ตัวอย่างการใช้วงจร chopper

13
กก ก: กก 5-6 ก 2552 กก 68 Electric Car Driving with IGBT Chopper Control 1 1 1 1 1 Geerapong Srivichai 1 Sukhom Larnthai 1 Rachain Kanahna 1 Suksun Samingnara 1 and Chanyoot Arunsawat 1 กก กก กก กก 36 12 100 Ah 3 ก ก (IGBT) กกก 13 1 ก 12 ก กก 200 กก 90 ก : , , Abstract At present a transport is one of the necessities of life. However, most of the transport consume fuel which effects our environment and reduces energy. Thus it is necessary to find an alternative source of energy. Electrical energy is considered as an alternative energy.This paper presents an electric car using the chopper technique to control a direct current motor. This chopper unit use to the control the speed for direct current motor at rated 36 volt. Sources will energize from the battery size of 12 volt,100 Ah with the number of 3 units and the chopper circuit use operational amplifier to rebuild the signal and to control MOSFET in the power circuit. The structure of the electric car may be using the structure of golf car. It will move by the shaft of motor to the cogs of a gear wheel with reduce speed 13:1. In which the vehicle will move with approximately not faster than 12 kilometers per hour and will carry weight not more than 200 kilograms and an energy of one battery lasts 90 minutes. Keywords: IGBT Chopper , Control System , Electric Car 1 ก . 76000 Tel. 032-405560 Fax. 032- 414455 E-mail: [email protected]

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Page 1: ตัวอย่างการใช้วงจร  chopper

กก ก: กก !" 5-6 ก 2552 กก

68

ก Electric Car Driving with IGBT Chopper Control

78 891 !1 # $% 1 & 1 % #' ( ) *&1

Geerapong Srivichai1 Sukhom Larnthai1 Rachain Kanahna1 Suksun Samingnara1 and Chanyoot Arunsawat1

< AB C %AD )EกAB FGEGE$AD H ก*#E) IFG %J

H'JH#K L #ML)H กN!KMG)HKก H กC$MG) กN!K) L #ML)JNก%CJ)O%*K)H *K J P %A) L #ML)กQEA* * L FEก ก*K )MG P * IFG !RRSAD )Eก FG EGTUกFกMG) AD * C$ EL )กEGกCT!RRS EG $ $CC#)AA)H#KH ก$C$ ))!RRSก%CC) ก V* H#KH กAC$Q)C)))!RRSก% ** 36 VEGAD C$MG) )T IFGH#KJJ กC)EG * 12 V 100 Ah 3 Uก %H J )#)AA)H#K))A)AYAD K''MG)$C$ ก )!)ECEE (IGBT) H O$ก J )V$KT L %AD ก J A%ก)C)Tก)RH#K IFG%C$MG) ก)))!A# *R`)V**K)* 13 J)1 MG)H#KH กC$MG) V*EGT%TC$MG) !*K*K$Q!Jก 12 กVJ)#GV %C L ก!*K!Jก 200 กVก %%H#K 90 E J)กกQCA% )C)EG FG$L =>=? : !)ECEE#)AA), %CC$C$ , T!RRS

Abstract At present a transport is one of the necessities of life. However, most of the transport consume fuel which effects our environment and reduces energy. Thus it is necessary to find an alternative source of energy. Electrical energy is considered as an alternative energy.This paper presents an electric car using the chopper technique to control a direct current motor. This chopper unit use to the control the speed for direct current motor at rated 36 volt. Sources will energize from the battery size of 12 volt,100 Ah with the number of 3 units and the chopper circuit use operational amplifier to rebuild the signal and to control MOSFET in the power circuit. The structure of the electric car may be using the structure of golf car. It will move by the shaft of motor to the cogs of a gear wheel with reduce speed 13:1. In which the vehicle will move with approximately not faster than 12 kilometers per hour and will carry weight not more than 200 kilograms and an energy of one battery lasts 90 minutes. Keywords: IGBT Chopper , Control System , Electric Car 1#$V VE!RRS $%$V VE) ก #Os#C E .#C E 76000 Tel. 032-405560 Fax. 032-414455 E-mail: [email protected]

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== AB'*K O% กAD AB'EGJNก%CV*J) # ) FGEG$'ก*

