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PREFACE iii
INTRODUCTIONWhy Study Cultural History? xvii
A HUMANITIES PRIMER How to Understand the Arts xxii
1PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERNCIVILIZATIONS 1
PREHISTORY AND EARLY CULTURES 2
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE TIGRIS ANDEUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY: MESOPOTAMIA 4
The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms 5The Cradle of Civilization 7
Writing 7 • Religion 7 • Literature 8
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “A Sumerian Father LecturesHis Son” 9
Law 10 • Art and Architecture 10
THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NILE RIVER VALLEY:EGYPT 12
Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years 13A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values 15
Religion 15 • Writing and Literature 16 • Architecture17 • Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts 18
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “Egypt: The Instruction ofAmenemope” 19
HEIRS TO THE MESOPOTAMIAN AND EGYPTIANEMPIRES 24
THE LEGACY OF EARLY NEAR EASTERNCIVILIZATIONS 26
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 26
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 26
CHAPTER 1 HIGHLIGHTS 27
■ Windows on the World: 5000–500 B.C. 28
2AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONSThe Minoans, the Mycenaeans,and the Greeks of the ArchaicAge 31
PRELUDE: MINOAN CIVILIZATION, 3000–1100 B.C. 32
BEGINNINGS: MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION, 1900–1100 B.C. 35
INTERLUDE: THE DARK AGES, 1100–800 B.C. 38
THE ARCHAIC AGE, 800–479 B.C. 38Political, Economic, and Social Structures 38The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens 39The Persian Wars 40
THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK GENIUS: THEMASTERY OF FORM 41
Religion 41Epic Poetry 42
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Sappho, “He Seems to Be aGod”; Alcaeus, “Longing for Home and Drinking Song” 44
Lyric Poetry 45Natural Philosophy 45
Architecture 47Sculpture 48
THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC GREEK CIVILIZATION 52
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 53
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 53
CHAPTER 2 HIGHLIGHTS 53
3CLASSICAL GREEKCIVILIZATIONThe Hellenic Age 55
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HELLENICCIVILIZATION 55
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DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS: WAR, PEACE,AND THE TRIUMPH OF MACEDONIA 58
THE PERFECTION OF THE TRADITION: THE GLORYOF HELLENIC GREECE 60
Theater: Tragedy 61Features of the Tragic Theater 61
ENCOUNTER “The Representation of Blacks in GreekArt” 62
Tragic Drama 63 • Aeschylus 64 • Sophocles 64• Euripides 65
Theater: Comedy 66Music 66History 67Natural Philosophy 68
The Pre-Socratics 68 • The Sophists 68 • The SocraticRevolution 69 • Plato 69 • Aristotle 71
Architecture 71Sanctuaries 71 • The Temple: The Perfection of the Form 72
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Xenophon, “Secrets of aSuccessful Marriage” 74
Sculpture 75
THE LEGACY OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION 82
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 82
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 82
CHAPTER 3 HIGHLIGHTS 83
■ Windows on the World: 500––300 B.C. 84
4CLASSICAL GREEKCIVILIZATIONThe Hellenistic Age 87
THE STAGES OF HELLENISTIC HISTORY 88The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States 89The Arrival and Triumph of Rome 89
THE CITIES OF HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION 89Pergamum 90Alexandria in Egypt 90
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Theocritus, “Getting to theConcert on Time” 92
THE ELABORATION OF THE GREEK TRADITION:THE SPREAD OF CLASSICISM TO THEHELLENISTIC WORLD 92
Drama and Literature 94Philosophy and Religion 94
Cynicism 95 • Skepticism 95 • Epicureanism 96• Stoicism 97 • Fate and the Mystery Cults 98
Architecture 99The Corinthian Temple 99 • The Altar 100
Sculpture 101Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style 105
THE LEGACY OF THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 106
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 107
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 107
CHAPTER 4 HIGHLIGHTS 107
5ROMAN CIVILIZATIONThr Pre-Christian Centuries 109
THE COLOSSUS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD 109
General Characteristics of Roman Civilization 110The Etruscan and Greek Connections 111Rome in the Age of Kings, 753–509 B.C. 112The Roman Republic, 509–31 B.C. 114
The Early Republic, 509–264 B.C. 114 • The MiddleRepublic, 264–133 B.C. 114 • The Late Republic, 133–31 B.C. 115
Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.–A.D. 284 115Pax Romana, 31 B.C.–A.D. 193 116 • Civil Wars, A.D. 193–284 116
THE STYLE OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME: FROMGREEK IMITATION TO ROMAN GRANDEUR 117
Roman Religion 117Language, Literature, and Drama 117
The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C. 118 • The SecondLiterary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14 119
