Canada and the war The War Measures Act

(1914) Recruitment Militia Act (1916) Conscription War Voters Act Reaction in Quebec Summary

Robert Borden

VS

Wilfrid Laurier

Quebec Premier Henri Bourassa

Dominion: Meaning Robert Borden

declared that "when Great Britain is at war, Canada is at war, and there is no difference at all."

His Promise, Dec. 1914

Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden

The War Measures Act of 1914 gave the government the authority to do anything necessary or advisable for the security, defence, peace, order and welfare of Canada.

•At the beginning of the war Canadian army totaled 3110 regular soldiers.

• Within two months, it totaled over 32,000 men.

•Recruitment slogans were initially effective in drawing in recruits.

-‘FIGHT FOR THE EMPIRE’

-‘WE’LL BE HOME BY CHRISTMAS!’

Food Will Win the War. 

German U-Boats

Allied POWsThe Somme “Blood Bath” High loss of life

Gas attacksCramped conditions and disease

Calgary, 1916

312,000 men enlisted by the end of 1916.

However, this amount was significantly less than Borden’s pledge to the British that he would provide over 500,000 for the war effort.

Month (1917) Recruits Enrolled Killed or Injured January 9200 4400 February 6800 1250 March 6650 6150 April (Vimy) 5550 13500 May 6400 13500 June 6350 7950 July 3900 7900 August 3100 13200 September 3600 11000 October 4900 5950 November (Passchendaele) 4000

30100 December 3900 7500

•Were these effective? Would you enlist?

•Borden introduces conscription in 1917 despite enlistment propaganda.•Single men aged 20-45 were required to enlist or face imprisonment.•Other nations’ volunteers-Britain: over 2.5 million in the first year.-Germany: approx. 500,000 early-France: nearly 200,000 by wars ends.

-What does this tell us?

In order to meet conscription expectations of 100,000 men, Borden introduced Military Service Act.

Exceptions to enlistment, however, were common. (farmers)

Military Service act Revoked in April, 1917 to prevent exemptions. Farms henceforth were understaffed.

Farmers were furious! Ramifications: United Famers of Alberta and soil degradation decades later.

In order to get the votes he needed, Borden passed two new acts:

Military Voters ActLaw that extended the right to vote to all men and women in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

War-time Elections ActLaw which extended the right to vote to the mothers, wives, and sisters of the soldiers serving, while at the same time refusing that right to citizens from enemy countries.

Pro Conscription Poster

All 53 Quebec MPs voted against Military Service Act

The recruiting effort in Quebec had failed. There was no loyalty to Britain nor France. Ties broken long ago.

No room for advancement or to practice French culture

Quebec was rural farmland and needed its population

Henri Bourassa

opposed conscription from the beginning of the war.

Believed conscription would lead Quebec towards a dangerous nationalism under Bourassa and lead to Quebec Separatism.

French Canadians were 30% of population, but made up 4% of enlistees.

Wilfrid Laurier

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cu7Jy2gDBg

PM Borden called a federal election on the issue of Conscription in 1917. In order to get the votes he needed, Borden passed two new acts:

Military Voters ActLaw that extended the right to vote to all men and women in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

War-time Elections ActLaw which extended the right to vote to the mothers, wives, and sisters of the soldiers serving, while at the same time refusing that right to citizens from enemy countries.

Riot in Quebec City, April 1918 – English soldiers from Ottawa kill 4 civilians

100,000? Only 25,000 made it to the front in Europe

Bitterly Divided Canada. English thought the French were cowardly.

Pressure to enlist greater in English Canada. (white feathers)

Legacy of English vs. French Canadian interpretation of WWI (Vimy Vs. Conscription)

Conscripted Troops arrive in Europe in 1918 when war ends