between 1865-1900 (25 year period) the western frontier (west of the mississippi river) was divided...
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Change and Conflict in the American West
Between 1865-1900 (25 year period) the western frontier (West of the Mississippi River) was divided into: 18 new states 4 territories: Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma
Prior to this period and before the end of the Civil War in 1865 the only inhabitants on the frontier were: Indians (300,000) Spanish Missionaries (Southwest) Mormons (Salt Lake) Trappers- Mountain Men Buffalo- 15 million
The Great Plains
By 1890 the land had been settled by: Farmers Ranchers (cattle, sheep) Miners (gold, silver, copper) Merchants, Bankers, and Railroads
Two major obstacles slowed the development of the frontier: Geography and Climate Native Americans
Great Plains development…
Development was assisted by: Military force Government land give-a-ways federal/state loans to railroads Investment by eastern and foreign bankers Disease
Native Americans Treatment of Native Americans:
Reservation Policy- remove to unwanted areas Americanize- assimilate to American culture- abandon tribal
ways
Sand Creek Massacre- 1864- 150 Native American slaughtered by the US Army (mostly women and children)
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse- two leaders who refused to give up fighting for their land
Battle of Wounded Knee- US Army killed 300 unarmed Native Americans and left their bodies to freeze
Bitter end of the Indian Wars…
Factors that led to the removal of the Indians: Railroads Disease Alcohol Extermination of the Buffalo
People moving West…..
1887 Dawes Act- Government act that forced Indians onto reservations1. broke up tribal governments2. Assimilation- abandon native customs, traditions, way of life3. Land allotments- 160 acres of land developed over 25 years before title given4. Indians dealt with as individuals
Homestead Acts- gave land away to white settlers 160 acres of land $10 fee develop in 5 years for title give
Most land went to: Speculators- real estate agents who sold land at higher prices for a
profit Railroads were given prime land
Hardships of the Great Plains
Extreme Hardships Droughts Floods Fires Blizzards Locust plagues Outlaw Raids Indian Raids Disease
Settlers Meet Challenges of the Plains
Homes- dugout (home dug into the side of a hill) soddy (stacked blocks of prairie turf)
Clothes- women had to shear sheep and card wool to make clothes
Technical Support for Farmers
Barbed Wire- prevented animals from trampling crops and wandering off
Reaper- sped up harvest saving crops from inclement weather
Steel Plow- made planting more efficient in root filled soil
Steel Windmill- helped with unpredictable rainfall (crop dehydration) by bringing up underground water for irrigation
Efforts to help farmers
Morrill Land Grant Acts (1862 & 1890)- enacted by Congress gave federal land to the states to help finance
agricultural colleges Hatch Act (1887)- federal agricultural
research stations Established…
Agricultural experiment stations to inform farmers of new developments
Economic ProblemsCycle of Debt for farmers Machinery-Expensive and usually required farmers to barrow
money
1. As prices went up farmers would make money to pay off loans
2. As prices dropped they would try and plant as many crops as possible to make up the difference
Farmers would often barrow money to purchase more land to grow more crops to make more money in order to make money to pay off debts (never ending cycle)
Shipping Problems of Farmers -Farmers were at the mercy of the Railroads - Railroads established rates for western farmers that were higher
than the east - Railroads were monopolies (could charge what they wanted
because there was no competition
Farmers Organize…
Farmers Organize to solve their Own Problems Grange(farmer organization)- Oliver Hudson
Kelly (1867) patrons of Husbandry Provided a social outlet for farm families Eventually began a fight against the railroads
Farmers Alliances- included not only farmers but others who sympathized with the situation
Colored Farmers Alliance
Populism
Populism- movement of the people Populist Party (People’s Party)- political effort of farmers to
use politics to solve their problems Party Platform:
Increase money supply Graduated income tax Federal Loan Program U.S. Senate elections by popular vote Single term for president and vice president Secret ballots 8 hour work day Immigration restrictions
Populist Party died out as the – Democratic party came about
Silver or Gold
Bimetallism A monetary system in which the government
would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks
People who supported this were known as “Silverites”
Gold Standard A monetary system in which money is backed
entirely by gold Supported by President Cleveland Known as the “Gold Bugs”
1986 election
--William McKinley- Nominated by the Republican party and committed to the Gold Standard. An Ohioan--William Jennings Bryan- Nominated by the Democratic Party and committed to Bimetallism
Gold Bugs Bankers and Businessman Wanted Gold Standard Wanted less money in circulation
Result: Deflation=Prices fall= Value of money increases= Fewer people have money
Silverites Farmers and Laborers Wanted Bimetallism Wanted more money in circulation
Result: Inflation=Prices rise=Value of money decreases=More people have money
End of Populism
William Jennings Bryan had a tough Campaign and had to overcome people’s fear of inflation with his Silverite Plan
Bryan was defeated by McKinley by over 500,000 votes
With Bryan’s defeat populism collapsed
The Expansion of Industry
The Growth of Industry • By 1920s, U.S. is world’s leading industrial power, due to: - wealth of natural resources - government support for business - growing urban population
Black Gold• Pre-European arrival, Native Americans make fuel, medicine
from oil • 1859, Edwin L. Drake successfully uses steam engine to
drill for oil• Petroleum-refining industry first makes kerosene, then
gasoline
STEEL
Bessemer Steel Process• Abundant deposits of coal, iron spur industry• Bessemer process puts air into iron to remove
carbon to make steel• Later open-hearth process makes steel from scrap or
raw materials
New Uses for Steel• Steel used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines• Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel-framed
skyscrapers
An Age of Inventions
Numerous new inventions change the landscape, life, work
The Power of Electricity• 1876, Thomas Alva Edison establishes first research
laboratory - 1880, patents incandescent light bulb - creates system for electrical production, distribution • Electricity changes business; by 1890, runs numerous machines• Becomes available in homes; encourages invention of
appliances• Allows manufacturers to locate plants
anyplace; industry grows
Inventions Change Lifestyles