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Marcus, Son of Cicero,“Changing My Ways” 120
The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200 121
Philosophy 122Stoicism 122 • Neo-Platonism 122
Law 123The Visual Arts 123
Architecture 124
ENCOUNTER “Roman Conquests and Romance Languages” 128
Sculpture 130 • Painting and Mosaics 135Music 137
THE LEGACY OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME 140
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 140
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 140
CHAPTER 5 HIGHLIGHTS 141
■ Windows on the World: 300 B.C.––A.D. 500 142
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6JUDAISM AND THE RISE OFCHRISTIANITY 145
JUDAISM 145The People and Their Religion 145
Egypt, Exodus, and Moses 146 • The Kingdom of Israel 147 • The Babylonian Captivity and the PostexilicPeriod 149 • The Hellenistic and Roman Periods 150• Societal and Family Relationships 151
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Flavius Josephus, “TheDestruction of the Temple at Jerusalem” 152
The Bible 152Early Jewish Art and Architecture 154
CHRISTIANITY 157The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament 158Christians and Jews 160Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and
Philosophies 161Christians in the Roman Empire 161
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Vibia Perpetua, “Account ofHer Last Days Before Martyrdom” 162
Early Christian Literature 162Early Christian Art 163
THE LEGACY OF BIBLICAL JUDAISM AND EARLYCHRISTIANITY 166
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 167
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 167
CHAPTER 6 HIGHLIGHTS 167
7THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATEROME, BYZANTIUM, ANDTHE EARLY MEDIEVALWEST 169
THE LAST DAYS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 170Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity,
284–395 171The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration 172• Early Christian Developments 173
Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire,395–476 173
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Paulina, “Epitaph for AgoriusPraetextatus” 174
The Transition from Classical Humanism to ChristianCivilization 174Literature, Theology, and History 174 • The Fathers ofthe Church 175
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE St. Jerome, “SecularEducation; The Fall of Rome” 177
Church History 177The Visual Arts 177
Architecture 178 • Sculpture 180 • Painting andMosaics 181
Music 183
THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND BYZANTINECIVILIZATION, 476–1453 184
History of the Byzantine Empire 185Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism 186
The Orthodox Religion 186 • Law and History 187• Architecture and Mosaics 188
THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 189The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic
Christianized World 189Religion and Culture in the Early Middle Ages 191
Christianity: Leadership and Organization 191
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Anna Comnena, “The Arrivalof the First Crusade in Constantinople”; Liudprand ofCremona, “A Mission to the Byzantine Court” 192
Literature, History, and Learning 194 • Music 195• Architecture 195 • Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts 196
THE LEGACY OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, ANDTHE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST 198
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 198
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 198
CHAPTER 7 HIGHLIGHTS 199
■ Windows on the World: 500––1000 200
8THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517 203
MUHAMMAD, THE PROPHET 204
IMPERIAL ISLAM 207The Post-Muhammad Years 207The Umayyad Dynasty 208The Abbasid Dynasty 208The Seljuk Turk Empire 208Imperial Decline 209
ISLAM AS RELIGION 210
MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CULTURE 212Scholarship 212
ENCOUNTER “An International Community of Scholars” 213
Literature 214Poetry 215 • Prose 215
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Art and Architecture 216Architecture 217 • Painting 219
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahanı,“Marketing a Product” 220
Music 222
THE LEGACY OF MEDIEVAL ISLAM 224
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 225
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 225
CHAPTER 8 HIGHLIGHTS 225
9THE HIGH MIDDLE AGESThe Christian Centuries 227
FEUDALISM 228The Feudal System and the Feudal Society 228Peasant Life 228The Rise of Towns 229The Feudal Monarchy 230
The French Monarchy 231 • The English Monarchy 231• The Holy Roman Empire 233 • The Papal Monarchy 233
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH 234
ENCOUNTER “Pagan Vikings Versus Christian Europeans” 235
Christian Beliefs and Practices 235Religious Orders and Lay Piety 236
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Abelard and Heloise, “MySorrow and My Loss” 238
THE AGE OF SYNTHESIS: EQUILIBRIUM BETWEENTHE SPIRITUAL AND THE SECULAR 238
