B E C C M E P T H O E ,~EJIO H. B. CTAJIHHA

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CTanI4H ~epaapb~BHo CB~faaH r J~eHHHt,IM; J/eHHH, I~OTOpBIfi pacm~p~a y,~e- HHe MapECH3Ma Ha ~Mnep~aaHcT~ecnyIo cTan~iio OllOXH HaHHTanla3Ma, ~fBn- ;~eTC;t y~Te~eM CTan~IIIa, a CTaJ[/4H ~fB~I~feTC~f Hanay,~m~M y~IeHs H Bep- �9 [B~N[ cOpaTHH~OM JIeH~Ha. BMeCTe C J I e ~ H H ~ CTan~H YfB~HeTC~f P~aBHB~M ~eztTeneM H0~e~0HOCHOI~ B e ~ o f i OHTYf610BOI~0I~ coH~an~cTH~ecRo~ peBon~o- ~m~ i917r . , ~OT0pa~ 0T~p~J~a HoBym opy B ~c~opH~ ~e~ioBe,~ecTBa, npOpBan ~pOHT ~em~yrialgOnHOrO ~MneloHaa~ia~a n OOHOBaB nepBoe cor~aancT~ecrcoe l"OCy~apCTBO B MHpe, qTO ~tBI/IJ[OCt, Haqag~oM oIIOXI4 CoHHan/~CT~4~eCHHX H ROJ[O- HHaJIBH]hIX peBOJimr(~Ifi.

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I Iocae no6e~m Ha~ nHTepBeHTaMH T. CTaJ~/4H HanpaB~a Bce CBOH yc~an~ Ha cos~aHHe Hapo~Hh[X pecny6a~E ~ Ha nx o6~,e~HHeH~e B en~iHoe MHOPOHa~S- OHan~H0e rocynapcwBo. Eme ~o nep~ofi MHpOB0fi BOfiH~ B cBOeM r~poHsne~e~mn ,,Map~c~u~r n Har~noHanB~ii Borfpoc" CTaJfHH nOnO~I~HJ[ 0CHOBB[ 6oa~,me- BHCTOH0rO p e m e H ~ Ha~4oHaJ[hHoro Bonpoca~ paccMaTp~BaeMol-o ~an ~IaCTb o6~ero nonpoca pesoamuHn B HepaspBIBHOfi CS~Sn C ~emnyHapo~Hofi 06CTa- HOBHO~. B DTO~ pa6oTe CTanHH nepB~'I] 143 HO:IHTH~OB HIOOB03YnaOHn IIpaB0 tienioI~OyO n CJIOBaL~HOI~O Hapoga Ha caMoonpe~eaeH~e BIInOTB n00T2~eJ~eHnH OT ABCTp0-BeHPpn~I~ 3Ha~InWenhHO paHbme, ge~ Hama 5yp~yasH~ pemHnacb TOnbH0 nO~yMaT~ 0 Halne~ 0aMOOTOHTeJIBHOOT!I.

Czechosl. Journ. Phys. 3 (1953) 1 11

B e ~ n a g OKT~6pBcKag co~J~aJi~CT~HecHa~f peBo~toKgg co3~ana Bce npe;~- nocL~:r~H ~ : ~ pemeHn~ Har~HoHa:~LHoro B0~p0ca: oHa y~gTOmH~a Ha~I~oHa:~,- Hoe yrHeTeHge H, O6~,e~gHgB Hapogr~ B 0gHOSt peBo~m~OHH0~ ~)pOHTe, o6ecne,m~a 6paTcHoe CoTpy~HHHeCTBO Hap03OB, OCHOBaHH0e Ha Bsa15~HO~ 30Bep~H. ] 3 ~ He TOJIBR0 o6ecnegeH~,~ ~O~I~T~HecR~e ~ ~ a ~ o ~ a : ~ H H e ~paBa, HO paBeHCTBO Hap0~on 6 ~ 0 ocynlecTBg[eHO 1~ B V~OHO~ec~o~ 06JfaCTI4. Colo8 COBeTCFd4X COg15aJrI~CTI4~IeCRHX Pe c H yS : ~ n , o6pasoeaBmnfic~ ~ 1922 ro;~y, ~BJt~eTC~f ~o6poBoJIBHB~I o6~e3~e~r~e~ COKHaJIHCTH~tecI~HX p e c ~ y 6 ~ , np~- Mepo~ ~150romar~oHans~oro rocyJ~apcTBa, OC~oBaHHor0 15a ; ipym6e n COTpy- Hi~ecTse 6o:~ee ~eM mecT~eczfTI4 Hapo~0B~ HaI~OHa~[bHb~X r p y n n ~ Hap0g- 150CTefi, Hepym~Moe e~HHCTB0 ~OTOpb~X ~ 3 e p m a ~ o see CaMb~e TS~eJtbIe I4Cl~b~- TSHHYI.