Christopher Sholes invents typewriter in 1867 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Watson introduces
telephone Office work changes; by 1910, women are 40% of clerical
workers Inventions impact factory work, lead to industrialization
- clothing factories hire many women Industrialization makes jobs easier; improves standard of living
- by 1890, average workweek 10 hours shorter- as consumers, workers regain power in market
Some laborers think mechanization reduces value of human worker
Railroads Encourage Growth
Rails make local transit reliable, westward expansion possible
Government makes land grants,
loans to railroads
- to help settle West
- to develop country
A National Network• 1859, railroads extend west of Missouri River• 1869, first transcontinental railroad completed,
spans the nation
RAILROAD TIME
• Railroads offer land, adventure, fresh start to many• People of diverse backgrounds build railroad under harsh
conditions:
- Central Pacific hires Chinese immigrants
- Union Pacific, Irish immigrants, Civil War vets• Accidents, disease disable and kill thousands
every year
Railroad Time• 1869, C. F. Dowd proposes dividing earth’s surface into 24 time
zones• 1883, U.S. railroads, towns adopt time zones• 1884, international conference sets world zones, uses railroad time
- Congress adopts in 1918
New Towns and Markets
• Railroads require great supply of materials, parts• Iron, coal, steel, lumber, glass industries grow to
meet demand• Railroads link isolated towns, promote trade,
interdependence• Nationwide network of suppliers, markets
develops• Towns specialize, sell large quantities of their
product nationally• New towns grow along railroad lines
Pullman and Crédit Mobilier
• 1880, George M. Pullman builds railcar factory on Illinois prairie
• Pullman provides for workers: housing, doctors, shops, sports field
• Company tightly controls residents to ensure stable work force• Wish for control, profit leads some railroad magnates to
corruption• Union Pacific stockholders form construction company, Crédit
Mobilier - overpay for laying track, pocket profits• Republican politicians implicated; reputation of party tarnished
Railroad Abuses and Granger Laws
• Farmers angry over perceived railroad corruption
- railroads sell government lands to businesses, not settlers
- fix prices, keep farmers in debt
- charge different customers different rates Grangers sponsor state, local political candidates Press for laws to protect farmers’ interests Munn v. Illinois—Supreme Court upholds states’
right to regulate RR Sets principle that federal government can regulate
private industry
Interstate Commerce Act and Panic and Consolidation
Interstate Commerce Act 1886, Supreme Court: states cannot set rates on interstate
commerce Public outrage leads to Interstate Commerce Act
of 1887
- federal government can supervise railroads
- establishes Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Panic and Consolidation Legal battle with railroads; difficult for ICC to take action• Abuses, mismanagement, competition almost bankrupt many
railroads• Railroad problems contribute to panic of 1893, depression • By mid-1894, 25% of railroads taken over by financial companies
Big Business
Carnegie Makes a Fortune Andrew Carnegie one of first moguls to make own fortune
New Business Strategies• Carnegie searches for ways to make better products more
cheaply• Hires talented staff; offers company stock; promotes
competition• Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers to control
materials• Through horizontal integration merges with competing
companies• Carnegie controls almost entire steel industry
Principles of Social Darwinism
Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-adapted survive
• Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based on Darwin’s theory
• Economists use Social Darwinism to justify doctrine of laissez faire
A New Definition of Success• Idea of survival, success of the most capable appeals to
wealthy• Notion of individual responsibility in line with Protestant ethic• See riches as sign of God’s favor; poor must be lazy, inferior
Growth and Consolidation
Businesses try to control industry
with mergers— buy out competitors Buy all others to form monopolies—control
production, wages, prices Holding companies buy all the stock of other
companies John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil
Company, forms trust
- trustees run separate companies as if one
Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons”
Rockefeller profits by paying low wages, underselling others
- when controls market, raises prices Critics call industrialists robber barons
- industrialists also become philanthropists
Sherman Antitrust Act Government thinks expanding corporations stifle free competition Sherman Antitrust Act: trust illegal if interferes with free trade Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops enforcing act
Business Boom Bypasses the South• South recovering from Civil War, hindered by lack of capital• North owns 90% of stock in RR, most profitable Southern businesses • Business problems: high transport cost, tariffs,
few skilled workers
Labor Unions Emerge
Long Hours and Danger• Northern wages generally higher than Southern• Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers
across regions• Most workers have 12 hour days, 6 day workweeks - perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks - no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation• To survive, families need all member to work, including
children• Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for
women, children - require few skills; pay lowest wages
Early Labor Organizing
• National Labor Union—first large-scale national organization
• 1868, NLU gets Congress to give 8-hour day to civil servants
• Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National Labor Union forms
• NLU focus on linking existing local unions• Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to
women, blacks, unskilled• Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration
Unionism
Craft Unionism Craft unions include skilled workers from one or more trades Samuel Gompers helps found American Federation of Labor
(AFL) AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages, hours,
conditions AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweek
Industrial Unionism ndustrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union; uses strikes
Socialism and the IWW
Some labor activists turn to socialism:
- government control of business, property
- equal distribution of wealth Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or Wobblies, forms
1905 Organized by radical unionists, socialists; include African
Americans Industrial unions give unskilled workers dignity, solidarity
Other Labor Activism in the West• Japanese, Mexicans form Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers’ Union
in CA• Wyoming Federation of Labor supports Chinese, Japanese
miners
Strikes…..
