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Page 1: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Edit By Ali Aldujaily

Page 2: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Organism Economic Impact Epidemiology Transmission Clinical Signs Diagnosis and Treatment Prevention and Control Actions to take

Page 3: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 4: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Family Reoviridae Genus Orbivirus

24 serotypes worldwide 5 serotypes isolated in the U.S.

Non-contagious Insect-borne viral disease Ruminants: Primary host is sheep Others infected: Cattle, goats, deer

Page 5: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 6: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

First described in South Africa Broad distribution worldwide

Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002

Page 7: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Trade restrictions Imposed by BTV-free countries Animals and animal products

Cost to U.S. Greater impact on cattle industry

Reservoir for virus $125 million per year

Lost trade and animal testing

Page 8: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 9: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Sheep Severity of disease varies

Breed Strain of virus Environmental stress

Morbidity: up to 100% Mortality: usually 0-50%

Page 10: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Cattle, goats Morbidity: up to 5% Death is rare

Deer, antelope Severe infection Morbidity: up to 100% Mortality: 80-90%

Animals may remain lame

Page 11: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 12: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Biting midges Genus Culicoides Principal vector

C. variipennis var. sonorensis

Ticks, sheep keds In utero Mechanical Venereal?

Page 13: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 14: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Incubation period: 5-20 days Fever, depression, salivation Facial swelling, dyspnea, panting, nasal

discharge Hyperemia of muzzle, lips, ears Pregnancy: Reabsorption, abortion,

“dummy” lambs

Page 15: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Oral erosions and ulcerations Tongue

Swollen, protuding Cyanotic

= “blue-tongue” Feet

Sore hooves, lameness Coronitis

Page 16: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Salivation

Nasal discharge

Facial swelling

Page 17: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Coronitis Inflammation of

coronary band

Lameness Painful hooves

Page 18: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Cattle and goats Usually subclinical Erosions, crusts around

nose and teats Coronitis Reproductive failure

Antelope and deer Hemorrhage, death

Page 19: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Sheep: Face and ears edematous Dry, crusty exudate on nostrils Coronary bands hyperemic Internal hemorrhaging Hydranencephaly, cerebellar dysplasia

Cattle Skin: Edematous, ulcerated, dry, thick folds Mouth: Vesicles, ulcers, necrosis

Page 20: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Foot-and-mouth disease Vesicular stomatitis Peste de petits ruminants Malignant catarrhal fever Bovine viral diarrhea Contagious pustular dermatitis Sheep pox Foot rot Actinobacillosis

Page 21: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Clinical signs History

Season when insects are active Wasting or foot rot

Laboratory Virus isolation in cell cultures ELISA, PCR, IFA, VN Serology Complement fixation Examination of proteins

Differentiation from related diseaseswww.usda.gov

Page 22: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

No specific treatment Supportive therapy

Protection from the elements Fluids and electrolytes given Antibiotics

Prevention of secondary infection Control of vectors by insecticide

Reduce transmission Protect susceptible animals

Page 23: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 24: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Not a significant threat to humans One human infection documented

Reasonable precautions should be taken Disease in humans is not fatal Treatment is supportive care

Page 25: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control
Page 26: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Quarantine and movement controls Prevent spread of virus

Animals confined indoors (i.e., barn) When vectors are active

Page 27: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Disinfection Does not stop virus

transmission Cleaning the premises

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) 3% Sodium hydroxide (lye)

Insect control

Page 28: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control

Available Serotype specific

Adverse effects Fetal malformations Recombination

New strains of virus

Page 29: Edit By Ali Aldujaily.  Organism  Economic Impact  Epidemiology  Transmission  Clinical Signs  Diagnosis and Treatment  Prevention and Control