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PREFACE iii INTRODUCTION Why Study Cultural History? xvii A HUMANITIES PRIMER How to Understand the Arts xxii 1 PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS 1 PREHISTORY AND EARLY CULTURES 2 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY: MESOPOTAMIA 4 The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms 5 The Cradle of Civilization 7 Writing 7 Religion 7 Literature 8 PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son” 9 Law 10 Art and Architecture 10 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NILE RIVER VALLEY: EGYPT 12 Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years 13 A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values 15 Religion 15 Writing and Literature 16 Architecture 17 Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts 18 PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “Egypt: The Instruction of Amenemope” 19 HEIRS TO THE MESOPOTAMIAN AND EGYPTIAN EMPIRES 24 THE LEGACY OF EARLY NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS 26 KEY CULTURAL TERMS 26 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 26 CHAPTER 1 HIGHLIGHTS 27 Windows on the World: 5000–500 B.C. 28 2 AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS The Minoans, the Mycenaeans, and the Greeks of the Archaic Age 31 PRELUDE: MINOAN CIVILIZATION, 3000–1100 B.C. 32 BEGINNINGS: MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION, 1900–1100 B.C. 35 INTERLUDE: THE DARK AGES, 1100–800 B.C. 38 THE ARCHAIC AGE, 800–479 B.C. 38 Political, Economic, and Social Structures 38 The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens 39 The Persian Wars 40 THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK GENIUS: THE MASTERY OF FORM 41 Religion 41 Epic Poetry 42 PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Sappho, “He Seems to Be a God”; Alcaeus, “Longing for Home and Drinking Song” 44 Lyric Poetry 45 Natural Philosophy 45 Architecture 47 Sculpture 48 THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC GREEK CIVILIZATION 52 KEY CULTURAL TERMS 53 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 53 CHAPTER 2 HIGHLIGHTS 53 3 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION The Hellenic Age 55 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION 55 ix CONTENTS mat5fmpgi_xxxi 4/14/03 2:07 PM Page ix impos05 204:mhmat5fm:mhmat5fm%0:

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Page 1: CONTENTSnovella.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0072556323/87443/mat5...A HUMANITIES PRIMER How to Understand the Arts xxii 1 PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS 1 PREHISTORY AND EARLY

PREFACE iii

INTRODUCTIONWhy Study Cultural History? xvii

A HUMANITIES PRIMER How to Understand the Arts xxii

1PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERNCIVILIZATIONS 1

PREHISTORY AND EARLY CULTURES 2

THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE TIGRIS ANDEUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY: MESOPOTAMIA 4

The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms 5The Cradle of Civilization 7

Writing 7 • Religion 7 • Literature 8

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “A Sumerian Father LecturesHis Son” 9

Law 10 • Art and Architecture 10

THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NILE RIVER VALLEY:EGYPT 12

Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years 13A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values 15

Religion 15 • Writing and Literature 16 • Architecture17 • Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts 18

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “Egypt: The Instruction ofAmenemope” 19

HEIRS TO THE MESOPOTAMIAN AND EGYPTIANEMPIRES 24

THE LEGACY OF EARLY NEAR EASTERNCIVILIZATIONS 26

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 26

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 26

CHAPTER 1 HIGHLIGHTS 27

■ Windows on the World: 5000–500 B.C. 28

2AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONSThe Minoans, the Mycenaeans,and the Greeks of the ArchaicAge 31

PRELUDE: MINOAN CIVILIZATION, 3000–1100 B.C. 32

BEGINNINGS: MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION, 1900–1100 B.C. 35

INTERLUDE: THE DARK AGES, 1100–800 B.C. 38

THE ARCHAIC AGE, 800–479 B.C. 38Political, Economic, and Social Structures 38The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens 39The Persian Wars 40

THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK GENIUS: THEMASTERY OF FORM 41

Religion 41Epic Poetry 42

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Sappho, “He Seems to Be aGod”; Alcaeus, “Longing for Home and Drinking Song” 44