The Great Strike of 1877• Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike spreads to other lines• Governors say impeding interstate commerce; federal
troops intervene
The Haymarket Affair• 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest
police brutality• Violence ensues; 8 charged with inciting riot,
convicted• Public opinion turns against labor movem
Strikes continued…
The Homestead Strike• 1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts• Win battle against Pinkertons; National Guard reopens
plant• Steelworkers do not remobilize for 45 years
The Pullman Company Strike• Pullman lays off 3,000, cuts wages but not rents; workers
strike• Pullman refuses arbitration; violence ensues; federal
troops sent• Debs jailed, most workers fired, many blacklisted
Unions….
Women Organize Women barred from many unions; unite behind powerful leaders Mary Harris Jones— most prominent organizer in women’s labor
- works for United Mine Workers
- leads children’s march Pauline Newman—organizer for International
Ladies’ Garment Workers 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire results in
public outrage
Management and Government Pressure Unions Employers forbid unions; turn Sherman Antitrust Act against labor Legal limitations cripple unions, but membership rises
The Immigrant Experience
Push Factors- problems that cause people to move
Pull Factors- attractions that draw people to another place
People were pushed from Europe due to population growth, hunger, availability of land, and religious persecution
People were pulled to the United States because of the free democratic society, ample farmland, minerals, plains, industry (jobs), and America Letters (letters from relatives who had already migrated).
Transportation
The voyage which once took 3 month now took 2 weeks due to technological advances
Travel was not easy on steerage( open area below the main deck) where people slept in the same room on metal beds, seasickness, spoiled food, overcrowded, and filthy toilets.
Ellis Island
1892- Ellis Island Immigration Station was built in the New York Harbor. Immigrants arriving from Europe often arrived at Ellis Island.
Inspections and Exams Medical Inspections (6 second exam) Physical examination (LHX) Legal Interviews (names shortened) Contract Laborers20 % were denied entrance and had to stay for
treatment or await hearings only 2% were every deported.
Life in the Cities
Main cities (industrial centers) New York Boston Chicago Cleveland
Population booms Ethnic Cities (little Italy, China Town,
etc..)
Immigrants not welcomed
With a lack of education, money, and support immigrants suffered
Immigrants need help Relatives or friends Immigrant Aid Society (met in churches,
groceries, or saloons) Settlement house- community center that
provided aid to immigrants (child care, classes, health clinics, and recreational opportunities)
Political bosses- powerful leaders who ran cities would help the immigrants in exchange for votes
Assimilation- Americanization of immigrants
Nativism- Americans who disliked anyone who was not “native” born
1894- Immigration Restriction League- all new arrivals had to take literacy tests- the President Vetoed it….but began to pass quota laws
Immigration from Asia
Chinese seek gold, jobs, and new opportunities
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882- shut the doors on China by prohibiting immigration from Chinese laborers for 10 years (1st time the US had restricted immigration)
Immigration went from 40,000 to 279 two years later
Angel Island
Angel Island Immigration Station 1910- “Ellis Island of the West” San Francisco Bay, mainly used to restrict Chinese Immigrants
Other Immigrants Japanese Koreans Filipinos Hawaiians
Gentlemen's Agreement- notes between U.S. and Japan where Japanese officials agreed not to allow laborers to emigrate to the U.S.
Immigration from North and South
North- French Canadians- came to US for Civil War and over 900,000 came to US after mainly from Quebec.
Mexico- immigrated to California and Texas to work on farms, railroads, and in mines. Mexican Revolution 1910- brought many more
Mexicans to the US.
Immigrants Still Faced Discrimination
Racism Lower Wages Discrimination Segregated Schools Unwilling to become members of
American Society