkufaom ,Ofaus;r+acwfjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? rDrm&faqeefr*~Zif;rS aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS ewfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk “arqGef&Du|rf;usifr+.rlvZpfjrpf”jzpf onf[k csD;-uL;a&;om;xm;onf?

==tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf [DvsdKydkvpf(ol&d,jrdKŒawmf)ESifhrif;zpfjrdKŒawmf-uD;wdk‹udk wnfaqmuf cJh-uonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹. ykHjyift&/ TjrdKŒawmf-uD;ESpfckonf odyH`ynm.Zpfjrpfjzpf onf[kqdkonf? arqGeftzGJ‹om;wdk‹u “r[mvif;a&mifjcnf”[kac:-uonf? [DvsdKydkvpfodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhaomydkufom*dk&yfpfu xdkjrdKŒawmf-uD;ESpfck&Sdewfbk&m;ausmif;awmf-uD;ta-umif; tus,fw0ifhaz:jyxm;cJhayonf? ydkufom*dk&yfpf ynmqnf;yl;cJhaomrif;zpfausmif;awmf-uD; onf/ ordkif;wGif xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aomausmif;awmf-uD;jzpfonf? oD;bD;pfjrdKŒawmf-uD; wGif/ tqifhjrifhaom pmoifausmif;rsm;&Sdonf? ydkufom*dk&yfpf/ yvmwdkESifh pDap&dkwdk‹u ar qGef&D*dk%f;udk TjrdKŒ-uD;rsm;Y pwifcJh-uonf?63

arqGef&Dpmayrsm;onf/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfudk tay:&Ha-umtaejzifh csD;usL;jcif; omr[kwfbJ/ zg&dk;bk&ifrsm;. &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk av;av;euf eufyif udk,fcsif;pmema-umif;a&;om;az:jy-uayonf? rDrm&fqDeef r*~Zif;wGif aemuf xyfaqmif;yg;wpfckwGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;onf?

zg&dk;bk&if.t"duwm0efrSm ynmtvif;udk&SmazG&efjzpfonf? ydkrdkxGef;vif;jywfom;I tiftm;-uD;rm;jrifhjrwfaomynmhtvif;jzpfonf? ===u|Efkyfwdk‹u aqmvrGefausmif;awmf -uD;udkaqmufvkyf&ef-udK;pm;ae-uonf? a&S;acwftD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹uvnf; ath[f&mrf odk‹r [kwf vif;a&mifjcnf.tdrfawmf-uD;udk aqmufvkyf&ef -udK;yrf;-uonf? a&S;a[mif;tD*spf ausmif;awmf-uD;rsm;wGifusif;yonfhtcef;tem;rsm;udk tqifhqifhcGJxm;onf? t"dutm; jzifh tydkif;ESpfydkif;cGJxm;onf? i,faomtqifhydkif;ESifh -uD;jrifhaomtqifhydkif;[lIjzpfonf? tydkif;i,fudk yxrqifh/ 'kwd,qifhESifhwwd,qifh[lIcGJxm;jyD;aemuf 'kwd,tydkif;udk qufvufItqifhpwifcGJjyefonf?64

Taqmif;yg;t&/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfrS zg&dk;bk&ifwdk‹ESifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹&SmazG onfh “vif;a&mifjcnf”onfwpfckwnf;jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? wpfenf;xyfI t"d y`g,faumufygu/ acwfopfarqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfrS zg&dk;(zpf&f atmifef)bk&ifrsm;udkudk,fpm;jyKolrsm;jzpf-uonf? (zpf&fatmifef) zg&dk;bk&ifrsm;ESifh olwdk‹.wynfhrsm;.tawG;tac:tajctaeudk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif tv†m[f t&Sifjrwfu “{uefpifppf‚if;wdk‹rSm pnf;urf;azgufzsufusL;vGef-uaomtrsdK;om;rsm; yif jzpf-uayonf?”(pl&mtvfervf 27;12)[k az:jyrdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.? aemufxyfuk&ftmeftm,ofawmfrsm;wGif/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS bk&m;rJhrdp>m'd @dt,l0g'ta-umif;/ atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;awmfrl.?

‚if;jyif zpf&fatmifefonf rdrdtrsdK;om;wdk‹wGif a-unmcJh.? ‚if;u(Todk‹)ajym qdk(a-unm)cJhav.? tdk=ig.trsdK;om;wdk‹ tD*spfEdkifiHudkigomv#if pdk;rdk;tkyf csKyfonfr[kwfygavm/ xdkrSwpfyg; Tonfha&acsmif;wdk‹rSm ig.(bkHeef;)

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atmufrS pD;awGvsuf&Sd-uonf(r[kwfavm)? odk‹ygvsuf toifwdk‹onf (T onfhbkef;wefcdk;rsm;udk) rjrif-uavoavm? (pl&mtvfZkcf&kzf 43;51) qdkvdk&if;rSm xdkzpf&fatmifefonf rdrd.trsdK;om;wdk‹tm; vl‹Amvrsm;jyKvkyfcJhay &m xdktrsdK;om;wdk‹rSm ‚if;wdk‹.pum;udk em,lcJh-uukef.? {ueftrSef ‚if;wdk‹ onf pnf;urf;usL;vGefaom avvGifhaomtrsdK;om;rsm;yifjzpfcJh-uukef.? (pl&mtvfZkcf&kzf 43;54)?

arqGef&Davmh*sfrsm;&Sd a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.oauFwrsm; ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SYMBOLS IN MASONIC LODGES

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfESifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹wdk‹. qufpyfr+&Sda-umif; jyqdkonfhta&;-uD; qkH;tcsufwpfcsufrSm ‚if;wdk‹tokH;jyKaom oauFwrsm;jzpfonf? oauFwtrSwfwHqdyfrsm;onf arqGef&DtzGJ‹wGif tvGefta&;-uD;ayonf? ar qGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf olwdk‹.tawG;tac:tppftrSefudk ykHaqmifwifpm;csufrsm;jzifh olwdk‹.tzGJ‹om;rsm;tm; xkwfaz:jyavh&Sd-uonf? arqGef&D0gpOf 33 qifhudkwufvSrf; ol tzGJ‹0ifwpfOD;onf/ tqifhwdkif;wGif oufqdkifonfhoauFwrsm;.t"dy`g,fopfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;&onf? Todk‹jzifh tzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf arqGef&DtawG;tac:. eufeJeuf±d+if; r+udk wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifh wufvSrf;qnf;yl;-u&ayonf? rDrm&fqDeefr*~Zif;wGif olwdk‹.oauFwrsm;.tokH;0ifykHudk az:jyxm;ayonf?

u|Efkyfwdk‹ arqGef&DtzGJ‹.rl0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk oauFwrsm;ESifhykHjyifrsm;/ wpfenf;tm; jzifh ykHaqmifwifpm;csufrsm;jzifh az:jy-uonfudk tm;vkH;odjyD;jzpfonf? TykHjyifrsm;wGif/ ordkif;.tpOD;acwfumvta-umif;rsm;yg0ifonf? ordkif;rwdkifrDumvtxd a&S;usatmif az:jyxm;onf[kyifqdkEdkifonf? Todk‹jzifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf/ a&S;tusqkH;aomtaumif;qkH; pHerlemrsm;udk az:jyEdkifojzifh rsm;jym;vSaomoauFwrsm;.Zpfjrpfvnf;jzpfayonf?65

urBmhordkif;.yxrOD;qkH;acwfydkif;txda&S;usaom a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. oauFwrsm;ESifhykHjyifrsm;onf txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfonf? arqGef&Davmh*sfwdkif;ESifh/ arqGef&D pmaytrsm;tm;jzifhwGif/ yD&rpfykHrsm;/ rEk\D[ykHrsm;ESifht&kyfpmrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&onf? rD rm&fqDeef r*~Zif;wGif arqGef&DtzGJ‹.a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfZpfjrpfta-umif;udk atmuf ygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?

a&S;a[mif;[laomt&mrsm;udka&G;cs,f&mwGif/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfudk “a&S;a[mif;tusqkH;”[k owfrSwfygu rSm;rnfr[kwfyg? xdk‹xufru/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfrStcef;tem;rsm;/ *k%ft qifhrsm;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;onf arqGef&DtzGJ‹wGifqifwlrsm;&Sdaejcif;u tqdkygtcsufudk n$ef;vsuf&Sdayonf?66

rDrm&fqDeefr*~Zif;rS “vlr+qufqHa&;ZpfjrpfESifh z&D;arqGef&D.&nfrSef;csufrsm;” [laomaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGifvnf; xyfrHI/

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfacwfumvwGif/ rif;zpfewfbk&m;ausmif;wGifusif;yaomtcef;tem;rsm; onf/ acwfopfarqGef&DtzGJ‹tcef;tem;rsm;uJhodk‹ tcsdef-umanmif;I tifrwefcef;em;-uD; us,fpGmusif;ycJh-uonf?67 [k qdkxm;onf?

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfESifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹qufpyfr+udk taxmuftxm;tcsdKŒwdk‹jzifh avh vm-unfh-uygpdk‹?

84

arqGef&Davmh*sfwGif;&Sd zg&dk;(zd&fatmfef)bk&if PHARAOH IN THE LODGE

acwfopfarqGef&Dwdk‹onf a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹.tawG;tac:udk xdef;odrf;xm;-uI xdko auFwrsm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf? txufygarqGef&Davmh*sf"gwfykHwGif ,Zfyv†ifa&SŒrS zg&dk; (zd&fatmef) bk&if.ykHudk ToauFwrsm;.O'g[&keftjzpf awG‹&ayonf?

85

a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS rif;zpfjrdKŒawmf-uD;udkjyaom ykHjzpfonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u TjrdKŒawmf -uD;&Sd rsm;jym;vSaomewfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;u/ “ynmtvif;.Zpfjrpf”jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-u onf?