Learning and Theology 239Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism 239 • Peter Abelard 239 • The Rise of theUniversities 240 • Intellectual Controversy and ThomasAquinas 240
Literature 241Monastic and Feudal Writing 241 • Vernacular andCourtly Writing 242 • Dante 243
Architecture and Art 244Romanesque Churches and Related Arts 244 • GothicChurches and Related Arts 248
Music 256
THE LEGACY OF THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES 258
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 258
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 258
CHAPTER 9 HIGHLIGHTS 259
■ Windows on the World: 1000––1300 260
10THE LATE MIDDLE AGES1300––1500 263
HARD TIMES COME TO EUROPE 263Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War 265Depopulation, Rebellion, and
Industrialization 266The Secular Monarchies 266The Papal Monarchy 267
THE CULTURAL FLOWERING OF THE LATEMIDDLE AGES 268
Religion 268
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE “Henry Knighton, “Politicaland Religious Rebels” 270
Theology, Philosophy, and Science 270The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna 270 • DunsScotus and William of Ockham 271 • Developments inScience 271
Literature 272Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio 272• English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer 272 • FrenchLiterature: Christine de Pizan 274
Art and Architecture 275Late Gothic Architecture 275 • Late Gothic Sculpture277 • Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends 281
Music 291
THE LEGACY OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 292
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 292
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 292
CHAPTER 10 HIGHLIGHTS 293
■ Windows on the World: 1300––1500 294
11THE EARLY RENAISSANCEReturn to Classical Roots1400––1494 297
THE RENAISSANCE: SCHOOLS OFINTERPRETATION 297
EARLY RENAISSANCE HISTORY ANDINSTITUTIONS 298
Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance 298Florence, the Center of the Renaissance 300The Resurgent Papacy, 1450–1500 302
THE SPIRIT AND STYLE OF THE EARLYRENAISSANCE 302
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Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling 303
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Laura Cereta, “Battle of theSexes, Fifteenth Century Style” 304
Thought and Philosophy 304Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting 306
Artistic Ideals and Innovations 306 • Architecture 307• Sculpture 311 • Painting 313
Music 319
THE LEGACY OF THE EARLYRENAISSANCE 320
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 321
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 321
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 321
CHAPTER 11 HIGHLIGHTS 321
12THE HIGH RENAISSANCEAND EARLY MANNERISM1494––1564 323
THE RISE OF THE MODERN SOVEREIGN STATE 324
The Struggle for Italy, 1494–1529 325Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire 325
ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND SOCIALDEVELOPMENTS 327
FROM HIGH RENAISSANCE TO EARLYMANNERISM 327
Literature 329Gaspara Stampa 330 • Castiglione 330• Machiavelli 331
Painting 332Leonardo da Vinci 332 • Michelangelo 334• Raphael 337 • The Venetian School: Giorgione andTitian 341 • The School of Parma: Parmigianino 342
Sculpture 342
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Giorgio Vasari, “MichelangeloHas the Last Word” 343
Architecture 346Music 349
THE LEGACY OF THE HIGH RENAISSANCE ANDEARLY MANNERISM 350
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 350
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 350
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 350
CHAPTER 12 HIGHLIGHTS 351
13NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE,RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS,AND LATE MANNERISM1500––1603 353
NORTHERN HUMANISM 354
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE 356Northern Renaissance Literature 356
Michel de Montaigne 356 • William Shakespeare 356Northern Renaissance Painting 358
Albrecht Dürer 358 • Matthias Grünewald 359• Hieronymus Bosch 361 • Pieter Bruegel the Elder 363
THE BREAKUP OF CHRISTENDOM: CAUSES OF THERELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS 364
The Protestant Order 365Luther’s Revolt 365
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Albrecht Dürer, “Fears forLuther’s Safety” 367
The Reforms of John Calvin 367 • The Reform of theEnglish Church 368
The Counter-Reformation 369The Reformed Papacy 369 • New Monastic Orders 369• The Council of Trent 370
Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent,1520–1603 371
LATE MANNERISM 371Spanish Painting 371Spanish Literature 374Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto 375Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England 375
THE LEGACY OF NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUSREFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM 377
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 378
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 378
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 378