กกN!K) L #ML))T MG) !*K% กTFO)O%) EL T!RRSFTUกKFL A%ก)CกC%#JA%* L ) AD J ) $') FGEG%*L !A T!RRSC$MG) 2 K)AD T!RRSE *QกEGEH#K ก )JJH ก)R% ML EGH VJP AD T!RRSA%O*EEGEH#K ก กEG *H A% EK)*E#wกกJT EGH#K L #ML)A%ก #J K)% 90 %TUกH#K!AH กC$MG) T H %EGกJK)% 70 ) EGH#KH T G!A (U $V VEV%%* J#, 2550) %U'E!AกC$K) %E* (Friction) *K EGJก T!RRSTC$MG) !A!*K!กกJT EGH#K L #ML)TF 3 J (U $V VEV%%* J#, 2550) * L กx T!RRSCH#K HKEกH#K )J$ K$JกFL L#J*กFG #ML)IFGK) KกJA%!*K)Eก*K )กก EL$JH#KJH กC กT!RRSGกMG)AECECกCT EGH#K L #ML) MG)กE Moving parts K)กJ F!JEAB'MG)Fก) TH#K T !*K FL %!JMG)$QJT EGH#K L #ML) * L กx T!RRSFL H#K F#J*AT *CEGK)H#KH กIJ)C %#J*A%!*K)Eก*K #L J *EEGK)กAEG ก P 3y5 Az $M) C)EG IFGEกก%*C$V VEHKUFL )JJ) MG) กAEG C)EGFTM)AD กGU$JHKT !*K)Eก FG )กก EL$JH#KJ*K )T!RRS K)กJT EGH#K L #ML)ก %H AB C $ก%!RRS$GกJ$ L #ML) * L กx T!RRSFL H#K F#J*$JH#KJ)NUKCVO$!*K %EJ #Jwก)A%HK*EFL L#JJHKA%## H#K !RRS IFGAD %)*กGFL

#Os#C E% กTF$$')ก*K ก%$V VEJEJ กEGK))JกJ)x กO$) ก FE $**V$ T!RRS C)EG 24 V (C ' %$%, 2551) AD กFกก))กCC%KT!RRS 4 K) 2 EG G V*# *$C$ กC$MG) ))ก%)กกACAEG %*C* !RRS*KIEQ$)# กNก*)CCJK)*K))(Eก$C$ *กJ!JTEG%HKT!RRS$MG) EG!*K)JCEC!*K * L NUK )V$กF HFกMG)x %ACA (Eก$C$ )T!RRS 4 K) 2 EG G ก(EกACAEG %*C* !RRS*KIEQ$)#AD (Eก$C$ *K)Qก) กกEGEกJ *E.IE.#)AA) IFGEK)*E$M)T$C$ )QEGกK!*K L ELกก H )*EกEGกC%CC$C$ กC$MG) ))ก%)T!RRS ( Bimal and Robert, 1978) )(Eก$C$ *K!)#)AA) CJC*%$Q)))E$CECFL OHKก$MG) EG)T!RRS * L ELFET A%$MG)))กCCK%CC$C$ # *C$MG) ))ก%EG%J)T!RRS 4 K) 2 EG G V*K)$$UKOH A%HKTN!*K) MG)AD M)กHJH *K ก) กG*K) T*O%)ก%E %CH#KH T EGJ)EG ) ก% E) ก)R UJCK

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* VC V T Fก CกJ $KCC Delivery J!AE %MG)กV~A%# (JP !*K V* EL%H#K)%!J%) AกL*EGEOH A% MG)AD กA%*K EG KกJA% V$ ELก!*KNJNกCA%## %NUKA%ก)CกNT!RRSMG)( ก##J)!AH ) $

กG 79Hก 97Iกกก 1.KLM DC chopper I DC-DC converter AD (EกEGH#K$C$ * !RRSก% (DC) กJJ!RRSEGE$J$EG HK!*K* !RRSก%*K ))ก EGTAC$J!*KEGK)ก V*H#Kกก ON % OFF )Qก) กI M) chopping DC voltage T)(C!*K*UAEG 1

O 1 กก )#)AA)# *C!R (step-down M) class A) : (2547) กUAEG 1 JJ!R V %J HKกCV*NJ #กFG S V*# S %

H #J)$C T V*%J)*K on

=δt T MG) δ0 < < 1A δ ( on= t T/ ) %EกJ)Cก )#)AA) (Duty Cycle : D) )กก L OH UAEG 1 (c) *UA$MG )'' ci IFG''$C$ *กJ%AD * EGก%I)MG)''$C$ Aกs # S % ก% %ก!JE# S % * ก%

H J )กAEG A* !RRSก%*K ))ก V*(E DC chopper T!*K 3 CC (#, 2537) $M) กAEG A$TEGH ก* J#J$กK$EGEกJ Frequency modulation , กAEG A#JกKH ก* J$TEG$EGEกJ PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) %กAEG AL$TEG%#JกKEกJ Pulse width and Frequency modulation

