chronic training effects are achieved after a period of training, and once produced remains a...
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Chronic Responses to Exercise
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Chronic training effects are achieved after a period of training, and once produced remains a feature of the body until training ceases. Detraining occurs if the athlete ceases training and the body reverts to the pre-exercise level.
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Cardiovascular ResponsesCardiac Hypertrophy•Hypertrophy of the muscle fibres (anaerobic training)•Increase in the size of the left ventricle (aerobic training)
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Cardiovascular Responses
• Decreased Heart Rate (HR)
•Lower resting Heart Rate•Lower Heart Rate in sub max exercise•Slower increase in Heart Rate during exercise•Faster return to resting Heart Rate post exercise•Lower and Faster Steady State•Maximum Heart Rate is unchanged
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Stroke volume (SV)
From Wikipedia: ‘stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Cardiac Output (Q)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a minute. An average cardiac output would be 5L.min-1 for a human male and 4.5L.min-1 for a female
Q = SV x HR
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Vascularisation - training stimulates growth of new blood vessels
Reduced Blood Pressure (BP)
Increased Blood Volume
Increased Haemoglobin levels
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (A-VO2)
Increased absorption of oxygen by the muscles due to increase in the myoglobin and the increased number and size of the mitochondria
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Respiratory Responses
Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied. Increased
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Respiratory Responses
Minute Ventilation during sub-max exercise decreased
Minute Ventilation during max exercise increased
Minute Ventilation isthe total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute. V = Tidal Volume x Respiration Rate
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Respiratory Responses
Decreased Oxygen Consumption by the Diaphragm and the Intercostals during submaximal exercise.
Increased VO2 max
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Respiratory Responses Improved Lung Function – larger lung volume, increased
alveolar-capillary surface area
Aerobic Capacity – generally increases between 10 and 25% in the first 6months of an intense aerobic training program. Generally an increase of 40% within 2 years
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Muscular Adaptations•Fast Twitch a] fibres can take on Slow Twitch Characteristics
•Increased size of fast-twitch (anaerobic training) or slow twitch fibres (aerobic training)
•Increased ATP, CP, Creatine and Glycogen stored in the muscles•Increased ATP-PC splitting and resynthesis of enzymes
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Muscular Adaptations
Increased Glycolytic Capacity
Increased Contractile Proteins
Increased myosin ATPase
Increased muscle pH buffering
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Muscular Adaptations
Increased muscle hyperplasiaHyperplasia (or "hypergenesis") is a general term referring to the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that which is ordinarily seen (e.g. constantly dividing cells).
Increased mitochondria density and number
Increased myoglobin stores
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Muscular Adaptations
Increased oxidative capacity via increased oxidative enzymes
Increased capillary density
Increased fat utilisation in sub maximal exercise
Chronic Responses to Exercise
Muscular Adaptations
Increased stores and use of intramuscular triglycerides
Increased synthesis of glycogen
Increased storage of glycogen