87

rsufvkH;atmuf&Sd yD&rpfykH THE PYRAMID UNDER THE EYE

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88

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ajcmufaxmifh-u,fudk arqGef&Dt"dy`g,fzGifhcsuf THE MASONIC MEANING OF THE SIX POINTED STAR

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89

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90

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wdkif-uD;ESpfwdkif THE DOUBLE COLUMN

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rdkZmwf.yOPvufykavG MOZART'S MAGIC FLUTE FLUTE

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96

uGefygESifh pwk&ef;ykH THE COMPASS AND SQUARE

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97

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98

arqGef&DtzGJ‹. rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac: MASONRY'S PAGAN PHILOSOPHY

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tb,fha-umifhc&pf,mefbmom0ifwdk‹u z&D;arqGef&Dwdk‹udk tjypf&Sma0zefvdk-uygoenf;=? == Tar;cGef;.tajzrSm z&D;arqGef&Dwdk‹. “v#dKŒ0Sufcsuf”rsm;wGif &Sd.? Tv#dKŒ0Sufcsuf rsm;udk trsm;jynfoltm; az:jyxm;ygu v#dKŒ0SufeufeJaomavmuDynmESifh a&S;a[mif; bmoma&;t,l0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufI u|rf;usifr+r&Sdolwdk‹taejzifh ‚if;wdk‹.t"dy`g,fudk em;vnfoabmayguf-urnfr[kwfay? trSefrSm z&D;arqGefavmh*sfrsm;rS omreftzGJ‹0ifrsm; yifv#if ‚if;v#dKŒ0Sufcsufrsm;onf rnfonfht&mrsm;udkudk,fpm;jyKaeonfudkvnf; em;vnf oabmayguf-urnfr[kwfay? arqGef&DtzGJ‹.jrifhrm;onfh,ZfylaZmfr+tqifhudk ausmfvGefjyD; oltwGif;ydkif;todkif;t0dkif;rsm;omv#if/ rdrdwdk‹onf c&pf,mefomoemrwdkifrD rdpm>'d@dacwf umvrS a&S;a[mif;xkH;wrf;pOfvmudk tarGqufcHae-uolrsm;jzpfa-umif; od&Sd-uonf?79

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Tudk;um;csuft&/ tqifhedrfhao;aomarqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u arqGef&DtzGJ‹tm; ukodkvfa&;ESifhvlr+a&;tzGJ‹tpnf;tjzpfom od&Sd-uaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppfrSm vl‹b0&Sif oefwnf&Sda&;. v#dKŒ0Sufcsufta-umif;jzpfayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹. tjyifbef;jyxm; aom ukodkvfa&;ESifhvlr+a&;tzGJ‹tpnf;o¾mefonf trSeftm;jzifh tzGJ‹.t"dutawG;

99

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MATERIALISM IN MASONIC SOURCES

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100

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101

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Trl0g'.oGefoifcsuftwGif; avhusifhxm;aomarqGeftzGJ‹0ifwpfOD;onf vltrsm;tm; pdwf"gwfjr‡ifhwifay;I awG;awmqifjcifjcif;ESifh,xmblwusaomodyH`ynmrsm;udkoif-um; ay;&efwm0ef,lxm;onf? Tenf;jzifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹u vlxkodk‹jzefŒjzL;ay;onf? vlxkt wGuf vlxk.udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf?83

1? arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf/ ‚if;,kH-unfaom&kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk ,xmblwus onfhodyH`ynm[laomta&udkjcHKI usefvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm; twif;t-uyfoGwfoGif;ae onf? (‚if;tawG;tac:onfvnf; a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. '¾m&D,kH-unfcsuf jzpfonf?) 2? olwdk‹onf/ vlwdk‹oabmrwlaomfvnf; qufvufaqmif&Guf&ef&nf&G,f-u onf? qdkvkd&if;rSm xm0&bk&m;oQiftm;,kH-unfolrsm;u &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udkvufcH &ef rvdkvm;-uaomfvnf;/ vlwdk‹.urBmhtjrifudk ajymif;vJypf&ef t&+H;ray;wef;-udK; yrf;-uayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹u vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;&mwGif tokH;jyKaoma0g[m&tokH;t E+ef;rsm;udk owdxm;&efta&;-uD;.? txufygudk;um;csufrS “vltrsm;tm; pdwf"gwf jr‡ifhwifay;I awG;awmqifjcifjcif;ESifh,xmblwusaomodyH`ynmrsm;udk oif-um;ay; &ef”[laompmydk'fonf Oyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfonf? trSefrSm/ arqGef&DtawG;tac:onf “odyH`ynmESifhusdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;”wdk‹ ESifh rnfodk‹r#roufqdkifay? ‚if;rSm acwfaemufusjyDjzpfaom odyH`ynmESifhqef‹usifonfh '¾m&D,kH-unfr+om jzpfayonf? arqGef&Dwdk‹onf vltrsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef &nfrSef; csufyef;wdkifr&Sdacs? vlwdk‹udk olwdk‹.tawG;tac:wrifoufoufoGwfoGif;&efom

102

jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ vltrsm;.oabmwlnDcsufr&&SdbJ wrifwumoGwfoGif;jcif; a-umifh onf;cHjcif;w&m;r&Sda-umif;/ tm%m&SifpepfurBmhtjrifom&Sda-umif; awG‹jrif& ayonf? 2? 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;ESifh aemifwrvGefb0&Sdjcif;udk jiif;y,fjcif;?

II. DENIAL OF THE EXISTENCE OF SPIRIT AND OF THE HEREAFTER

arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf/ 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;udk vkH;0jiif;y,fI/ aemifwrvGefb0&Sd onf[laomtawG;tac:udk vkH;0ypfy,f-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ arqGefpmayrsm;wGif aojyD;aemuf “xm0&wnfjrJaomb0odk‹”a&mufoGm;onf/ odk‹r[kwf tvm;wl 0dnmOf ydkif;qdkif&m az:jycsufrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? Ttcsufonf wpfckESifhwpfckuGJvGJaeonf [kxif&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; uGJvGJr+r[kwfay? arqGef&DtawG;tac:t&/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹ u&nfn$ef;aomxm0&&Sifoefjcif;onf wifpm;jcif;omjzpfonf? rDrm&fqDeef r*~Zif;rS “z&D;arqGef&DrSwrvGefb0” [laomaqmif;ygwGif TudpPESifhywfoufI jywfom;pGm &Sif;vif;xm;ayonf?

rmpwm[D&mrf.ykHjyifwGif/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u aovGefjyD;aemuf&Sifjyefxjcif;udk wifpm; r+oauFwtjzpf cH,lxm;onf? ‚if;&Sifjyefxjcif;onf/ rSefuefr+u aojcif;ESifhtarSmifudk tpOf v$rf;rdk;vsuf&Sd.? arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf udk,fcE<mrSvGJI 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;r&Sdjcif;udk ta&;r xm;ay? arqGef&DtawG;tac:t&/ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;onf/ pdwf"gwfa&;&mESifh&kyf0wˆKt aumiftxnfjrif&aomvkyfief;wckckudk vlom;rsm;twGuftarGtESpftjzpf csefxm;jcif; jzpfonf? ,if;uyif vlom;udktpOftouf&Sifaeaponf? Twdkawmif;vSaom vlŒouf oef;wGif olwdk‹.trnfudk tpOftjrJ&SifaeatmifjyKolwdk‹onf/ atmifjrifolrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹.trnfudk/ acwfwlyk*~dKvfrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ aemifvmaemufom;rsm;t wGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ &Sifoefaeatmifolwdk‹.oufwef;wGif ydkrdkvlom;qefaomavmu jzpfatmif -udK;yrf;cJholrsm;tm; u|Efkyfwdk‹av;pm;-uonf? olwdk‹.&nf&G,fcsufrSm touf &Sifaeao;olwdk‹twGuf -uifemw&m;aphaqmfr+jr‡ifhwifay;&efjzpfonf?===tpOftjrJtouf &Sifae&ef &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwav#mufvkH; -udK;yrf;vmcJh-uolrsm;onf olwdk‹aqmif&GufcJh aomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh olwdk‹az:xkwfay;aomtawG;tac:rsm;jzifh atmifjrifr+&&SdcJh-uayonf? ,if;onfyif olwdk‹&SifaecJh-uaomoufwef;udk t"dy`g,f&Sdaponf? “TurBmwGif vlom; wdk‹onf avmuedAŠmefwnfaqmufI taumif;qkH;tajctaeodk‹a&muf&Sd-uvdrfhrnf?”[k awmvfpwG,f (Tolstoy)u qdk.?84

TudpPESifhywfoufI rmpwmtDqif'gufu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ay onf?

t&mcyfodrf;.tajccHypPnf;? arqGef&DtzGJ‹taejzifh TudpPudk pGrf;tifESifhj'yfypPnf;[ko abmaygufonf? tppt&m&monf wpfqifhpDwpfpwpfpajymif;vJaeI j'yfypPnf;tjzpfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvdrfhrnf? odyH`ynmt& ‚if;udkaojcif;[kac:a0:onf? bmoma&;ESifhtjcm; obm0vGef,kH-unfr+rsm;wGif/ TudpPESifhywfoufI vlwpfa,mufcsif;onf=0dnmOfESifh udk,fcE<m=tiftm;ESpfckyl;wGJaeI udk,fcE<mtoufaoqkH;oGm;aomtcg 0dnmOfonfrao qkH;bJ 0dnmOfavmuodk‹a&muf&SdoGm;onf[k ,kH-unfonf? xdk0dnmOfavmuwGifqufvuf aeIxm0&bk&m;oQiftrdef‹ay;aomtcg tjcm;udk,fcE<mwpfckwGif jyef0ifonf? T,kH-unf csufonf arqGef&DtzGJ‹rS vufcHxm;aom ajymif;vJjcif;tawG;tac:ESihf tH0ifjcif;r&Sdacs? TudpPESifhywfoufaom arqGef&D.tawG;tac:rSm Todk‹jzpf.? “udk,fcE<maoqkH;oGm;jyD; aemuf raobJusef&Sdaeonfht&mrSm/ oif.&ifhusufaomOm%fynmESifhatmifjrifr+rsm;udk trSwfonmjyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf?” TtawG;tac:rSm ,xmblwusaomodyH`ESifh awG;awm

103

qifjcifjcif;rl0g'wGiftajccHaom ,kwWdaA'enf;awG;ac:jcif;jzpfonf? bmoma&;,kH-unf csufrS 0dnmOfaojcif;r&SdbJ udk,fcE<maoqkH;oGm;jyD;aemuf jyefvnf&Sifxjcif;onf ,xmblwusaomrl0g'ESifh tH0if*Gifusjcif;r&Sdacs? arqGef&Dwdk‹u ,xmblwusI ,kwWd wefaom'\eawG;ac:jcif;pepfudkom vufcHusifhokH;onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ TuJhodk‹aomeufeJ onfh'\eqdkif&mjy\emwGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfcsufr[kwfonfh tjcm;awG;ac:enf;jzifh &Sif;vif;&ef vdktyfayonf?85

arqGef&DtzGJŒ0ifwdk‹u &kyf0g'udk ,kH -unf-uI wrvGefb0udk jiif;y,f-u onf? arqGef&Dpmayrsm;wGif wcgw&H wrvGefb0ta-umif;a&;om;xm;onf udkawG‹&‹aomfvnf;/ [D&mrf.ouf wef;ta-umif; T(vuf0J)ykHwGif ykH aqmifjyxm;onfhtwdkif;/ TurBm avmuwGif vlwpfa,muf. trnfudk qufvufItrSwf&jcif;udkom qdkvdk ayonf?