H EG EL%)กJ%กAEG A#JกKH ก* J$TEG$EG (PWM : Pulse Width Modulation) กJ$M) ก# PWM *K$TEG$EG ''EGH#K$C$ T % M) * ก%!*KCกกAECEC%*C* $C$ ( controlV ) กC''UA$MG RB MG)**UAEG 2 (a)

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(b) C''$C$ V*G!A %!*KC''N** (Error) EGTUกK %C''RB MG)$J)*EGILP ก )UA$MG K)Jก %E$J$TEG*K$JH #JกVI MG)''N** (Error) EG!*KCกKE$JกกJUA$MG RB MG) '') IFGAD ''$C$ # กQกAD $JU(High)K)กCAD NHK#ก*ก# ก%JTKก''N**H*P E$J K)กJUA$MG RB MG) ''$C$ #กQ%!*K$JG (Low) K)กCHK#ก*ก#HK * ก%*UAEG 2

O 2 ก)*UUA$MG (PWM) (a) !*)%ก (b) กAECEC'' : * (2545)

%!*K$J)J *EL!I$ JกC on control

s st

t VD= =T V

(1) MG) stV $M)$J)*)UA$MG RB MG) 2. 9Qกก> กEEGกJKK NUKF (Eก$C$ *K)Qก) กก!AH#KMG)AD H ก))กCCEG%C# *$C$ กC$MG) )T!RRS **CQ)ก!*)%กH UAEG 3 A%ก)C!A*K

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O 3 CQ)ก!*)%กก$C$ MG)C$MG) T!RRS

J ก *'' (Pulse generator) KEGK''MG)$C$ ก )IGBT Module H C*E.IE.#)AA) IFGH#K!)IEC) TL494 KEGK''IFGTAC$TEG 1 TF 10 kHz %AC$J*EL!I$ (Duty Cycle) !*K T*!*K*UAEG 4

O 4 กJ)ก *'')!)IEC) TL 494 ก%)K'' PWM V*!*Kก *HK ELE$J$TEGJกC 1.5 kHz V*EGTAC$J)$กK) (Duty Cycle) !*Kก VR1 $TEGH กH#K JกC 1.5 kHz IFG$ !*K

กกEG 2 $M) T TR CT =1.1

(2)

% 1f =T

(3)

MG)K)ก$TEGJกC 1.5 kHz H#K$J TC JกC 0.1 µF %!*K -6

T3

R ×0.1×101.5×10 1.1

1 =

1

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* L Ω≅TR 7.3k

ก$)) (Comparators) %AC)J H J EL% )''))กก!)IE TL494 AECECกC'')K)EG!*KกAC)J HK!*K'' PWM MG)EG% !ACก) IGBT Module H J AC)J L %AC* !RRSก%M)* )K)กK AC$J!*K ($ J) *UAEG 5

O 5 $))%AC)J

J Cก (Gate drive circuit) KEG''ก))ก) PWM HKE *UFL AD 12 V MG)!ACก) IGBT Module HK K)L KEGกก *%JกกCก *'' V*H#K#MG)VC) TLP 250 MG)AS)ก ก*KUJก *''

!)ECEE#)AA) (IGBT Chopper) H กE EL%H#K# *#)AA)CC$ A ก )%HKก%%* !RRSAEG A)UJH quadrant *E**H UAEG 6 AD EGEก )UJH quadrant I ก!RRS%!กJJ!RRS!A O%

O 6 #)AA)CC$ A

H ELM)กH#K IGBT Module C) CM1000HA-28H # * N Channel ก** U * 500Vก%U *1,000A EG) OU 25 o

C %Q !*KกUAEG 7 *O$ก)T!RRS H J $TEGEGH#KH ก*J)* ENJ)ก!)ก%))J) MG)M)!JJ) MG) %!J$E$Jกก !A%%HKก*$J Switching Loss U * L Fก *$TEGEG%H ก*J)!Rก%!AAD !Rก% DC chopper EG$TEG 1.5 kHz

5

4

3 2

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O 7 O$ก)T!RRS

%CCC$MG) )T!RRS%)กก))ก%CC) ก *ก* 2 HP 36 V IFG KกJA%%H#KR`)C$MG) K)V*H#K)* 13 :1 MG)HKC*%$QEG%V** Jก))H UAEG 8

O 8 Jก)))T!RRS ก%G!A)V$KT V*AกFL กQกกJ)EGEGNMG NK )) #MG)A%ก)Cก

HKก*V$KAD UAกJ) (Box Construction) %%EQก (Cross member) IFGH#K* )J*Eก #MG)*M)F*HKV$KTก*$QกFL %V$KT %ENJ Qก (Bracket) MG ))กMG)H#KAD F**กC#L J T V$KTL**K K%$CกJ*K ) กK*K K$CMG)HKก*ก EL!*KJ J *K กK MG))CTT!*K*EFL V$K)T!RRS**UAEG 9