Lyric Poetry 45Natural Philosophy 45

Architecture 47Sculpture 48

THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC GREEK CIVILIZATION 52

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 53

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 53

CHAPTER 2 HIGHLIGHTS 53

3CLASSICAL GREEKCIVILIZATIONThe Hellenic Age 55

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HELLENICCIVILIZATION 55

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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS: WAR, PEACE,AND THE TRIUMPH OF MACEDONIA 58

THE PERFECTION OF THE TRADITION: THE GLORYOF HELLENIC GREECE 60

Theater: Tragedy 61Features of the Tragic Theater 61

ENCOUNTER “The Representation of Blacks in GreekArt” 62

Tragic Drama 63 • Aeschylus 64 • Sophocles 64• Euripides 65

Theater: Comedy 66Music 66History 67Natural Philosophy 68

The Pre-Socratics 68 • The Sophists 68 • The SocraticRevolution 69 • Plato 69 • Aristotle 71

Architecture 71Sanctuaries 71 • The Temple: The Perfection of the Form 72

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Xenophon, “Secrets of aSuccessful Marriage” 74

Sculpture 75

THE LEGACY OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION 82

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 82

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 82

CHAPTER 3 HIGHLIGHTS 83

■ Windows on the World: 500––300 B.C. 84

4CLASSICAL GREEKCIVILIZATIONThe Hellenistic Age 87

THE STAGES OF HELLENISTIC HISTORY 88The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States 89The Arrival and Triumph of Rome 89

THE CITIES OF HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION 89Pergamum 90Alexandria in Egypt 90

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Theocritus, “Getting to theConcert on Time” 92

THE ELABORATION OF THE GREEK TRADITION:THE SPREAD OF CLASSICISM TO THEHELLENISTIC WORLD 92

Drama and Literature 94Philosophy and Religion 94

Cynicism 95 • Skepticism 95 • Epicureanism 96• Stoicism 97 • Fate and the Mystery Cults 98

Architecture 99The Corinthian Temple 99 • The Altar 100

Sculpture 101Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style 105

THE LEGACY OF THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 106

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 107

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 107

CHAPTER 4 HIGHLIGHTS 107

5ROMAN CIVILIZATIONThr Pre-Christian Centuries 109

THE COLOSSUS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD 109

General Characteristics of Roman Civilization 110The Etruscan and Greek Connections 111Rome in the Age of Kings, 753–509 B.C. 112The Roman Republic, 509–31 B.C. 114

The Early Republic, 509–264 B.C. 114 • The MiddleRepublic, 264–133 B.C. 114 • The Late Republic, 133–31 B.C. 115

Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.–A.D. 284 115Pax Romana, 31 B.C.–A.D. 193 116 • Civil Wars, A.D. 193–284 116

THE STYLE OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME: FROMGREEK IMITATION TO ROMAN GRANDEUR 117

Roman Religion 117Language, Literature, and Drama 117

The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C. 118 • The SecondLiterary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14 119

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Marcus, Son of Cicero,“Changing My Ways” 120

The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200 121

Philosophy 122Stoicism 122 • Neo-Platonism 122

Law 123The Visual Arts 123

Architecture 124

ENCOUNTER “Roman Conquests and Romance Languages” 128

Sculpture 130 • Painting and Mosaics 135Music 137

THE LEGACY OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME 140

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 140

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 140

CHAPTER 5 HIGHLIGHTS 141

■ Windows on the World: 300 B.C.––A.D. 500 142

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6JUDAISM AND THE RISE OFCHRISTIANITY 145

JUDAISM 145The People and Their Religion 145

Egypt, Exodus, and Moses 146 • The Kingdom of Israel 147 • The Babylonian Captivity and the PostexilicPeriod 149 • The Hellenistic and Roman Periods 150• Societal and Family Relationships 151

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Flavius Josephus, “TheDestruction of the Temple at Jerusalem” 152