jyefvnf&Sifxjcif;udkjiif;y,fjcif;ESifh avmuDb0tarGtESpfwGiftpOftjrJxm0 &&Sifaer+udk &SmazGjcif;=== arqGef&DtzG‹J0ifwdk‹u acwfopfodyH`ynmESifhudkufnDonf[k wifjy-uaomfvnf;/ trSefrSm Tpdwful;,Ofonf urBmhordkif;OD;acwfuwnf;u bk&m; rJhrdp>m'd@dwdk‹u ,kH-unfvmcJh-uonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ bk&m;rJhol(umzd&f) wdk‹u “tjrJaexdkifEdkif&ef -uD;us,fcef;em;aom a*[mrsm;udk jyKvkyfwnfaqmuf-u.” [kaz:jyxm;ayonf? eADwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfaom wrefawmf[l'f(tvdkifa[hqvmrf) onf tm'ftrsdK;om;rsm;. Todk‹aomrodem;rvnftajrmftjrifuif;rJhjcif;udk owday; a-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfY atmufygt"dy`g,ftwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

t-uiftcg0,f ‚if;wdk‹.aemifawmf ‘[l'f’u ajym-um;cJh.? (tcsif;wdk‹) toif wdk‹onf (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;)ra-umuf&GHŒ-uavoavm? {uefrvGJ igonf toifwdk‹tzdk‹ ,kH-unfpdwfcstyfaom&plvfwrefwpfyg;yif jzpfonf? odk‹jzpfay&m toifwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; a-umuf&GHŒ-uavukef? ‚if; jyif toifwdk‹onf ig.trdef‹udk vdkufem-uavukef? pifppfigonf toifwdk‹xH Ttrdef‹awmfydk‹aqmifjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;Irnfonfht usdK;wpfpkHw&mudkr# awmif;qdkonfr[kwfay? ightm;tusdK;ay;&efwm0efrSm p -um0Vmcyfodrf;wdk‹udkzefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwftay:Yom &Sd.?

104

toifwdk‹onf ukef;jrifhwdkif;Y txdrf;trSwfwpfck tcsnf;ESD;wnfaqmuf-uav oavm? xdkrSwyg; toifwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tjrJaexdkif-u&rnfuJhodk‹yif -uD;us,fcrf;em; aom wdkufwma*[mrsm;udk jyKvkyfwnfaqmuf-uukef.? xdkrSwyg;toifwdk‹onf zrf;qD;ta&;,l-uavaomtcg &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfol rsm;tjzpfzrf;qD; ta&;,l-uukef.? odk‹jzpfay&m toifwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm; a-umuf&GHŒ-uavukef? xdkrS wyg; toifwdk‹onf ig.trdef‹udk vdkufem-uavukef? (pl&mtvf±+tm&m 26;124=131)

xdkbk&m;rJholrsm;u -uD;us,fcef;em;aoma*[mrsm;udk aqmufvkyfjcif;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;jcif;r[kwfay? rGwfpvifrfwdk‹vnf; tEkynmYpdwf0ifpm;I urBmavmu-uD;udk vSyatmifwefqmqif-uonf? jcm;em;csufrSm &nf&G,fcsufjzpf.? rGwfpvifrfwdk‹ tEk ynmYpdwf0ifpm;jcif;onf/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu vlom;rsm;tm; ay;xm;aom odrfarGŒ vSyjcif;udk az:xkwf&efjzpfonf? bk&m;rJh(umzd&f)wdk‹u tEkynmudk olwdk‹.xm0&&Sif oefr+twGuf enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf? 0dnmOfudkjiif;y,fjcif;onf odyH`ynmESifhrudkufnDjcif;

THE SCIENTIFIC INCONGRUITY OF DENYING THE SOUL

arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u 0dnmOfr&Sdjcif;ESifh vlom;onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;om aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf [kqdkjcif;onf/ odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDjcif; r&Sdacs? acwfopfodyH`ynmu vlom;wdk‹.todw&m;udk j'yfypPnf;tjzpfav#mhcsEdkifjcif; r&Sda-umif;udk oufaoxljyxm;ayonf? xdk‹tjyif/ vlom;wdk‹.todw&m;udk OD;aESmuf . aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tjzpf &Sif;jyIr&a-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? TudpPESifhywfoufaompmayrsm;u/ odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;onf &kyf0g'Dwdk‹.,lq,kH -unfcsuftwdkif; todw&m;udkOD;aESmuf.abmiftwGif;odk‹av#mhcs&ef-udK;yrf;csufrsm; onf rnfonfhtajzr#ray;Edkifojzifh vufav#mhxm;vdkuf-ua-umif; az:jyayonf? , ae‹tcsdefwGif todw&m;onf tm&kHa-umEsL&Gefrsm;ESifhOD;aESmufwdk‹wGif yg0ifaygif;pnf; aeaomarmfvD-uLESifhtwrfrsm;xufausmfvGefaomrlvZpfjrpf&Sdonf[k odyH`ynm&Sift rsm;pku ,lqae-uavjyD? xdkokawoDynm&Sifrsm;teuf/ 0dkifv'g yifzD;vfu ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmokawoe jyKjyD;aemuf/ 0dnmOf&Sdonf[laomtcsufonf jiif;qdkIr&Edkifaomtcsufjzpfonf[k ed *kH;csKyfxm;ayonf?

pdwfudk OD;aESmuf.aqmif&Gufcsufwpfckwnf;wGiftajccHI&Sif;jy&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -udK; pm;cJh&mwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.touf&Sifjcif;wGif (OD;aESmufESifhpdwf0dnmOf)tajccHt*Fg&yfESpfrsdK; yg0ifonf[laom ,lqcsufonf tvG,fulqkH;(taumif;qkH;ESifh,kwWdt&SdqkH;)jzpfonf[k ed *kH;csKyfygonf?=== OD;aESmuf.tm&kHa-umqJvf(EsL&Gef)rsm;.aqmif&Gufcsufjzifh pdwfudk&Sif; jyIrjzpfEdkifjcif;a-umifh== u|Efkyfwdk‹touf&Sifaejcif;udk tajccHt*Fg&yfESpfck(OD;aESmufESifh pdwf odk‹r[kwf udk,fcE<mESifh0dnmOf)jzifhom &Sif;jy&rnfhtajctaeodk‹ r&ruqdkufa&mufvm ygonf?86

odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u Todk‹ed*kH;csKyf&rnfhtajctaeodk‹ qdkufa&muf-u&jcif;rSm/ t odw&m;udk &kyf0wˆKtajccHjzifh b,faomtcgr#az:jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdaoma-umifh jzpf.? vl

105

om;.OD;aESmufonf tifrwefqef;us,faom uGefjyLwmESifh tvm;wl.? OD;aESmuf wGif;Y u|Ekfyfwdk‹. tm&kHig;yg;rS pkaqmif;&&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk t"dy`g,f az: vsuf&Sdonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;uGefjyLwmonf/ “rdrd”[laomcHpm;csufr&Sdacs? ‚if; vufcH&&Sdaom tm&kHrsm;udk cHpm;jcif;/ awG;awmqifjcifjcif; rvkyfEdkifay? xif&Sm;ausmf -um;aom &lyaA'yg&*l a&mf*sm yif&dk;pfu ol. {u&mZfrif;.pdwfopf [laompmtkyf wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onf?

vlwpfa,muf rnfolrnf0gjzpfonf[k rnfonfhyk*~vduudk,fydkifvuQ%mu owfrSwfay; ygoenf;? ol.udk,fcE<mwGifwnfaqmufaygif;pnf;aeonfh twrft%kjrLrsm;vm;? ol rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudk owfrSwf&ef ol.udk,fcE<mwGifaygif;pnf;yg0ifaeaomtwrfrsm; udk oD;jcm;a&G;cs,fr+jzpfovm;? Oyrm tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrwlonfh a&G;cs,fxm;aom tDvuf x&Gef/ y&dkwGefESifhtjcm;tr+efrsm;jzpfovm;? xdkodk‹rjzpfEdkifjcif;twGuf tenf;qkH;ta-umif; &yfESpfcsuf&Sdaeonf? yxrtcsufu/ ouf&Sdt&mwdkif;.cE<mudk,fwGif;Y yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;vsuf &Sdaomt&m0wˆKtm;vkH;wGif tqufrjywfaomtE+wftodrf;jzpfay:vsuf&Sdaeonf? vlwpf a,mufarG;zGm;vmjyD;aemuf topftopfaomOD;aESmufqJvfrsm;jzpfay:jcif;r&Sdaomfjim; vnf;/ TjzpfpOfonf OD;aESmufwGif;Y tqufrjywfjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf? {&mrajrmufjrm;vS aomouf&SdqJvfrsm;(OD;aESmufqJvfrsm;tygt0if)=trSefpifppfvlwpfudk,fvkH;twGif;&SdqJvf rsm;onf=arG;zGm;vmjyD;csdefrSpI t-udrfaygif;rsm;pGm tpm;xdk;jcif;cH&onf? 'kwd, tcsuf rSm/ uGrfwrf&lyaA'rSta-umif;&yfjzpfonf? tu,fI vlwpfa,muf.OD;aESmufxJrS tD tufx&Gefwpfckudk tkwfcJwpfcsyfrStDvufx&GefwpfckESifh vJvS,fvdkufygu rnfodk‹rScGJ jcm;Edkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif rnfonfhajymif;vJr+r#&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkenf;wlpGm y&dkwGefrsm; odk‹r[kwf twrfwpfckvkH;/ armfvD-uLrsm; ponfwdk‹udk ol.tdrf&SdtkwfcJrsm;rS oufqdkif&m tr+efrsm;udk wpfckcsif;vJvS,fvdkufv#ifvnf; bmr#ajymif;vJxl;jcm;jcif; &Sdrnfr[kwfay?87

yif&dk;pfu vlom;wpfa,muftwGif;&Sdtwrfrsm;tm;vkH;udk tkwfeDcJwGif;&Sdtwrf rsm;ESifh vJvS,fvdkufygu rnfodk‹r#xl;jcm;ajymif;vJr+r&SdbJ xdkvlom;. todw&m;rSm eudktwdkif;om &Sdaevdrfhrnf[k &Sif;vif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? odk‹r[kwf ‚if;udk ajymif;jyef xyfrHawG;-unfhrnfqdkygu/ tu,fI OD;aESmufrStwrfrsm;udk tkwfeDcJtwGif;rStwrf rsm;Y vJvS,fay;vdkufv#if xdktkwfeDcJonf todw&m;&Sdvmrnfr[kwfacs? twdkcsKH;Iajym&rnfqdkv#if/ vlom;. vlom;jzpfaejcif;onf ol.cE<mudk,fudk aygif;pnf;xm;aomj'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;. t&nftcsif;rsm;r[kwf? olonf vlom;wpf a,mufjzpfaejcif;onf xdkj'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;tjyif ol.0dnmOfyg0ifaygif;pnf;aejcif; a-umifh jzpfonf? TudpPESifhywfoufI yif&dk;pfu ol.pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; xyfrH &Sif;jyxm;onf?