O 9 TV$K)T!RRS

6

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C)EG %$C$ * !RRS C)EGAD JJ !RRSHKกJ))%%CC$C$ FTM)!*KJAD J A%ก)CEG$')EกJ FG)T!RRS%C)EGAD C)กTFA%(OH กH#K %) กH#K H J%)C)ก)*A% )T!RRS H ELH#KC)EGก** 12 V ก%100 A-h 4 Uก EK) ES BATTERY # *%กG-ก* (Lead-acid )H J )$C$ * !RRS%H#K!)IEAD $C$ MG)กOH !)IEEK* )K) (reference source) AECEC'' (comparator amplifier) J $C$ (control device) %กAS)ก V*ก (overload protection) H ELH#K !)IEC) 7806 % 7812 MG)HK* !RRS))กE$J 6 dcV % 12 dcV MG)AD JJ* !RRSHKกCก *'' $)) %Cก 3. 9Hก>>7 998ก7 8LY8>Z 3.1 ก>I>7Z I7>Z< ABEGFก $M) T %)# *$C$ K CCEG%J)T!RRS **H UAEG 10

O 10 # *$C$ K CC)T!RRSEGKFL 3.1.1 กกA% V*ก*)CกO * EL - *$C%* )'') )# *$C$ *K))IVV$A%AC$Q

T!RRS %$ $J*EL!I$กกEG (4)

3.1.2 กEGH#KH กA% $M) Ht% D = ×(100)T

(4)

% 1f =T

MG) % D $M)A)IQ #JEG) T % High , T $M)$C (ms) , tH $M)#JEGT %) AD High (ms), tL $M)#JEGT %) AD Low (ms), f $M)$TEG)'') (Hz) 3.2 ก>IZ < ABEGFก $M) )J)T!RRS

3.2.1 กกA% V*ก*)CกO * EL

8 7

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76

- HKT!RRSGAD %% 20 KC C FกN%$ )JกกEG (5)

3.2.2 กEGH#KH กA% $M) 22Sa =t

(5) MG) a $M))J ( 2m / s ) , S $M)%% (m), t $M)EGH#KH ก$MG) EG (s) 3.3 ก>I \ ABEGFก $M) $Q)T!RRS %GC, % %# **H UAEG 11

O 11 *)C$Q)T!RRSH กEJP

3.3.1 กกA% V*ก*)CกO * EL - V*HKT!RRSGAD %% 20 K)กCC FกN%$ )กกEG

(6)

3.3.2 กEGH#KH กA% $M) SV =t

(6) MG) V $M)$Q (m/s), S $M)%% (m), t $M)EGH#KH ก$MG) EG (s) 3.4 ก>I]กQ ABEGFก $M) #GVกH#K )T!RRS

3.4.1 กกA% V*ก*)CกO ก#C)EG QKC*K$QU *กC ก P 10 E กJT% * G KกC FกN

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^79G 1. Nก*)CT %)# *$C$ K CCEG%J)T!RRS Z 1 Nก)J $J$C%$ $TEGกกAC$Q

$Q Ht (µs ) Lt (µs ) % D $TEG(kHz) Q * 700 0 100 1.42

Q 560 140 80 1.42

A ก 350 350 50 1.42 #K 70 630 10 1.42

* 0 0 0 0

O 12 '' PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ))กEG$QJP 2. Nก*)C)J)T!RRSV*HKT!RRSGAD %% 20 KC Z 2 Nก*)C)J)T!RRS $LEG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EG (s) 6.59 6.14 6.46 6.85 6.57 6.33 6.24 6.73 6.27 6.26 6.44 )J( 2m / s )0.92 1.06 0.96 0.85 0.93 1.00 1.03 0.88 1.02 1.02 0.97

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3. Nก*)C$Q)T!RRSEG%% 20 MG)EO% ก 120 kg %GC C, % %# Z 3 N*)C%GC C $LEG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EG (s) 6.59 6.14 6.46 6.85 6.57 6.33 6.24 6.73 6.27 6.26 6.44 $Q(m / s )3.03 3.26 3.1 2.92 3.04 3.16 3.21 2.97 3.19 3.19 3.11 Z 4 N*)C%GC % $LEG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EG (s) 6.97 6.92 6.89 6.85 6.93 7.10 6.99 6.81 6.94 7.02 6.94 $Q(m / s ) 2.87 2.89 2.90 2.92 2.89 2.82 2.86 2.94 2.88 2.85 2.88 Z 5 N*)C%GC # $LEG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EG (s) 10.58 11.25 10.88 11.24 10.57 10.97 10.93 11.04 10.99 1.00 10.96 $Q(m / s ) 1.89 1.78 1.84 1.78 1.89 1.82 1.83 1.81 1.8 1.82 1.83