The Bible 152Early Jewish Art and Architecture 154

CHRISTIANITY 157The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament 158Christians and Jews 160Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and

Philosophies 161Christians in the Roman Empire 161

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Vibia Perpetua, “Account ofHer Last Days Before Martyrdom” 162

Early Christian Literature 162Early Christian Art 163

THE LEGACY OF BIBLICAL JUDAISM AND EARLYCHRISTIANITY 166

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 167

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 167

CHAPTER 6 HIGHLIGHTS 167

7THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATEROME, BYZANTIUM, ANDTHE EARLY MEDIEVALWEST 169

THE LAST DAYS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 170Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity,

284–395 171The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration 172• Early Christian Developments 173

Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire,395–476 173

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Paulina, “Epitaph for AgoriusPraetextatus” 174

The Transition from Classical Humanism to ChristianCivilization 174Literature, Theology, and History 174 • The Fathers ofthe Church 175

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE St. Jerome, “SecularEducation; The Fall of Rome” 177

Church History 177The Visual Arts 177

Architecture 178 • Sculpture 180 • Painting andMosaics 181

Music 183

THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND BYZANTINECIVILIZATION, 476–1453 184

History of the Byzantine Empire 185Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism 186

The Orthodox Religion 186 • Law and History 187• Architecture and Mosaics 188

THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 189The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic

Christianized World 189Religion and Culture in the Early Middle Ages 191

Christianity: Leadership and Organization 191

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Anna Comnena, “The Arrivalof the First Crusade in Constantinople”; Liudprand ofCremona, “A Mission to the Byzantine Court” 192

Literature, History, and Learning 194 • Music 195• Architecture 195 • Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts 196

THE LEGACY OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, ANDTHE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 198

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 198

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 198

CHAPTER 7 HIGHLIGHTS 199

■ Windows on the World: 500––1000 200

8THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517 203

MUHAMMAD, THE PROPHET 204

IMPERIAL ISLAM 207The Post-Muhammad Years 207The Umayyad Dynasty 208The Abbasid Dynasty 208The Seljuk Turk Empire 208Imperial Decline 209

ISLAM AS RELIGION 210

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CULTURE 212Scholarship 212

ENCOUNTER “An International Community of Scholars” 213

Literature 214Poetry 215 • Prose 215

CONTENTS xi

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Art and Architecture 216Architecture 217 • Painting 219

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahanı,“Marketing a Product” 220

Music 222

THE LEGACY OF MEDIEVAL ISLAM 224

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 225

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 225

CHAPTER 8 HIGHLIGHTS 225

9THE HIGH MIDDLE AGESThe Christian Centuries 227

FEUDALISM 228The Feudal System and the Feudal Society 228Peasant Life 228The Rise of Towns 229The Feudal Monarchy 230

The French Monarchy 231 • The English Monarchy 231• The Holy Roman Empire 233 • The Papal Monarchy 233

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH 234

ENCOUNTER “Pagan Vikings Versus Christian Europeans” 235

Christian Beliefs and Practices 235Religious Orders and Lay Piety 236

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Abelard and Heloise, “MySorrow and My Loss” 238

THE AGE OF SYNTHESIS: EQUILIBRIUM BETWEENTHE SPIRITUAL AND THE SECULAR 238

Learning and Theology 239Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism 239 • Peter Abelard 239 • The Rise of theUniversities 240 • Intellectual Controversy and ThomasAquinas 240

Literature 241Monastic and Feudal Writing 241 • Vernacular andCourtly Writing 242 • Dante 243

Architecture and Art 244Romanesque Churches and Related Arts 244 • GothicChurches and Related Arts 248

Music 256

THE LEGACY OF THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES 258

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 258

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 258

CHAPTER 9 HIGHLIGHTS 259

■ Windows on the World: 1000––1300 260

10THE LATE MIDDLE AGES1300––1500 263

HARD TIMES COME TO EUROPE 263Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War 265Depopulation, Rebellion, and