u|EfkyftwGuf todw&m;onf “rawmfwqwdkufqdkifI”±+yfaxG;ayGvDaomwGufcsufr+ rsm;yg0ifonfhyOPvuftjzpftysufrsm;a-umifh ay:aygufvmonf[k,kH-unf&ef rjzpfEdkif avmufatmif ta&;-uD;aomjzpf&yfwpf&yf[k vufcHygonf? trSefrSm p-um0Vmjzpfay: wnf&Sdaejcif;udk od&Sdap&ef txl;pDrHxm;aomjzpf&yfwpfckyifjzpf.?88

TawG‹&SdcsufESifhywfoufI &kyf0g'Dwdk‹.±+axmifh rnfodk‹&Sdygoenf;? &kyf0g'Dwdk‹ u vlom;onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;jzifhom aygif;pnf;xm;I/ vlom;.Om%fynm/ cHpm; csuf/ pOf;pm;awG;awmOm%f/ rSwfOm%fESifhtm&kHcHpm;csufrsm;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf oufrJh ypPnf;jzpfonfh todw&m;uif;rJhaomtwrfrS rawmfwqwdkufqdkifr+a-umifh jzpfay:vm onf[k rnfodk‹tqdkjyKEdkif-uygoenf;? xdkuJhodk‹aomjzpfpOfonf tb,fha-umifhjzpfEdkif onf[k olwdk‹xifjrif,lqEdkif-uoenf;?

106

ygarmuQ yif&dk;pfu &kyf0g'onf vlom;wdk‹. pdwfudk b,faomtcgr# &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k t wnfjyKajymqdk.?

Tar;cGef;rsm;onf qGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹a&;om;aompmayrsm;wGif tjcm;&kyf0g'Dwdk‹ a&;om;onfhpmayrsm;xuf ydkrdkxl;jcm;aomtawG;tac:rsm; yg&Sdaeonfudk awG‹&onf? ,if;pmayrsm;udk okH;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹. &kyf0g'tawG;tac:aemufuG,f wGif “j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;” &Sdaea-umif; &Sif;vif;pGmod&Sd&ay onf? arqGef&D&kyf0g' = j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udk udk;uG,fjcif;

MASONIC MATERIALISM: THE DIVINIZATION OF MATTER

&kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf&ef vdktyfay onf? TtawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹onf/ p-um0Vm.-uD;us,faomtpDt pOfESifhcsdefq[efEdkifr+ESifh urBmajrjyif&Sd ta&twGuftm;jzifh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vl om;rsm;tygt0if ouf&SdowW0gtrsdK;tpm;rsm;onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifae aom todw&m;uif;rJhonfhtwrfrsm;.aqmif&Gufcsufom jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-u onf? (trSefpifppf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdk‹xufomvGefawmfrl.?) TtawG;tac:onf rnfr#yifacwfrDonf[k xif&aomfvnf;/ a&S;vGefavjyD; aomacwfaygif;rsm;pGmwkef;uwnf;u &SdvmcJhjyD;aom/ &kyfqif;wkudk;uG,fr+ jyefvnf pef;xvmjcif;om jzpfayonf? &kyfqif;wkrsm;udk udk;uG,folwdk‹onf olwdk‹udk;uG,fonfh ausmuf&kyfa-u;&kyfrsm;ESifh wdkwifrf&kyfqif;wkrsm;xkvkyfxm;aomwdkifrsm;wGif 0dnmOf&Sd I wefcdk;tmedoif&Sdonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ todw&m;uif;rJhaom j'yf0wˆKypPnf;wGif -uD;us,faomtodw&m;ESifhwefcdk;tm%kabmf&Sdonf[k rSwf,l-u onf? trSefpifppf Todk‹aom,kH-unfcsufonf t"dy`g,fuif;rJhjcif; ,kwWd,kwWmuif;rJh jcif;om jzpfayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'onfusdK;a-umif;qD avsmfr+r&Sda-umif;udk udk;um;jyqdkxm;.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif eADwrefawmf rsm;ta-umif;ESifhywfoufI az:jy&mY/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu rdp>m'd@d,kH-unfr+. ,kwWd

107

r&Sdjcif;ESifhywfoufI txl;jyK az:jyxm;awmfrl.? Oyrm/ eADwrefawmf tDAf&m[Drf (tvdkifa[hqvmrf)u ol.zcifudkatmufygtwdkif;ar;jref;onf[k uk&ftmefusrf; awmfjrwf pl&mr&f,rf 19;42 wGif “w&Ha&mtcg xdk(xdkeADwrefawmftDAf&m[Drf)onf rdrdzcif(tmZ&f)tm; (Todk‹) ajym-um;cJhavonf? tdk=u|Ekfyf.zcif/ toif(zcif)onf tb,fa-umifh t-uift&mudk c0yfudk;uG,faeygoenf;? xdkt&monf (wpfpkHw&mudkr# yif) -um;onfvnf;r[kwf/ jrifonfvnf;r[kwfacs? xdkrSwyg; ,if;t&monf toif (zcif)tzdk‹ pdk;pOf;r#yif tokH;0ifEdkifrnfvnf;r[kwfaywum;?” [kaz:jyxm;ayonf? trSefpifppf jrifEdkif-um;Edkifjcif;r&Sd/ rnfonhfpGrf;yum;vnf;r&Sdonfh oufrJhypPnf;udk t xGËftjrwfxm;I c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;onf tvGefEkHxdkif;jcif;jzpfa-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf?

&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ acwfopf&kyfqif;wkudk;uG,folrsm;tjzpf taumif;qkH;Oyrm jzpf onf? olwdk‹u ausmufwkH;opfom;rsm;jzifhxkvkyfxm;aom qif;wkrsm;udk rudk;uG,fbJ j'yfypPnf;onf ‚if;wdk‹wGifomru udk,fcE<mypPnf;tm;vkH;wGif yg0ifzGJ‹pnf;aeI tqkH;r &SdaompGrf;tm;/ Om%fynmESifhtodw&m;rsm; &Sdonf[k ,kH-unfonf? arqGef&Dpmayrsm; wGif TudpPESifhywfoufaom pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufrsm; yg&Sdayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdk aomf/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹onf Trdp>m'd@d,kH-unfcsufudk &kyf0g'.t"dutESpfom&jzpf onf[k yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 0efcHxm;-ujcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? rDrm&faqeef r*~Zif;rS aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif/ atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;onf?

&kyf0wˆKypPnf;wpfckjzpfay:vm&ef/ twrfrsm;u tpDtpOfwpfckjzpfatmif pk&kH;vm-uonf? Todk‹zGJ‹pnf;ap&ef aphaqmfay;aomta-umif;&yfonf/ twrfwdkif;wGif yg&Sdaom0dnmOf jzpf onf? 0dnmOfwdkif;onf todw&m;&Sdojzifh/ jzpfay:vmor# 0wˆKypPnf;rsm;onfvnf; tod w&m;&Sdonf? jzpfay:vmor#t&m0wˆKwdkif;. todw&m;onfvnf; tqifhtm;jzifh wlnD onf? vlom;wpfa,muf/ wd&pm>efwpfaumif/ bufwD;&D,m;ydk;wpfaumifESifh armfvD-uL wpfckwdk‹.todw&m;rsm;onf tqifhtm;jzifh wef;wl-uayonf?89

Tae&mwGif twrfwpfckcsif;onf todOm%fESifhtodw&m;&Sdonf[k tcdkiftrm tqdkjyKxm;onfudk owdxm;rdygonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifpma&;q&monf/ twrfwdkif; wGif todw&m;&Sdojzifh t&m0wˆKwdkif;rSm todw&m;&Sdonf[k tqdkjyKxm;onf? vlom; wGif 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;y,fxm;aoma-umifh/ vlom;onf wd&pm>efrsm;ESifhtwlwljzpf onfhjyif/ oufrJhypPnf;armfvD-uLrsm;ESifhvnf; twlwljzpfonf[kqdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ pifppftm;jzifh/ oufrJhj'yf0wˆK(twrf)onf 0dnmOf/ todw&m; odk‹r[kwf Om%fynmr&Sdacs? Ttcsufonf u|Efkyfwdk‹twGuf apmifh-unfhavhvmrSwf om;jcif;ESifhtwl vufawG‹prf;oyfcsufyg ESpfrsdK;pvkH;jzifh oufaojyxm;aomtcsuf jzpfonf? ouf&SdowW0grsm;omv#if xm0&bk&m;oQif (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf) ay;oem; xm;awmfrlaom“0dnmOf”a-umifh todw&m;&Sd-uonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf/ ouf&Sd owW0gtm;vkH;xuf vlom;rsm;udk txl;jcm;qkH;aom0dnmOf ay;xm;ojzifh tqifhtjrifh qkH;aomtodw&m;udkvnf; &&Sdxm;ayonf? qdkvkd&if;rSm/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹,kH-unfaom oufrJhypPnf;rsm;wGiftodw&m;&Sd jcif;udk rawG‹jrif&ay? 0dnmOf&SdaomowW0grsm;wGifom awG‹&Sd&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u xm0&bk&m;oQifudkjiif;y,f&efta-umif;&if;wpfckwnf;twGuf twrfwGif “0dnmOf”&Sdonf[k rdkufrJpGmwDxGif,kH-unf-uayonf?