BMeCTe C JIeH~Hb[M CTa~HH yRpen~zteT CoBeTcH0e rocyJ~apCTBO B 50ps6e c BHyTpeHHJ~M~ BparaM~. B 1924 fogy noc~e cYfepT~ J ieg~na CTa~I~H 0T I4MeH~ 15aTp~ Ha Tpayp~4o~r 8ace3aH~H C~es~ia COBeTOB np15nec n p ~ c s r y nep15ocTr~ ,3aBeTa~ JIeHmm. OTy Hp~cs ry og sepHo 15 Heyn~oHHo BbmO~HS:r ~ TeqeH15e BCefi CBOefi 6oraTof~ ~ IISIO~OTBOpHOI~I H~I48HI/I~ a c 151(i1vf I/I BCIt I~o_~MyHHcT~gecr~a~ 15apT15g 60JIblIIeB15HOB I/I BecB c O B e T C ~ 15apog. CTaJII4tt p a u n ~ no~o~eHHe o BO3M0~HOCT15 15o~e~Ib~ C0~4Ha~HsMa B 0/~HO~ cTpaHe Ha OCHOBe y'~eHHg JIe- HHHa 0 HepaB150MepHOM paSBIIT15II HaHHTaJIH3Mat ~I HOCTaBHJI OBOe~I IIeslt, IO H3MeH15TB 0WCTaZ~y~o arpapHym CTpaHy S cwpa~y ~15gycTp~a:~b~ym.

Bo BCe~ HCTOp1515 ~e~oBegecTBa He 6bI~[O TS~OI~O 6bICTpOr0 paSB15T15~ npO- Mb~m~IeH~!0CT15~ npemge Bcero, T~H~enoii I~po~bnIIgeHHOCT15, a 3aTeM II oeglb o OI~OPO X03Yf~IOTBa~ EOTOpbIl~l 6bIJI ooy~IeCTB,Y~eH C06CTBeHt!BIMI~ CHJ~aMI~ COBeT- c~o~ cTpaHb~ B FO~I~ CTaJflIHORHX HY~THZIeTOK. B Teqe~He 30 neT Tpygzm~15ec~t COBeTC~r C o ~ a 6na rogap~ repon~ecnoMy Tpygy gorgaaH paan~wbie ~aHH- Ta~15CTHgec15ne CTpaHb~, rlOCTpOI4JIH MOK~HytO cog~a~cT~gecnyD IIpOMI~IIIUIt~H- H OCTB J/I R0g~[e~T15~15oe ce~bc~oe XO32~ICTBO~ ~exa15153agHg HOTOp01'O yH~e gaBgO gpes~iegxa MexaH158aggD B taM.IX pa3BHTLIX I~aHHTa~HCT15HeclIHX ros gapCTBaX. B gepBb~fi pa8 B gcTop~4 6;[arogap~ HopamegaD ~aI~15Tam48Ma 6~xa yeTpaHeHa 3Rcn~yaTag~g ge~oBeHa He~oBe~oM~ HecpaBHeHHo 150BI~ICI/IJICJ~ ~H~I815eH151~IITI ~I Hy~bTypH~ yposeHb 15 6Hga Hascerga npeo~oJieHHa 6e3paSo- T~II~8 J~ B08MOH~HOCTb 3I~OHOM15gecH15X Hp153~C0B.

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12 'Iexoc~. ~H3. ;~r 3 (1953) t

~ H a M~,I He 3HaeM npnMepa TaK0ro ~4~ean~Horo o6%e~mteHiiH peBonmHiiOHHOro rocy~apcTBeHHOrO BO~nTenbCTBa I~ TOHIIOI~0 nayHHoro M]~iuI~eHnH. B ~ a n GwaJIIIHa ~I JIeHnHa B c0Kp0Bnm~n~y MapI~C;~aMa orpoMe~. YHeHHe 06 nMne- p ,aanaMe , o ~nKTaType npoaeTapnawa, o Hai~oHaa~HoM ~onpoce, yHeniie 0 co~nan~cT~gecKo~ HH~ycTp~aan3a~i in ~4 0 H o ~ e ~ T n B ~ a a ~ n n c e a s c ~ o r o XO3H~CTBa YfBJIHtOTCH tie TOJIt, tr Teo1oeTngectC~MI~ BOH10ocaMI~ ~ no ~HnB0~ ~eI]CWBnWeJrLii0CT~m, npoBe~eii~of~ Ha npanwni~e napT~e~ ~ COBeTCRnM r0cy- ~apcTBOM. OrpoMHoe 3HaHeHiie ~.~H Bcero nporpecciieHoro ge~oBeHecTsa ~Me~OT pa6oTb~ CTa~mm ,,I/IcT0piig BHII(5)" ~ ,,Bonpoc~ Y[eiinH~3Ma", B I~OTOpblX c0xep~r 6oraT~i~ 0II~T I~0MMyH~CT~Hec~o~ napTii~ COBeTcH0r0 CoD3a B nepn09~ 6 0 p b 6 ~ 3a cBep~e~He ~an~ITa~ii3M8 n D IIeloii09[ II06e~oHociioro CTp0nTe~il~CTBa C0I~I~[aJI~I3Ma. Oco6ym Hay~Hym I4eHHOCTt, IIpe~r ero nocne~Hne paSoTbn ,,MopEcii3M n Bonp0cn H3BiHoBe~enng ~ n ,~0HOHOMI4Hec- ~iie npoSneMH co~ga~sMa B CCCP".