Industrialization 266The Secular Monarchies 266The Papal Monarchy 267

THE CULTURAL FLOWERING OF THE LATEMIDDLE AGES 268

Religion 268

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “Henry Knighton, “Politicaland Religious Rebels” 270

Theology, Philosophy, and Science 270The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna 270 • DunsScotus and William of Ockham 271 • Developments inScience 271

Literature 272Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio 272• English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer 272 • FrenchLiterature: Christine de Pizan 274

Art and Architecture 275Late Gothic Architecture 275 • Late Gothic Sculpture277 • Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends 281

Music 291

THE LEGACY OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 292

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 292

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 292

CHAPTER 10 HIGHLIGHTS 293

■ Windows on the World: 1300––1500 294

11THE EARLY RENAISSANCEReturn to Classical Roots1400––1494 297

THE RENAISSANCE: SCHOOLS OFINTERPRETATION 297

EARLY RENAISSANCE HISTORY ANDINSTITUTIONS 298

Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance 298Florence, the Center of the Renaissance 300The Resurgent Papacy, 1450–1500 302

THE SPIRIT AND STYLE OF THE EARLYRENAISSANCE 302

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Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling 303

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Laura Cereta, “Battle of theSexes, Fifteenth Century Style” 304

Thought and Philosophy 304Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting 306

Artistic Ideals and Innovations 306 • Architecture 307• Sculpture 311 • Painting 313

Music 319

THE LEGACY OF THE EARLYRENAISSANCE 320

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 321

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 321

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 321

CHAPTER 11 HIGHLIGHTS 321

12THE HIGH RENAISSANCEAND EARLY MANNERISM1494––1564 323

THE RISE OF THE MODERN SOVEREIGN STATE 324

The Struggle for Italy, 1494–1529 325Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire 325

ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND SOCIALDEVELOPMENTS 327

FROM HIGH RENAISSANCE TO EARLYMANNERISM 327

Literature 329Gaspara Stampa 330 • Castiglione 330• Machiavelli 331

Painting 332Leonardo da Vinci 332 • Michelangelo 334• Raphael 337 • The Venetian School: Giorgione andTitian 341 • The School of Parma: Parmigianino 342

Sculpture 342

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Giorgio Vasari, “MichelangeloHas the Last Word” 343

Architecture 346Music 349

THE LEGACY OF THE HIGH RENAISSANCE ANDEARLY MANNERISM 350

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 350

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 350

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 350

CHAPTER 12 HIGHLIGHTS 351

13NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE,RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS,AND LATE MANNERISM1500––1603 353

NORTHERN HUMANISM 354

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE 356Northern Renaissance Literature 356

Michel de Montaigne 356 • William Shakespeare 356Northern Renaissance Painting 358

Albrecht Dürer 358 • Matthias Grünewald 359• Hieronymus Bosch 361 • Pieter Bruegel the Elder 363

THE BREAKUP OF CHRISTENDOM: CAUSES OF THERELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS 364

The Protestant Order 365Luther’s Revolt 365

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Albrecht Dürer, “Fears forLuther’s Safety” 367

The Reforms of John Calvin 367 • The Reform of theEnglish Church 368

The Counter-Reformation 369The Reformed Papacy 369 • New Monastic Orders 369• The Council of Trent 370

Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent,1520–1603 371

LATE MANNERISM 371Spanish Painting 371Spanish Literature 374Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto 375Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England 375

THE LEGACY OF NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUSREFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM 377

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 378

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 378

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 378

CHAPTER 13 HIGHLIGHTS 379

■ Windows on the World: 1500––1600 380

14THE BAROQUE AGEGlamour and Grandiosity1600––1715 383

ABSOLUTISM, MONARCHY, AND THE BALANCEOF POWER 384

CONTENTS xiii

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France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism 385England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited

Monarchy 386Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance

of Power 387The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 387

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Louis XIV, “Reflections onPower”; Duke of Saint-Simon, “Memoirs” 388