108

&kyf0g'onf todw&m;r&SdaomoufrJhj'yf0wˆK ypPnf;wGif zefqif;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,kH-unf.? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udk bk&m;tjzpf udk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u t wrfrsm;wGif/ 0dnmOf&Sdonf[laom t,loD;jcif; udk ruG,fr0Suf yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif 0efcH-u onf?

arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹ axmufcHtm; ay;onfh&kyf0g',kH-unfcsufonf(ausmuf aqmif ausmufwkH;/ awmawmif/ av/ a& tp&Sdonfwdk‹)“t&m0wˆKwdkif;wGif 0dnmOf

ESifh todw&m;&Sdonf”[laom rdp>m'd@d,kH -unfcsufudk az:xkwfjcif;om jzpfonf? t&pPwdkw,fvfu T,kH-unfcsufudk (j'yfypPnf;onf zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ ‚if; onf wpfckwnf;aomy&rwfypPnf;jzpfonf [k,kH-unfaom) &kyf0g'ESifhyl;aygif;cJhojzifh &kyf0g'.t"du,kH-unfcsuf&\jzpfvmI/ rsufarSmufacwfrdp>m'd@dt,l0g'wpfrsdK; jzpf vmavonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹pmayrsm;wGif T,kH-unfcsufESifhywfoufI pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsuf rsm;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf? rDrm&fqDeefr*~Zif;rS “rSefuefaomvrf;” [laomaqmif; yg;wGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?

twrfwGif;Y 0dnmOf&Sdonf/ armfvD-uLonf xdktwrf.0dnmOfudk vrf;n$efvsuf&SdI/ qJvf onf armfvD-uL.0dnmOfudk vrf;n$efxdef;ausmif;onf [laomewfudk;uG,fjcif;(odk‹r[kwf t&m0wˆKwdkif;wGif 0dnmOf&Sdonf[laom),kH-unfcsuftarGtESpfudk u|Efkyfwdk‹vufcHxm;yg onf? 0dnmOfonf xdk0dnmOfi,frsm;.bk&m;jzpfaom vlom;.cE<mudk,fwpfckvkH;udk vrf; n$efaejcif;r[kwf?90

p-um0Vm.tpDtpOfwusjzpfaer+ESifh csdefq[efEdkifaejcif;udkoufa&mufap aomyif&if;rlvonf oufrJhj'yf0wˆKhypPnf;jzpfonf[laom TrSm;,Gif;onfha&S;a[mif; oif-um;csufa-umifh jzpfonf? rDrmqDeefr*~Zif;rS aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif/ yx0Dajr-uD; . wdk;wufajymif;vJr+ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; yg&Sdonf?

urBmajr-uD;. rsufESmjyifysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+rsm;onf tvGefn‡ifompGmjzpfay:vmcJhjyD; vuf&Sd tajctaetxd ouf&SdoufrJhrsm;ay:aygufvmatmif urBmhtwGif;ajrv$mrS ausmuf&nfylY udef;atmif;aeaom todOm%fa-umifhjzpfonf [kajymEdkifayonf? tu,fI Todk‹r[kwfyg u/ a&onf yx0DajrwGif;rSm tacgif;rsm;wGif pkaqmif;aejcif;r&SdbJ urBmhrsufESmjyif tm; vkH;udk zkH;v$rf;oGm;ayrnf?91

‚if;rDrm&fqDeefr*~Zif;rS aemufxyfaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif/ ouf&SdqJvfrsm;ESifh xdkqJvfrsm;rSyGm;xGufvmaomqJvfrsm;onf todOm%f&SdI xdktodOm%fudk tokH;cs&ef pDrHudef;cs-uonf[k tcdkiftrmqdkxm;onf?

urBmajray:0,f touf&Sifjcif;onf wpfckwnf;aomqJvfpwifay:aygufvmonfhtcsdefrS pwifcJhonf? Twpfckwnf;aomqJvfonf csufcsif;pwifv+yf&Sm;I/ ta&;ygaomawmfvSef ykefuefonfhv+HŒaqmfr+a-umifh qJvfESpfcktjzpfuGJxGufoGm;onf? xdk‹aemufqufwdkufyif tqkH;r&SdatmifqufvufI uGJxGufoGm;onf? xdkuGJxGufvmonfhqJvfrsm;onf/ xrf; aqmif&rnfhwm0eftwGuf n$ef-um;csufuif;rJhpGm vSnfhvnfoGm;vmaecJh-uonf? Todk‹ vSnfhvnfaejcif;wGif pdk;&drfruif;jzpfvmouJhodk‹ udk,fydkiftwGif;Zmwdv+HŒaqmfr+jzifh qJvf rsm;onf vma&mufpkaygif;um 'Drdkua&pDpepfususajyajyjypfjypf udk,fusdK;pGef‹Itcsif;

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csif;ulnD,dkif;yif;&if;/ touf&Sifjcif;twGuf ta&;-uD;onfh t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpfodk‹ 0dkif;0ef;wnfaqmufzefwD;,l-uonf?92

odk‹aomfvnf;/ trSefpifppftm;jzifh Tudk;um;csufESifhzDvmqef‹usifI ouf&Sd qJvfrsm;wGif todw&m;r&Sdacs? TuJhodk‹,kH-unfjcif;onf t,loD;jcif;om jzpfonf? txufwGifudk;um;cJhonfhtwdkif; xm0&bk&m;oQif&Sdjcif;ESifh t&Sifjrwf.zefqif;jcif;udk jiif;y,f&eftwGuf/ twrfrsm;/ armfvD-uLESifhqJvfrsm;wGif/ todOm%f/ pDrHudef;csEdkif pGrf;/ udk,fusdK;pGef‹jcif;ESifh “'Drdkua&pDususo[Zmo”&Sdjcif;/ ponfhyifudkt&nftcsif; rsm;ay;tyfxm;-uonfrSm t"dy`g,frJhonfomru &,fbG,fyifaumif;aeayonf? “yef; csDa&;qGJonfh qDaq;onf ol‹tvdkvdktpDtpOfcsjyD; t&m&mo[Zmw oifhatmifpDrHI

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vSyonfhyef;csDum;wpfcsyfjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufonf”[laom t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfh tajymrsdK;ESifhwlayonf? xdk‹a-umifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹rSwifjyaom touf.rlvblw onf t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaom vl‹Amvwdk‹. wifjycsufom jzpfayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹om;wdk‹. t,loD;jcif;a&aomufjrpfudkod&SdoabmaygufEdkifonfh aemufxyftcsufwpfcsufrSm “obm0.rdcif” az:jycsufjzpfonf? Taz:jycsufrsm; udk &kyf&SifZmwfvrf;rsm;/ pmtkyfrsm;/ pmayr*~Zif;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;udpPrsm; ponfwdk‹wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? obm0wGifyg0ifzGJ‹pnf;vsuf&Sdaom oufrJhj'yf0wˆKypPnf;(Edkuf-wdK*sif atmufpD*sif/ [dkufj'dK*sif/ umbGef/ ponf)wdk‹onf todw&m;&SdI vlom;tygt0if ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;udk zefqif;EdkifaomtpGrf;wefcdk;&Sda-umif;udk az:jyjcif;jzpfonf? T,kH -unfcsufonf vufawG‹apmifh-unfhrSwfom;jcif;ESifh usdK;a-umif;qDavsmf,kwWdwefjcif; wdk‹wGiftajccHjcif;r[kwfbJ/ vlwdk‹udktwif;oGwfoGif;jcif;jzifh v$rf;rdk;Edkif&ef&nf&G,fjcif;

110

om jzpfonf? vlwdk‹udk ppfrSefaomzefqif;&Sif xm0&bk&m;oQifudk arhavsmhoGm;ap&efESifh obm0onfomv#if zefqif;&Sifjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfonfhrdp>m'd@dt,l0g'odk‹ vSnfhoGm; -uap&ef jzpfonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹u Tt,l0g'udk ykHpHusatmifvkyfI tiftm;awmifhwif;atmif vkyfjyD;/ tzGJ‹ur[mrdwf[kowfrSwfaomvlr+a&;tiftm;pktm;vkH;odk‹ jzef‹jzL;&ef-udK;yrf; onf? rDrm&fqDeefr*~Zif;rS “tDAdkvl;&Sif;pnf;vkH;r+cH,lcsufESifhtawG;tac:ay: odyH`ynm ±+axmifh”[laomaqmif;yg;wGif/ xdk“qef;us,faom obm0rdcifu trdef‹ay;jcif;”ESifh ywfoufI az:jyxm;&if; ‚if;onfyif arqGef&DtzGJ‹. vlom;y"getajcjyKtawG;tac: .tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? TtawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;aom v+yf&Sm;r+tm;vkH;udk arqGef&DtzGJ‹rS axmufyHhoGm;rnf[k qufvufa&;om;xm;onf?

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arqdkydkaw;rD,m;a'orS rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'.

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tDAdkvl;&Sif;Zmwfvrf;ay:xGef;jcif;ESifh ynmtvif;yGifhjcif; ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE ADVENT OF THE MYTH OF EVOLUTION

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119

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ERASMUS DARWIN

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124

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arqGef&DtzJG‹0ifrsm;u a[uJvfudkrSm;,Gif;pGmaxmufcHjcif; The Mason's False Support of Haeckel

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Dogmatism means to blindly and insistently support a view, for whose validity there is no proof, because of a certain psychological predisposition. A dogmatic person does not investigate or reconsider something he believes in whether or not there is any proof for it. He accepts it totally and sticks to it adamantly.