O 13 AECEC (s) $Q (m/s) %T!RRSGC, % %# กNก*)CC OT EGกJก 3 CC $M)C % %# MG)NUKC

%NUKV*E L กก E L กA% 120 kg EGC$QEG!*KMG)กN*)CEG 2 %E$JJกC 3.11 m/sM) 11.19 km/hr C %$QEG!*KMG)กN*)CEG3 %E$JJกC 2.88 m/sM) 10.37 km/hr %C # $QEG!*KMG)กN*)CEG4%E$JJกC 1.83 m/sM) 6.57 km/hr $QC%กกJ % 11.19 y 10.37 = 0.82 km/hr MG)$*AD % %!*KJกC 7.32 % $QEGCกกJ$QEG# 11.19 y 6.57 = 4.62 km/hr MG)$*AD % %!*KJกC 41.28 %%$QEG %%กกJ$Q# 10.37 y 6.57 = 3.8 km/hr MG)$*AD % %!*KJกC36.64 %

b a

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MG)กกRAECECH UAEG 13 %ก$%*กJKK %Q J EGHK$Q)T!JJก MG)ก $JA%(&$E* %JT %K)%AAEG !AOT %MG)GFL # O%)T%GFL %ก L กEGAD [ ]θ θsin mg×sin 4. Nก*)C#GVกH#K )T!RRS Z 6 Nก*)C#GVกH#K )T!RRS ( E) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 $Q (km/hr) 11.2 10.7 10.0 8.9 6.9 6.1 5.12 4.03 0

O 14 กR$ (%J ( E) กC$Q (km/hr) )T!RRS กก*)C#GVกH#K )T MG)Nก*)CEG 6 K N*กRH UAEG 14 %Q J$Q)T%G*MG)H#K !A 20 E%%G*!AMG) P ก%GAD 0 90 E MG)กก%!RRSH C)EG%*)JJ) MG)%$J$Jก)C)EG%* MG)กAsก$EH I)C)EGIFGENJ)ก )))FHK$Q)T*!A*K%Q J%%กH#K )T!RRSJ)ก# FG$L A% 90 E

>^7 >7 C$ EL )T!RRSก *FL กกNN ก H ก))กCCK%**AV*H#Kก#ก%กAsCMG))C )$K)กH ก H#KA%V# %#JกKAB')ก กก* ก QL Nก*)CCJT!RRSE)JEG 0.97 2m / s E$QU *!Jก 12 km/hr C C %H %E$Q 10.37 km/hr %C # 30 ) E$Q 6.57 km/hr MG)NUK*)CT!RRS%NUKV*E L กก A% 120 kg TTG!*KH #JA% 90 EJ)ก# FG$LT$C$ $QกQU * ก%G *!*Kก$ JCCECIFGH#KK PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) $C$ ก )))

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)J!กQ*ET!RRSEG**A%KFL EK)*K)$M)TE$QH กH#K EG!Jก กF!JA)*OEG% !AH#KH T

ก9ZZ9ก7ก8 $%))C$ ) *)ก xIK) ก $ $# E)* กFก#$V VE!RRS EGE$) %H กK# *C$MG) *Kก$C$ CC!)ECEE#)AA) %*)CT!RRS AD )JG

ก>9 * E . 2545. )Qก) กก 2 (O$AsC). $V VE) ก TC $V VE

%)กK% $ M). C ' K K, )UJK %(E%x C. 2551. T!RRS C)EG 24 V. A''

(C, $%$V VE) ก #Os#C E. A% . 2547. ML w กC$MG) ))!RRS*K)Qก) กก.M) กKก,

ก # . 2537. $C$ $MG)ก!RRS*K)Qก) กก 2. $J$V V (!-

'EGA ) ก U $V VEV%%* J#. 2550. )Q$ #. CM))ก# Jx T !RRSK CCAD

J )G *K ) * กO% MG ) CM)AB'VกK ) . J EG http://www2.mtec.or.th/th/newsdetail.asp?newsid=208

Bimal, K. and Robert, L.1978. A DC Motor Control System for Electric Vehicle Drive. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, VOL. IA-14, NO. 6.