The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665–1713 389

THE BAROQUE: VARIATIONS ON ANINTERNATIONAL STYLE 389

The Florid Baroque 390Architecture 390 • Sculpture 390 • Painting 391

The Classical Baroque 396Architecture 396 • Painting 397

The Restrained Baroque 398Painting 398 • Architecture 403

Literature 404Baroque Literature in France 404 • Baroque Literature inEngland 405

Music 405

THE LEGACY OF THE BAROQUE AGE 408

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 408

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 408

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 409

CHAPTER 14 HIGHLIGHTS 409

■ Windows on the World: 1600––1700 410

15THE BAROQUE AGE IIRevolutions in Scientific andPolitical Thought1600––1715 413

THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE BEFORE THESCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 414

THE MAGICAL AND THE PRACTICAL IN THESCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 415

Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton 416Nicolas Copernicus 416 • Johannes Kepler 417 • GalileoGalilei 418 • Isaac Newton 418

Medicine and Chemistry 419The Impact of Science on Philosophy 420

Francis Bacon 420 • René Descartes 421 •

Blaise Pascal 422Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific

Revolution 422

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Suzanne Gaudry, “A Witch’sTrial” 423

THE REVOLUTION IN POLITICAL THOUGHT 423

Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet 423Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke 424

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION 427

RESPONSES TO THE REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT 428

ENCOUNTER “The Sinews of Trade” 429

The Spread of Ideas 430Impact on the Arts 431

THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTIONS INSCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT 432

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 432

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 432

CHAPTER 15 HIGHLIGHTS 433

16THE AGE OF REASON1700––1789 435

THE ENLIGHTENMENT 436The Philosophes and Their Program 437Deism 438The Encyclopédie 438The Physiocrats 438

THE GREAT POWERS DURING THE AGE OFREASON 440

Society: Continuity and Change 440Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened

Despotism 441France: The Successors to the Sun King 441 • GreatBritain and the Hanoverian Kings 442 • EnlightenedDespotism in Central and Eastern Europe 442

CULTURAL TRENDS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:FROM ROCOCO TO NEOCLASSICAL 443

The Rococo Style in the Arts 443Rococo Painting 444 • Rococo Interiors 447 • TheEnglish Response 449

The Challenge of Neoclassicism 450Neoclassical Painting 450 • Neoclassical Architecture 451

Political Philosophy 453Literature 454

French Writers: The Development of New Forms 454• Neoclassicism in English Literature 455

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,“Lady Mary Manipulates the System” 456

The Rise of the Novel 456Music 457

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REASON 459

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 459

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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 459

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 459

CHAPTER 16 HIGHLIGHTS 461

■ Windows on the World: 1700––1800 462

17REVOLUTION, REACTION,AND CULTURAL RESPONSE1760––1830 465

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 465Industrialization in England 466Classical Economics: The Rationale for

Industrialization 467

POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS, 1760–1815 467The American Revolution 468The French Revolution 468

ENCOUNTER “Slavery and the French Revolution” 470

REACTION, 1815–1830 471

REVOLUTIONS IN ART AND IDEAS: FROMNEOCLASSICISM TO ROMANTICISM 473

Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789 473Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789 473Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression 475The Romantic Movement in Literature 478Romantic Painting 479German Idealism 487The Birth of Romantic Music 488

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Hector Berlioz, “ThisHarmonious Revolution” 489

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REVOLUTION ANDREACTION 491

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 491

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 491

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 492

CHAPTER 17 HIGHLIGHTS 493

18THE TRIUMPH OF THEBOURGEOISIE1830––1871 495

THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SCENE:LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM 496

The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 497European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik 498

Limited Reform in France and Great Britain 498 • Warsand Unification in Central Europe 499

Civil War in the United States 501The Spread of Industrialism 501

ENCOUNTER “The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation” 503

NINETEENTH-CENTURY THOUGHT: PHILOSOPHY,RELIGION, AND SCIENCE 503

Liberalism Redefined 504Socialism 504Religion and the Challenge of Science 505

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Charlotte Brontë, “The FirstWorld’s Fair, 1851”; Hippolyte Taine, “A Day at the Races,28 May 1861” 506