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arqGef&DtzGJ‹qdkif&m wpf,loefr+ESifh rd&dk;zvmxkH;pH Masonic Dogmatism and Traditionalism

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136

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137

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THE MASONIC WAR AGAINST RELIGION

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uif;uGmaponfharqGef&Dwdk‹.y&dk*&rftpDtpOfa-umifh rdp>m'd@d0g'opftawG;tac:rsm; jzpfaom vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ zufqpf0g'/ qufulvmac: avmuDa&;oufouf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'uJhodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtawG;tac:rsm;udk ay:xGef;apcJhonf? vlr+a&;'g0if0g'ysHŒESHŒoGm;jcif;a-umifh vltrsm;u touf&Sifaea&;twGuf &kef;uefwdkuf cdkufae-u&onfhwd&p>mefrsm;jzpfonf[k,lq-uojzifh/ wpfq,fhudk;&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif; ESifh ESpfq,f&mpkESpftwGif; tvGef&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh&vm'frsm; xGufay:vmcJh onf? yxrurBmppfonf/ 'g0ifoDtdk&D.t-uHjyKcsufa-umifh ppfjzpfjcif;ESifh aoG;xGuf oH,dkjzpfjcif;onf ZD0qdkif&mvdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k ,lqaomOa&mywdkufacgif;aqmif rsm;.vkyf&yfjzpfonf? xdkppftwGif; OD;a&tm;jzifh 10 oef;ausmfaomvlom;wdk‹.t ouf tv[\qkH;±+H;cJhonf? xdkppfESifhra&S;raESmif;qufvufjzpfyGm;aom 'kwd,urBm ppfwGif vl‹toufaygif; 55=oef;cef‹ aoa-uysufpD;cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf/ arqGefwdk‹rsdK;aph csay;vdkufaomt-urf;zufavmuDa&;oufouftawG;tac:(qufulvm&pfZif;)jzpf onfh zufqpftm%m&SifpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfwdk‹a-umifhaemufxyftjypfrJhvl‹touf aygif;oef;aygif; 100=cef‹ paw;cJh&onf? ESpfq,f&mpkESpftwGif; wurBmvkH;wGif ysuf pD;,dk,Gif;r+ jzpfapcJhaomppfyGJrsm;/ yËdyuQrsm;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;/ rw&m;r+rsm;/ acgif;ykHjzwfr+rsm;/ tpmiwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;jcif;ponfwdk‹ tm;vkH;onf/ tajccHtm;jzifh bk&m;w&m;udkapmfum;onfh bk&m;w&m;rJhaomtawG;t ac:rsm;a-umifh jzpfonf? (tao;pdwfudk vl‹avmuodk‹'kuQaygif;pkH,laqmifvmcJhaom 'g0if0g'pmtkyf wGif -unfhyg?) tcsKyftm;jzifh arqGef&DtawG;tac:onf cg;oufaomtoD;tyGifhudkom ay;cJh .? tu,fI rdk;usbmomt,l0g'udkom rypfy,fcJh-uygu xdkodk‹jzpfrnfr[kwfay? ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkypfy,faom rdp>m'd@duwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹. rd&dk;zvmxkH;pHESifhpdwful;,Of'¾m&Dt,l0g'rsm;udkESpfouf-uI zsufqD;jcif;vrf;pOfudk om vdkufemcJh-uayonf? vuf&SdurBmrS rdp>m'd@dt,l0g'udk vdkufemusifhokH;onfh z&D; arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf/ urBmavmu-uD;wpfckvkH;ESifh olwdk‹udk,fwdkifudk ysufpD;jcif;odk‹ qGJac: vsuf&Sd.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ausmf-um;onfhtpPvmrfomoemh ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol bd'kZ…ref qtD'fEl&fqDu “&kyf0g'ESifhobm0tajcjyK0g'[laoma&m*g”[krSnfhac:xm;onfhtawG; tac:rsm;ESifhtu|rf;0ifarSmufrSm;jcif;rSa&Smif&Sm;jcif;jzifh ay:aygufvmrnfhysufpD;jcif; 'kuQrsm;rS vlom;avmuwpf&yfvkH;udk umuG,f&efrSm t"duta-umif;&if;jzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;ayonf?

163

ed*kH;csKyf CONCLUSION

arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpfESpfcktwGif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fxl;jcm;aom tzGJ‹ jzpfcJhayonf? ‚if;.v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fonfht*Fg&yfrsm;u vltrsm;udkqGJaqmifcJhonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif arqGef&DtzGJ‹udkrvdkrkef;xm;qef‹usifolwdk‹vnf;ay:aygufvmcJhI/ “t EW&m,fuif;aom ukodkvfa&;toif;tzGJ‹”wpfcktjzpf a-unmavonf? xdka-unmcsuf ESifhqef‹usifaom vkyf&yfrsm;a-umifh arqGef&DtzGJ‹udkqef‹usifr+ydkrdkI wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹udk qef‹usif&mY rsufpdrSdwfqef‹usifa&;tpDtpOfr jzpfoifhay? xdkodk‹jyKrnfhtpm;/ TtzGJ‹tpnf;u vlom;avmuudk twif;t"rRoGwf oGif;aeonfh ravsmfruefrSm;,Gif;I w&m;r0ifonfhtawG;tac:udk owdjyKum trsm; odatmifaz:xkwfjcif;jyKoifhayonf? -uD;us,faomtpPvmrfhynm&Sif bd'kZ…ref qtD'fEl&fqDu xdkwm0efudk twdkcsKH;I az:jyxm;ayonf?

obm0tajcjyK0g'ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wdk‹uarG;xkwfvdkufaom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh jzpf&yfrsm;onf aemufqkH;tcsdefydkif;wGif &kyf0g'tawG;tac:vrf;pOfjzifh tm;aumif;vmjyD; ydkrdkysHŒESHŒoGm;av&m/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,fonfhtqifhxdqdkufa&mufoGm;ayonf?141

wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:oabmxm;onf aemufqkH;ae‹a&mufcgeD; wGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;udk jiif;y,fonfhtjzpfodk‹ a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf? ,if;udkwefjyefjcif;taejzifh/ xdktawG;tac:rsm;onf rnfr#-uD;us,faom vdrfvnf vSnfhjzm;r+jzpfa-umif;az:xkwfjcif;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif; uk&ftmefusrf; awmfjrwfwGif jyqdkxm;onfh oufaoom"ursm;jzifh az:xkwfjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udkaqmif &Guf-u&ygrnf? Tenf;vrf;onf/ arqGef&DtzGJ‹udk wdkufcdkufonfh ynm&Sifqdkif&mv+yf&Sm;r+wdkuf yGJ jzpfonf? ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufrSm arqGef&DtawG;tac:rSm;,Gif;I w&m;r0ifa-umif; y,fzsufypf&efjzpfonf? TtzGJ‹.tawG;tac:rsm;udk trsm;vlxkay:wGif/ ta0;rSaeI 0g'jzef‹enf;jzifh vltrsm;tm; bmomt,l0g'rsm;.udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;rSuif;uGmoGm; I/ &kyf0g'/ vlom;y"getajcjyK0g'ESifh 'g0ifoDtdk&Dpdwful;,OftawG;tac:rsm;jzifh-o Zmv$rf;rdk;aejcif;udk zsufqD;ypf&ef ta&;-uD;qkH;jzpfonf? tawG;tac:ydkif;t& ±+H;edrfh oGm;aomoDtdk&D0g'rsm;onf aemufxyfxda&mufr+r&SdEdkifawmhay? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifjzpfa-umif; ESifh bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsufrsm;.trSefw&m;rsm;udk vltrsm;xHodk‹ydk‹csay;&efvnf; vdktyfayonf? xdkodk‹vrf;rSefudkjyoay;&mwGif odyH`ynmtcsuftvufrsm;jzifh axmufcH taxmuftuljyKI jyo&efvnf; vdktyfayonf? trSefpifppf/ Tynm&Sifqdkif&mwm0ef,laqmif&Gufjcif;onf/ arqGef&Dudkqef‹ usifwdkufcdkufjcif;omr[kwfbJ &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifwGif rdrdudk,fudkyif vdrfvnfvSnfh pm;ae-uonfh arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹udk u,fwif&efvnf; yg0ifygonf? arqGefwdk‹a&muf &Sdaeaomtajctaeonf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGifaz:jyxm;aom tm'fESifhovfrl'f trsdK;om;wdk‹ta-umif;ESifh tvm;wlaeayonf? “pifppfaomfum; ‘±+dkifwGmef’rdp>maumif onf ‚if;wdk‹. vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tjrifY wifhw,fvSyatmif jyK vkyfjyD;v#if ‚if;wdk‹tm;(rSefuefaomw&m;)vrf;rS wm;qD;ydwfyifcJhav.? pifppf ‚if; wdk‹rSm todtjrif&Sdaomolrsm;yif jzpfcJh-uukef.?” (pl&mtvftefublwf 29;38)

164

yef;wdkifrSm/ arqGefrsm;tygt0if urBmhvlxkwpf&yfvkH;tm; olwdk‹.rSm;,Gif;r+ rsm;rS u,fwif&efjzpfayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹u vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;ESpf&mtwGif; olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk axmufcHonf[laomodyH`ynmonf ,ae‹tcsdefwGif olwdk‹udkjyefvnfqef‹usifaejyDjzpf a-umif; &Sif;vif;pGm wifjy&efvdktyfayonf? &kyf0g'avmutjrif.tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpf aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf 1970=ckESpfrSpwifI t-uD;tus,fedrfhusav#mqif;oGm; avjyD? wl;az:&&Sdonfhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;u ‚if;oDtdk&Du twnfwuswifjyxm; aom ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJvmcJhonf[laomtcsufrsm;udk “tDAdkvl;&Sif;bdk;ab;rsm;r&SdbJ”tppt&m&monf csufcsif;vufiif;t*Fg&yftjynfhtpkH jzifhomay:aygufvm-uonf[laomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;jzifh y,fzsufvdkufavjyD? t%kZD0"g wkaA'ynmu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifh obm0tavsmuftvdkvdkjzpfay:vmonf[laom tqdkjzifh&Sif;jyIr&Edkifawmhonfh ouf&Sdt&mrsm;.tHhzG,frqkH;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk az:xkwfxm;avjyD? 'g0if.“ouf&Sdt&mrsm;qdkif&mZ,m;”t& eD;uyfonf[laomouf &Sdt&mrsm;ESifhowW0grsm;onf/ rsdK;ADZaA't& tvGefa0;uGmaea-umif;udk awG‹&Sdaz:xkwf xm;.? odyH`ynmu tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DrSm;,Gif;a-umif;/ w&m;r0ifa-umif; oufaoxl vdkufavjyD? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u aemufxyfxdefcsefxm;Ir&Edkifawmhay? &kyf0g'=vl om;y"getajcjyK0g'tawG;tac:w&m;r0ifrSm;,Gif;a-umif; odyH`ynmu &Sif;vif;pGm wifjyxm;jyDjzpfa-umif; trsm;vlxktm; today;&ef txl;vdktyfayonf? arqGef&DtzGJ‹onf/ xda&mufaom0g'jzef‹enf;rsm;jzifh tcsdefumvtwef-um onftxd vltrsm;tm; rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:udk vufcHapEdkifcJhayonf? trSefw &m;udkajymjyI vltrsm;tm;ulnDjcif;onf xdk‹xufydkrdkIvG,fulayonf? rGwfpvifrfwdk‹u Twm0efudkvufcHaqmif&GufI/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfuvnf; cGifhjyKygu/ atmufyga-unmcsufonfvnf; txif;om;ay:vGifjynfhpkHoGm;vdrfhrnf? “pifppfrSmum; igt&Sifjrwfonf trSefudk trSm;ay:Yypfaygufawmfrl.? xdktcg ,if; trSefonf xdktrSm;.OD;aESmufudk xGufap.? xdktcg ,if;trSm;onf &kwfw&uf aysmufysufoGm;av.?” (tvftrfAD,m 21;18) xdk‹aemuf/ ESpfq,fhwpf&mpkESpfonf z&D;arqGefwdk‹ar#mfvifhouJhodk‹aom “wurBmvkH; qdkif&mz&D;arqGeftzGJ‹”.&mpkESpfrjzpfawmhbJ tpPvmrfhudk,fusifhw&m;ESifh jynfhpkHonfh&mpkESpf jzpfayvdrfhrnf?