CHAPTER 13 HIGHLIGHTS 379
■ Windows on the World: 1500––1600 380
14THE BAROQUE AGEGlamour and Grandiosity1600––1715 383
ABSOLUTISM, MONARCHY, AND THE BALANCEOF POWER 384
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France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism 385England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited
Monarchy 386Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance
of Power 387The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 387
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Louis XIV, “Reflections onPower”; Duke of Saint-Simon, “Memoirs” 388
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665–1713 389
THE BAROQUE: VARIATIONS ON ANINTERNATIONAL STYLE 389
The Florid Baroque 390Architecture 390 • Sculpture 390 • Painting 391
The Classical Baroque 396Architecture 396 • Painting 397
The Restrained Baroque 398Painting 398 • Architecture 403
Literature 404Baroque Literature in France 404 • Baroque Literature inEngland 405
Music 405
THE LEGACY OF THE BAROQUE AGE 408
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 408
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 408
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 409
CHAPTER 14 HIGHLIGHTS 409
■ Windows on the World: 1600––1700 410
15THE BAROQUE AGE IIRevolutions in Scientific andPolitical Thought1600––1715 413
THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE BEFORE THESCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 414
THE MAGICAL AND THE PRACTICAL IN THESCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 415
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton 416Nicolas Copernicus 416 • Johannes Kepler 417 • GalileoGalilei 418 • Isaac Newton 418
Medicine and Chemistry 419The Impact of Science on Philosophy 420
Francis Bacon 420 • René Descartes 421 •
Blaise Pascal 422Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific
Revolution 422
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Suzanne Gaudry, “A Witch’sTrial” 423
THE REVOLUTION IN POLITICAL THOUGHT 423
Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet 423Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke 424
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION 427
RESPONSES TO THE REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT 428
ENCOUNTER “The Sinews of Trade” 429
The Spread of Ideas 430Impact on the Arts 431
THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTIONS INSCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT 432
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 432
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 432
CHAPTER 15 HIGHLIGHTS 433
16THE AGE OF REASON1700––1789 435
THE ENLIGHTENMENT 436The Philosophes and Their Program 437Deism 438The Encyclopédie 438The Physiocrats 438
THE GREAT POWERS DURING THE AGE OFREASON 440
Society: Continuity and Change 440Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened
Despotism 441France: The Successors to the Sun King 441 • GreatBritain and the Hanoverian Kings 442 • EnlightenedDespotism in Central and Eastern Europe 442
CULTURAL TRENDS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:FROM ROCOCO TO NEOCLASSICAL 443
The Rococo Style in the Arts 443Rococo Painting 444 • Rococo Interiors 447 • TheEnglish Response 449
The Challenge of Neoclassicism 450Neoclassical Painting 450 • Neoclassical Architecture 451
Political Philosophy 453Literature 454
French Writers: The Development of New Forms 454• Neoclassicism in English Literature 455
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,“Lady Mary Manipulates the System” 456
The Rise of the Novel 456Music 457
THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REASON 459
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 459
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 459
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 459
CHAPTER 16 HIGHLIGHTS 461
■ Windows on the World: 1700––1800 462
17REVOLUTION, REACTION,AND CULTURAL RESPONSE1760––1830 465
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 465Industrialization in England 466Classical Economics: The Rationale for
Industrialization 467
POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS, 1760–1815 467The American Revolution 468The French Revolution 468
ENCOUNTER “Slavery and the French Revolution” 470
REACTION, 1815–1830 471
REVOLUTIONS IN ART AND IDEAS: FROMNEOCLASSICISM TO ROMANTICISM 473
Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789 473Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789 473Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression 475The Romantic Movement in Literature 478Romantic Painting 479German Idealism 487The Birth of Romantic Music 488
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Hector Berlioz, “ThisHarmonious Revolution” 489
THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REVOLUTION ANDREACTION 491
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 491
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 491
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 492
CHAPTER 17 HIGHLIGHTS 493
18THE TRIUMPH OF THEBOURGEOISIE1830––1871 495
THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SCENE:LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM 496
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 497European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik 498
Limited Reform in France and Great Britain 498 • Warsand Unification in Central Europe 499
Civil War in the United States 501The Spread of Industrialism 501
ENCOUNTER “The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation” 503
NINETEENTH-CENTURY THOUGHT: PHILOSOPHY,RELIGION, AND SCIENCE 503
Liberalism Redefined 504Socialism 504Religion and the Challenge of Science 505
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Charlotte Brontë, “The FirstWorld’s Fair, 1851”; Hippolyte Taine, “A Day at the Races,28 May 1861” 506
CULTURAL TRENDS: FROM ROMANTICISM TOREALISM 507
Literature 508The Height of French Romanticism 508 • Romanticism inthe English Novel 509 • Romanticism in AmericanLiterature 509 • Realism in French and English Novels510 • The Russian Realists 511 • Realism Among AfricanAmerican Writers 511
Art and Architecture 512Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830 512 • TheRise of Realism in Art 514
Photography 519Music 519
THE LEGACY OF THE BOURGEOIS AGE 521
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 522
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 522
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 522
CHAPTER 18 HIGHLIGHTS 523
■ Windows on the World: 1800––1900 524
19THE AGE OF EARLYMODERNISM1871––1914 527
EUROPE’S RISE TO WORLD LEADERSHIP 527The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of
Modern Life 528Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis 531
Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West 531
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Lady Constance Lytton,“Paying a Price for the Right to Vote” 532
Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe 533Imperialism and International Relations 533
The Scramble for Colonies 533 • The Outbreak of WorldWar I 534
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EARLY MODERNISM 536Philosophy and Psychology 537Literature 538
Naturalistic Literature 538 • Decadence in Literature539 • Expressionist Literature 540
The Advance of Science 540The Modernist Revolution in Art 542
Impressionism 542
ENCOUNTER “The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art” 546
Post-Impressionism 547 • Fauvism, Cubism, andExpressionism 550 • New Directions in Sculpture andArchitecture 553
Music: From Impressionism to Jazz 554
THE LEGACY OF EARLY MODERNISM 557
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 558
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 558
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 558
CHAPTER 19 HIGHLIGHTS 559
20THE AGE OF THE MASSESAND THE ZENITH OFMODERNISM1914––1945 561
THE COLLAPSE OF OLD CERTAINTIES AND THESEARCH FOR NEW VALUES 562
World War I and Its Aftermath 563The Great Depression of the 1930s 564The Rise of Totalitarianism 565
Russian Communism 565 • European Fascism 566World War II: Origins and Outcome 566
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Elie Wiesel, “Surviving in aNazi Death Camp” 568
THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM 568Experimentation in Literature 570
The Novel 570 • Poetry 571 • Drama 573Philosophy and Science: The End of Certainty 574Art, Architecture, and Film 576
Painting 577 • Architecture 584 • Film 586Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American
Idiom 587
THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF THE MASSES ANDHIGH MODERNISM 589
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 589
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 589
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 590
CHAPTER 20 HIGHLIGHTS 591
■ Windows on the World: 1900––1945 592
21THE AGE OF ANXIETY ANDBEYOND 1945––
595
FROM A EUROPEAN TO A WORLD CIVILIZATION 595
The Era of the Superpowers, 1945–1970 596Postwar Recovery and the New World Order 596 • TheCold War 597 • Emergence of the Third World 598
Toward a New Global Order, 1970 and Beyond 600National Issues and International Realignment 600 •
The Post–Cold War World 601
THE END OF MODERNISM AND THE BIRTH OFPOST-MODERNISM 604
Philosophical, Political, and Social Thought 605Science and Technology 608The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and
Drama 609The Literature of Post-Modernism 611Late Modernism and the Arts 613
Painting 613 • Sculpture 617 • Architecture 619Post-Modernism and the Arts 619
Painting 621 • Sculpture 623 • Installation Art 624• Video Art 624 • Architecture 625
■ PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Yo-Yo Ma, “A Journey ofDiscovery” 627
Late Modern and Post-Modern Music 628Performance Art 631Mass Culture 632
A SUMMING UP 632
KEY CULTURAL TERMS 633
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 633
SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING 634
CHAPTER 21 HIGHLIGHTS 635
■ Windows on the World: 1945–– 636
APPENDIX
Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations A-1-A-3
GLOSSARY G-G-10
CREDITS C-1-C-3
INDEX I-I-14
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