CULTURAL TRENDS: FROM ROMANTICISM TOREALISM 507

Literature 508The Height of French Romanticism 508 • Romanticism inthe English Novel 509 • Romanticism in AmericanLiterature 509 • Realism in French and English Novels510 • The Russian Realists 511 • Realism Among AfricanAmerican Writers 511

Art and Architecture 512Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830 512 • TheRise of Realism in Art 514

Photography 519Music 519

THE LEGACY OF THE BOURGEOIS AGE 521

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 522

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 522

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 522

CHAPTER 18 HIGHLIGHTS 523

■ Windows on the World: 1800––1900 524

19THE AGE OF EARLYMODERNISM1871––1914 527

EUROPE’S RISE TO WORLD LEADERSHIP 527The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of

Modern Life 528Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis 531

Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West 531

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Lady Constance Lytton,“Paying a Price for the Right to Vote” 532

Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe 533Imperialism and International Relations 533

The Scramble for Colonies 533 • The Outbreak of WorldWar I 534

CONTENTS xv

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EARLY MODERNISM 536Philosophy and Psychology 537Literature 538

Naturalistic Literature 538 • Decadence in Literature539 • Expressionist Literature 540

The Advance of Science 540The Modernist Revolution in Art 542

Impressionism 542

ENCOUNTER “The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art” 546

Post-Impressionism 547 • Fauvism, Cubism, andExpressionism 550 • New Directions in Sculpture andArchitecture 553

Music: From Impressionism to Jazz 554

THE LEGACY OF EARLY MODERNISM 557

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 558

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 558

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 558

CHAPTER 19 HIGHLIGHTS 559

20THE AGE OF THE MASSESAND THE ZENITH OFMODERNISM1914––1945 561

THE COLLAPSE OF OLD CERTAINTIES AND THESEARCH FOR NEW VALUES 562

World War I and Its Aftermath 563The Great Depression of the 1930s 564The Rise of Totalitarianism 565

Russian Communism 565 • European Fascism 566World War II: Origins and Outcome 566

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Elie Wiesel, “Surviving in aNazi Death Camp” 568

THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM 568Experimentation in Literature 570

The Novel 570 • Poetry 571 • Drama 573Philosophy and Science: The End of Certainty 574Art, Architecture, and Film 576

Painting 577 • Architecture 584 • Film 586Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American

Idiom 587

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF THE MASSES ANDHIGH MODERNISM 589

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 589

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 589

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 590

CHAPTER 20 HIGHLIGHTS 591

■ Windows on the World: 1900––1945 592

21THE AGE OF ANXIETY ANDBEYOND 1945––

595

FROM A EUROPEAN TO A WORLD CIVILIZATION 595

The Era of the Superpowers, 1945–1970 596Postwar Recovery and the New World Order 596 • TheCold War 597 • Emergence of the Third World 598

Toward a New Global Order, 1970 and Beyond 600National Issues and International Realignment 600 •

The Post–Cold War World 601

THE END OF MODERNISM AND THE BIRTH OFPOST-MODERNISM 604

Philosophical, Political, and Social Thought 605Science and Technology 608The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and

Drama 609The Literature of Post-Modernism 611Late Modernism and the Arts 613

Painting 613 • Sculpture 617 • Architecture 619Post-Modernism and the Arts 619

Painting 621 • Sculpture 623 • Installation Art 624• Video Art 624 • Architecture 625

■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Yo-Yo Ma, “A Journey ofDiscovery” 627

Late Modern and Post-Modern Music 628Performance Art 631Mass Culture 632

A SUMMING UP 632

KEY CULTURAL TERMS 633

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 633

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 634

CHAPTER 21 HIGHLIGHTS 635

■ Windows on the World: 1945–– 636

APPENDIX

Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations A-1-A-3

GLOSSARY G-G-10

CREDITS C-1-C-3

INDEX I-I-14

xvi CONTENTS

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