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H306peTeHMH ~I TBOpHecEnfi Tpy~ lie TOJII~H0 ~eJIO HayHH~X pO60TII~IHOB; B Hnx npnniiMaeT yHaoTBe geaa~ a]gM~IH BbI~aIOmiiXOH paSoHnx -- pagiiona- J[IISaT0pOB~ K0nXO3HnEOB, HOBaTOpOB ~4 CTaXaHOS~eB~ IIOTOpble CBOHX Tpy)~oN[ CIIOC06CTByIOT yr n paI~I40HaJII43aHI4~I IIp014BBO~CTBa~ ~O- Ka3~IBaH TaEI/IM 06pasoM, HT0 B COBeTOHOM Com3e Tpy~ He HBJIHeTOH THi~Henl~IM y~enoM Tpy~g~nXC~, a ~eao~ HeCTI4 ~ cnaB~i. 1]apwn~ ~ rocy~apcT~O e~coKo HeHHT I~X pa6oTy, ~ M ~ Haxo~nM ~I cnnoI~ax ~iaypea~oB CWannHCH~IX IIpeM~fi I4MeHa 9TnX 3ac,~y~eiiHHX pa6oTiinKOB C 3OBOp[OB ~ ~O~IXO30B Hap~giy c nMe- naMl~ BBI~alon~IIxoH yHeii~x.

~aMa Hay~a nocTaBJ~eHa Ha ~nJ~OCOBCHy~o OCIIOBy ~naJIeHTnHec~oro MaTe- p~an~sMa, 6on~moe 3HaHeii~Ie np~2iaeTc~ coe~iiHeHnm Teopng c npaHTnHOiV[. Hall n a y ~ a napT~II]Ha~,oTa Hay Ha paCTeT n pasBnBaeTc~ n wex Hanpanaenii~x, EOT0p]~e onpe~eJ~en~ t~0MMyHIIOTnHeoI~O~ nalOT~e]7[ I~ HpaBnTeJH, OTBOM EaR ca- Mh[e Ba;~nh[e B nJ~aHe pa3B~ITI4H Ha!po2iHoro X03HI~CTBa. WaHi4M 06pa30M cOBeT- c~r IIayi<a cwaaa MOn~H~ opy~ne~ n ;~eae ~aTepnan~,Horo n p o r p e c c a c o g n a - n~cwnHecEoro 06u~ecTBa.

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B CoBpeMeHHOM Haiip~meiinoM ~em~y~al)o~i io~ I I o n o ~ e H n g , ogpasoBas- nIeMCy[ Bc~le~CTBI4e XOJI0~HO~ BOI~HBI CILIA n nx ~nTepBeHunn e I~:open, orpoM- Hoe 3gaqeHne nMeeT cTaJfnHcRa~ MI/IpOJIIO6nBa~:f BHelnHHH IIOJIHTIIHa. ~TaJII4H

Czechosl. Journ. Phys. 3 (1953) 1 13

I~IOXO~I~IT IJI8 3aRo~a~ tIT0 M~pH0e cocy~ecTBOBaHne l < a n ~ T a n ~ c T I a , 4 e c R H x n co- II~azIIacwn,tecK~x rocy~apcwB I4 i4x M~pHoe copeB~OBaHI~e B03MOH~ttO. COBeT- CI<~I~I ~0IO3 CTOIJIT 3a M~I10 ~ TaR RaI< M~Ip 3{Bn~feTC2[ He06x0~HM0~ Hpe~n0cBIJIH0~ ~JI~ CTp0nTenSCTBa com~a~sMa ~ KoM~ym~aMa. 1-IOOTOMy COBeTCI~I~ COrn3 CTI0eY~HTC~f pasBHBaWI, ~ p o ~ m g ~ B ~ e ~ ~ i p y ~ e c n ~ e O T H 0 ~ e ~ CO BceMn 6e3 ~ c ~ J n o ~ e m ~ rocy~gal:)CTBaM~I ~ B I40TOp:~IX B~iaCTByeT I<anI4wa~I8~ ~I pa3B~BaTB C HHMI~ oi<OHOMn~iec~ie OTHOIIIeHH~f Ha OCHOBe B3a~IMt!OrO paBHOnpaB]4~ n He- BMeI~awenhcWBa B0 BIiywpeHHHe ;~eaa ~pyr~x cwpaH. O~}IaEo, B Tome BpeMH C O B e T C I ~ Com~ Heo~0~paTI~O ~o}r '~WO He 60~ITC~ yrpo~ arpeccopoB ~I MoH{eT yHH~ITO~HHTB BoettHBIX IIpeCTyIIHHI~OB H no~ml~raTene~ B0rIHhI.

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14 ~exoc~. r ~,~yp~. 3 (1953) i