165

tdk=t&Sif/ udk,fawmft&SifjrwfonfcsKdŒwJhjcif;taygif;wdk‹rS

oef‹&Sif;pif-u,fawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrlygonf?

udk,fawmft&Sif oif-um;ay;oem;awmfrlaom ynm&yfrsm;rSty

u|efawmfrsKd;wdk‹tbdk‹rSm tjcm;todw&m;[lI tvsif;r&Sdyg?

{uefrkcs udk,fawmft&Sifonfomv#if t&mcyfodrf;wdk‹udk t-uGif;rJh

od&Sdawmfrlaomt&Sif/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh

jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrlygownf;?

(pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;32)

166

rSwfcsufrsm; NOTES 1 World Book Encyclopedia, "Crusades," Contributor: Donald E. Queller, Ph.D., Prof. of History, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, World Book Inc., 1998 2 Geste Francorum, or the Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, trans. Rosalind Hill, London, 1962, p.91, (emphasis added) 3 August C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants, Princeton & London, 1921, p.261, (emphasis added) 4 August C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants, Princeton & London, 1921, p.262 5 Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge, London, Corgi Books, 1990, pp. 78-81 6 Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies And Subversive Movements, Boswell Publishing Co., Ltd., London, 1924, Chapter 3 7 For this thesis about Freemasonry, see. John J. Robinson, Born in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry, New York, M. Evans & Company, 1989 8 Ender Arkun, "Masonlarin Dusunce Evrimine Katkisina Kisa Bir Bakis" (A Short Look at the Contribution of Freemasonry to the Evolution of Thought), Mimar Sinan, 1990, No. 77, p.68, (emphasis added) 9 Teoman Biyikoglu, "Tampliyeler ve Hurmasonlar" (Templars and Freemasons), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No.106, p.11, (emphasis added) 10 Teoman Biyikoglu, "Tampliyeler ve Hurmasonlar" (Templars and Freemasons), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No.106, p.9, (emphasis added) 11 Teoman Biyikoglu, "Tampliyeler ve Hurmasonlar" (Templars and Freemasons), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No.106, p.19, (emphasis added) 12 Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, Arrow Books, 1997, p.37 13 G. Delaforge, The Templar Tradition in the Age of Aquarius; Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, p.37, (emphasis added) 14 C. Wilson, The Excavation of Jerusalem, Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, p.38 15 Murat Ozgen Ayfer, Masonluk Nedir ve Nasildir? (What is Freemasonry and What is it Like?), Istanbul 1992, pp.298-299, (emphasis added) 16 Gougenot des Mousseaux in Le Juif, La Judaïsme et la Judaïsation des Peuples Chrétiens, 2nd edition, 1886, p. 499 17 Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies And Subversive Movements, Boswell Publishing Co., Ltd., London, 1924; p.9 18 Theodore Reinach, Histoire des Israélites, p.221, and Salomon Reinach, Orpheus, p.299, (emphasis added) 19 Fabre d'Olivet, La Langue Hébraïque, 1815, p.28, (emphasis added) 20 Mason Dergisi (The Journal of Freemasonry), No. 48-49, p.67, (emphasis added) 21 Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, Arrow Books, London, 1997, p.131, (emphasis added) 22 Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, Arrow Books, London, 1997, p. 131 23 Richard Rives, Too Long in the Sun, Partakers Pub., 1996, pp. 130-31 24 Murat Ozgen Ayfer, Masonluk Nedir ve Nasildir? (What is Freemasonry?), Istanbul, 1992, pp. 298-299 25 Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies And Subversive Movements, Boswell Publishing Co., Ltd., London, 1924, (emphasis added)

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26 Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies And Subversive Movements, Boswell Publishing Co., Ltd., London, 1924; Theodore Reinach, Histoire des Israélites, p. 221, Salomon Reinach, Orpheus, p. 299, (emphasis added) 27Lance S. Owens, Joseph Smith and Kabbalah: The Occult Connection, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol. 27, No. 3, Fall 1994, pp. 117-194 28 Lance S. Owens, Joseph Smith and Kabbalah: The Occult Connection, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Vol. 27, No. 3, Fall 1994, pp. 117-194, (emphasis added) 29 Eliphas Lévi, Histoire de la Magie, p. 273; Nesta H. Webster, Secret Societies And Subversive Movements, Boswell Publishing Co. Ltd., London, 1924 30 Umberto Eco, Foucault's Pendulum, Translated from the Italian by William Weaver, A Helen and Kurt Wolff Book, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, p. 450, (emphasis added) 31 For further information, see, John J. Robinson, Born in Blood: The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry, New York: M. Evans & Company, 1989 32 Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 10, p. 759. 33 Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation. Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 34 Lamont, The Philosophy of Humanism, 1977, p. 116 35 http://www.jjnet.com/archives/documents/humanist.htm) 36 Henry Margenau, Roy Abraham Vargesse, Cosmos, Bios, Theos. La Salle IL, Open Court Publishing, 1992, p. 241 37 Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World, Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p. 61 38 http://www.garymcleod.org/2/ johnd/humanist.htm) 39 Malachi Martin, The Keys of This Blood: The Struggle for World Dominion Between Pope John Paul II, Mikhail Gorbachev, and the Capitalist West, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1990, pp. 519-520, (emphasis added) 40 Malachi Martin, The Keys of This Blood, p. 520 41 Malachi Martin, The Keys of This Blood, pp. 521-522 42 Dr. Selami Isindag, Sezerman Kardes V, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul1977, p. 73, (emphasis added) 43 Dr. Selami Isindag, Sezerman Kardes VI, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul1977, p. 79, (emphasis added) 44 Mimar Sinan, 1989, No. 72, p. 45, (emphasis added) 45 Selamet Mahfilinde Uc Konferans (Three Confrences in Safety Society), p. 51, (emphasis added) 46 Manly P. Hall, The Lost Keys of Freemasonry, Philosophical Research Society; 1996, pp. 54-55 47 J. D. Buck, Mystic Masonry, Kessinger Publishing Company, September 1990, p. 216, (emphasis added) 48 "Masonluk Iddia Edildigi Gibi Gizli Bir Tesekkul mudur?" (Is Freemasonry a Secret Organization as It is Claimed to be?) (Mim Kemal Oke, Turk Mason Dergisi (The Turkish Mason Magazine), No. 15, July 1954, (emphasis added) 49 Franz Simecek, Turkiye Fikir ve Kultur Dernegi E. ve K. S. R. Sonuncu ve 33. Derecesi Turkiye Yuksek Surasi, 24. Konferans, (Turkish Society of Idea and Culture, 33rd degree, Turkey Supreme Meeting, 24th conference), Istanbul, 1973, p. 46, (emphasis added) 50 http://www.mason.org.tr/uzerine.

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html, (emphasis added) 51 Dr. Selami Isindag, Ucuncu Derece Rituelinin Incelenmesi (The Examination of the Third Degree Ritual), Mason Dernegi (Masonic Society) Publications: 4, Istanbul, 1978, p. 15, (emphasis added) 52 Harun Yahya, Komunizm Pusuda (Communism in Ambush),Vural Publishing, Istanbul, April 2001, p. 25 53 Moiz Berker, "Gercek Masonluk" (Real Freemasonry), Mimar Sinan, 1990, No. 77, p. 23, (emphasis added) 54 Dr. Selami Isindag, Sezerman Kardes IV, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul1977, p. 62, (emphasis added) 55 Dr. Selami Isindag, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, pp. 145-146, (emphasis added) 56 Dr. Selami Isindag, "Olumlu Bilim-Aklin Engelleri ve Masonluk" (Positive Science-The Obstacles of Mind and Freemasonry), Mason Dergisi, year 24, No. 25-26 (December 76-March 77), (emphasis added) 57 Ibrahim Baytekin, Ayna (Mirror), Ocak 1999, No: 19, p.4, (emphasis added) 58 Dr. Selami Isindag, Masonluk Ustune (On Freemasonry), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul1977, p. 32, (emphasis added) 59 Christopher Knight, Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, Arrow Books, London, 1997, p. 131, (emphasis added) 60 Dr. Selami Isindag, Kurulusundan Bugune Masonluk ve Bizler (Freemasonry and Us: From Its Establishment Until Today), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul1977, pp. 274-275, (emphasis added) 61 Dr. Selami Isindag, Sezerman Kardes VII, Masonlukta Yorumlama Vardir Ama Putlastirma Yoktur (There is No Idolization in Freemasonry but Interpretation), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, p. 120, (emphasis added) 62 Celil Layiktez, "Masonik Sir, Ketumiyet Nedir? Ne Degildir?" (Masonic Secret, What is Secrecy?), Mimar Sinan, 1992, No. 84, pp. 27-29, (emphasis added) 63 Dr. Cahit Bergil, "Masonlugun Lejander Devri" (The Lejander Age of Freemasonry), Mimar Sinan, 1992, No. 84, p. 75, (emphasis added) 64 Oktay Gok, "Eski Misirda Tekris" (Initiation in Ancient Egypt), Mimar Sinan, 1995, Vol. 95, pp. 62-63, (emphasis added) 65 Dr. Cahit Bergil, "Masonlugun Lejander Devri" (The Lejander Age of Freemasonry) , Mimar Sinan, 1992, No. 84, p. 74, (emphasis added) 66 Resit Ata, "Çile: Tefekkur Hucresi" (Ordeal: Reflection Cell), Mimar Sinan, 1984, No. 53, p. 61, (emphasis added) 67 Rasim Adasal, "Masonlugun Sosyal Kaynaklari ve Amaclari" (The Social Origins and Aims of Freemasonry), Mimar Sinan, December 1968, No. 8, p. 26 68 Robert Hieronimus, America's Secret Destiny: Spiritual Vision and the Founding of a Nation, Vermont, Destiny Books, 1989, p. 84, (emphasis added) 69 Koparal Çerman, "Rituellerimizdeki Allegori ve Semboller" (Allegory and Symbols in our Rituals), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No. 106, p. 34 70 Michael Howard, The Occult Conspiracy: The Secret History of Mystics, Templars, Masons and Occult Societies, 1st ed., London, Rider, 1989, p. 8 71 Michael Howard, The Occult Conspiracy: The Secret History of Mystics, Templars, Masons and Occult Societies, 1st ed., London, Rider, 1989, p. 9 72 Koparal Çerman, "Rituellerimizdeki Allegori ve Semboller" (Allegory and Symbols in our Rituals), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No. 106, p. 38, (emphasis added)

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73 Christopher Knight ve Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, p. 188 74 Christopher Knight ve Robert Lomas, The Hiram Key, p. 188 75 Orhan Tanrikulu, "Kadinin Mason Toplumundaki Yeri" (The Woman's Place in Masonic Society), Mimar Sinan, 1987, No. 63, p. 46 76 Koparal Çerman, "Rituellerimizdeki Allegori ve Semboller" (Allegory and Symbols in our Rituals), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No. 106, p. 39, (emphasis added) 77 Resit Ata, "Bir Fantezi: Mitoloji'den Masonluga" (A Fantasy: From Mythology to Freemasonry), Mimar Sinan, 1980, No. 38, p. 59, (emphasis added) 78 Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma, Kessinger Publishing Company, October 1992, p. 839 79 Michael Howard, The Occult Conspiracy: The Secret History of Mystics, Templars, Masons and Occult Societies, 1st ed., London, Rider, 1989, pp. 2-3, (emphasis added) 80 Previous Master Mason Enver Necdet Egeran, Gercek Yuzuyle Masonluk (Freemasonry Unveiled) , Basnur Press, Ankara, 1972, pp. 8-9, (emphasis added) 81 Dr. Selami Isindag, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, p. 189, (emphasis added) 82 Dr. Selami Isindag, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, p. 190, (emphasis added) 83 Dr. Selami Isindag, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, pp. 189-190, (emphasis added) 84 Hasan Erman, "Masonlukta Olum Sonrasi" (After Death in Freemasonry), Mimar Sinan, 1977, No. 24, p. 57 85 Dr. Selami Isindag, Masonlugun Kendine Ozgu Bir Felsefesi Var Midir, Yok Mudur? (Does Freemasonry Have an Original Philosophy or Not?), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, p. 97, (emphasis added) 86 Wilder Penfield, The Mystery of the Mind: A Critical Study of Consciousness and the Human Brain, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1975, p. 80, (emphasis added) 87 Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind, Penguin Books, 1989, pp. 24-25, (emphasis added) 88 Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind, Penguin Books, 1989, p. 448 89 Onur Ayangil, "Yeni Gnose" (New Gnosis), Mimar Sinan, 1977, No. 25, p. 20, (emphasis added) 90 Enis Ecer, "Gercegin Yolu" (The Path of the Truth), Mimar Sinan, 1979, No. 30, p. 29, (emphasis added) 91 Faruk Erengul, "Evrende Zeka" (Intelligence in the Universe), Mimar Sinan, 1982, No. 46, p. 27, (emphasis added) 92 Albert Arditti, "Hurriyet-Disiplin-Dinamizm-Statizm" (Freedom-Discipline-Dynamism-Statism), Mimar Sinan, 1974, No. 15, p. 23 93 Naki Cevad Akkerman, "Bilimsel Acidan Dayanisma Kavrami ve Evrimi Uzerine Dusunceler II" (Thoughts About The Concept and the Evolution of Solidarity from the Scientific Point of View II), Mimar Sinan, 1976, No. 20, p. 49, (emphasis added) 94 Mason Dergisi (Journal of Freemasonry), No. 48-49, p. 67 95 Mason Dergisi (Journal of Freemasonry), No. 48-49, p. 67, (emphasis added) 96 Dr. Selami Isindag, Kurulusundan Bugune Masonluk ve Bizler (Freemasonry and Us: From Its Establishment Until Today), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, pp. 274-275, (emphasis added)

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97 Dr. Selami Isindag, Kurulusundan Bugune Masonluk ve Bizler (Freemasonry and Us: From Its Establishment Until Today), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, pp. 274-275 98 Pocock, in; Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. J. G. A. Pocock, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987, pp. 33-38 99 Desmond King-Hele, Doctor of Revolution: The Life and Times of Erasmus Darwin, Faber & Faber, London, 1977, p. 361 100 Henry Morris, The Long War Against God, p. 178 101 William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons, vol. I. Macoy Publishing & Macoy Supply Co., Inc. Ricmond, Virginia, 1957, p. 285 102 William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons, vol. I. Macoy Publishing & Macoy Supply Co., Inc. Ricmond, Virginia, 1957, p. 285 103 Henry Morris, The Long War Against God, p. 198. Order of the Illuminati, which was founded in Bavaria, Germany in 1776 was a kind of a Masonic lodge. The founder of the Illuminati, Dr. Adam Weishaupt, was a Jew. He enumerated the goals of the Order as follows: 1- To abolish all monarchies and regular governments, 2- To abolish the personal property and inheritance, 3- To abolish the family life and the marriage institution and to establish a communal education system for children, 4- To abolish all religions. (see, Eustace Mullins, The World Order: Our Secret Rulers, p. 5; Lewis Spence, The Encyclopedia of the Occult, p. 223) 104 Henry Morris, The Long War Against God, Master Books, April 2000, p. 198 105 Pope Leo XIII, Humanum Genus, "Encyclical on Freemasonry," promulgated on April 20, 1984.(emphasis added) 106 Henry Morris, The Long War Against God, p. 60 107 For Huxley's Masonry, see (Albert G. Mackey. "Charles Darwin and Freemasonry." An Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, New York: The Masonic History Company, 1921, Vol. III.) Royal Society or with the full name The Royal Society of London for The Improvement of Natural Knowledge was founded in 1662. All the members of the society were all Masons without an exception. See, John J. Robinson, Born in Blood, p. 285 108 For the support Royal Society gave to Darwinism, see Henry Morris, The Long War Against God, pp. 156-57 109 Anton Pannekoek, Marxism And Darwinism, Translated by Nathan Weiser. Transcribed for the Internet by Jon Muller, Chicago, Charles H. Kerr & Company Co-operative Copyright, 1912 by Charles H. Kerr & Company, (emphasis added) (http://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/works/1912-dar.htm) 110 Dr. Selami Isindag, "Bilginin Gelismesinde Engeller ve Masonluk" (Obstacles in the Development of Knowledge and Freemasonry), 1962 Annual Bulletin of the Turkish Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons p. 44, (emphasis added) 111 Francis Darwin, Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Vol.II, from charles Darwin to J. Do Hooker, March 29, 1963 112 Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space, p.130, (emphasis added) 113 Dr. Selami Isindag, Evrim Yolu (The Way of Evolution), Istanbul1979, p. 141, (emphasis added) 114 P. M. Giovanni, Turkiye Fikir ve Kultur Dernegi E. ve K. S. R. Sonuncu ve 33. Derecesi Turkiye Yuksek Surasi, 24. Conference (The Turkish Society of Idea and

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Culture, 33rd degree, Turkey Supreme Meeting, 24th conference), Istanbul, 1973, p. 107, (emphasis added) 115 Dr. Selami Isindag, Sezerman Kardes VI, Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, p. 78, (emphasis added) 116 Dr. Selami Isindag, "Masonluk Ogretileri" (Masonic Doctrines), Masonluktan Esinlenmeler (Inspirations from Freemasonry), Istanbul 1977, p. 137 117 Tanju Koray, Mimar Sinan, 1992, No: 85, p. 46, (emphasis added) 118 Tanju Koray, Mimar Sinan, 1992, No: 85, p. 49, (emphasis added) 119 Neset Sirman, "Masonlugun Ilk Devirleri" (The First Periods of Masonry), Mimar Sinan, 1997, No. 104, p. 41, (emphasis added) 120 Naki Cevad Akkerman, "Politika ve Masonluk" (Politics and Freemasonry), Mimar Sinan, September 1968, No. 7, pp. 66-67 121 Daniel Willens "The Hell-Fire Club," Gnosis, no.24, Summer 1992, (emphasis added) 122 For the relationship of Enlightenment and French Revolution with Masonry, see Harun Yahya, Yeni Masonik Duzen (New Masonic Order), pp. 203-215 123 Michael Howard, The Occult Conspiracy, p. 69 124 Compterendu Gr. Or., 1903, Nourrisson, "Les Jacobins," 266-271; The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," NewAdvent,(http://www.newadvent. org/cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added) 125 The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org /cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added) 126 The Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771 a.htm#VIII 127 Nur Safa Tekyeliban, "Taassuba Karsi Mucadele" (Struggle Against Bigotry): From the Speech of Brother Gambetta made on July 8, 1875 in Clémente Amitié Lodge," Dogus Kolu Yilligi: Ankara Dogus Mahfili Çalismalari (Dogus Branch Yearbook: Ankara Dogus Society Studies) , 1962, Kardes Press, Ankara, 1963, p. 19 128 The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added) 129 Louis L. Synder and Ida Mae Brown, Bismarck and German Unification, New York, 1966,pp. 90-91, (emphasis added) 130 The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added) 131 Elbridge Colby,"In Hitler's Shadow: The Myth of Nazism's Conservative Roots," In Bad Faith?: Politics and Religion at Harvard, October 13, 1999 132 Alec Mellor, The Royal Arch Mason, Spring 1972 133 The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm) 134 Michael Howard, The Occult Conspiracy, p. 105 135 Stephen Knight, The Brotherhood: The Explosive Expose of the Secret World of the Freemasons, HarperCollins, 1985, p.33 136 Daniel Ligou, Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maconnerie, p.1064 137 The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added) 138 The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added)

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139 Voice, Chr. 1889, II, 257 sq.; The Catholic Encyclopedia, "Masonry (Freemasonry)," New Advent, (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm), (emphasis added) 140 "Masonluk Gucunu Yitiriyor mu?" (Is Freemasonry Losing its Power?), Nokta, October 13, 1985, vol. 40, p. 30 141 Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Letters, 15th Letter, The Meaning of Your Fourth Question, The Second Current (http://www.bediuzzaman.org/letters/let15d.html)

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