Friedrich NaumannST I F TUNG FR DIE FREIHEIT

HKS 92 (grau)CMYK 10, 0, 5, 65

HKS 44 (blau)CMYK 100, 50, 0, 0

3

. ............................................................. 4

ztilK retlaW....................................................................................................................................................... 6

................................................................................................................................................. 7

' ' ................................................................................................................................................... 8

- - .................................................................................................................... 81

- :

-...................................................................................................................................... 82

, - ............................................................................................. 04

............................................................................................................................................................. 05

.............................................................................................. 46

........................................................................................................... 56

, . .

3102

: "

4

.

. , .

., , , . , : . ,

, .

. , . , . " . " , , .

, , , .

. , . , , " , , , ,

, .

, " " , .

' , ' , -.

' .

' , ' . ,

.

' ', ' ' . .

' ' .

" , " . " " -, " -, .

, " ' . ,

.

5

" , "

" (.) , , "

" , , ; " " ,

" (.) , ' ,

, , "

" , ,

,

' ,

.

', " -, , ("), , ' , , - IBF , , " , ' " , " , " , () , " " () , " , , NNC " , , ; " " , , , " (.) " , (.) , -, " , (.) - , ' ("), , " , " , ' ', , ' , TIM, " " , , " , , , ' , scigetartS PG,

" " ' ualB & snisuoC ,deeR ,reilloC ,swodaeM

" " (.) " ,

(.) , " , ,

6

Preface

The situation of the Arab Bedouins in Israel is an issue of major concern. The lack of all essentials makes their life a case of social hardship. The Bedouin minority in the Negev is one of the most discriminated people with the least public awareness worldwide despite the fact that they are refused basic public services like schooling, housing, health care, infrastructure and supply of water and electricity. No surprise that the number of early school-leavers is significant and is almost twelve times higher compared to the Israeli national average. Bedouin people in the unrecognized villages in Israel are denied their basic human rights and have to live in constant fear of being forced to leave their unrecognized settlements.

This situation is no longer acceptable. It is an act of humanity to finally solve the problem of the Bedouin in the Negev and to send out the unequivocal message that we dont leave them alone in their desperate condition. The recommendations of the Goldberg commission should be implemented and not be undermined by new proposals.

Israel is a pluralistic society. There are people, like the Bedouins, who have been living here for many centuries. Others immigrated from all over the world. Ethnic, religious and national differences are historically given. The point is to create a mechanism which helps to avoid conflicts. To protect minorities therefore is as essential for a pluralistic, human and liberal community as to demonstrate respect for the ruling of the elected majority.

Bedouins have the right to manage the most central factor of their identity in a sovereign manner, their culture. This includes matters of language, education, cultural traditions and religion. No government has the right to abolish or to substantially infringe human dignity and liberty of minorities. Their rights must be guaranteed by law. Minorities must enjoy the full and unrestricted rights that go with citizenship. Non-intervention of the government would not be enough. Non-discrimination is an obvious additional prerequisite. And even more, the government should encourage everybody to play an active and leading role in the protection of ancient customs, religion and culture.

In a liberal and democratic country all humans enjoy fundamental rights and the state serves the people and not just the majority. The Bedouins are free citizens of the State of Israel and hence must be guaranteed equal opportunities to exercise also their basic political rights. We have to realize that it is a characteristic of human beings not to pay tribute to the one who denies him or her most fundamental rights. Overcoming antagonism will add to mutual respect. It is my firm conviction that exclusion or forced assimilation will never contribute to a sustainable solution.

Dr. Walter KlitzDirector Jerusalem Office

Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty

7

" " , , . ""

: , .

-, " ", .

, .

. , , . ,

. " " , ,

. , " , , .

, .

" ". " " ,

. , ,

. .

"

.

8

' '

, , 0002 , ( 1). , , , . , ( 1), , . , . 2102 . , - 000,06 ' ', 1102 -080,1 . '' , - 000,001 . , , -

.1

- " " , . " " "" - , , . " " - ( -7991 ), -000,001

1 -2102 (32-41-4), 54 . . ,

2102.

, . . , , , , , , ,

. . , -

, , . , - . , , ,

(2102 ,lehcatfiY dna daaS-ubA ,aramA)., - (). , . , , , " . ,

. , , , . , -, ( ) - , . , . , . , , . ,

, . . , ,

8

9

, (3891 ,halaF ;5891 ,yeliaB ;7991 ,rieM ;0102 ,attis-ubA). -

.

, . , 000,086 (-%5.5 ) , , . '' ('' ') , . , , , , , ,

, . " -5791,

(' 1):2" .... ... - 1291 , - ... ... , ,

, ." . -, , , " . -002 - , ' ' , " '', ,

(6002 ,lehaY). , ' , -0102 - . , - " -

. :"... ... .... -

2 " . " , , ,

.

" ... ,

. ...

(, 0102). 3 , , . . , , -91, 1291 . , -8291 /, . , ', . . , , (, , 2102)4 , . , , , , . - 8491 ( , ). . , , , ' . , , , , . , - , -.

.5

3 2102 , , ' . -

.4 '', . , , ,

-91 .5 " ('') . -7491 -000,59 . , , 000,21-000,11 .

6691.

9

01

. (, 7791; 1002 ,a'ibaR-uba), , , (-, 0002; -, 4002). ( ), -11 (, 5791). ' -61 - . . -052 , , , (-, 5891 ,yeliaB ;7991 ,rieM ;0002).: ' '-' , . ' 6951 , ( - ) '' . , , , ', ( 4991, 4991, 4002). , - , . '' ('' ), '' ('' '' ), '' , . , , -91. -91

-02 :" ... , , ... ... ... , ..." ( , ") (,

0002: 53).: -91 . . -91 ' 4191 000,55 , 2291

000,15 . -91 . -7081 . (lluH) -3881 -,

, 02 " - :

" ... - , - ... , ... , , , , , . ,

..." ( ). , , -91, , . 0781 . , , , , , ', , , , -91 -02 (;5881 ,lluH ;7091 ,lisuM ;5581 ,nezteeS 8091 ,nessuaJ).

' 5.1 -2 . , , , , . 2881 , -3-2 "

" :" - , ... - . ." (,

6391: 73 , - , -2191 (

) :" - ... , , ... , , ... ... ...

. ..."

- , , , - . , -, - . , . ' , , ,

11

(), '' ( '' ')

'' . ' -8581 '' . , . , '' -''. ('') , , 5.2 " . , '' ( ) . ' , ,

, . -91 . -1781 ' , , . -1981 , ', . , 2, , ', , . , . , . , , " - , , '' ( ), , , . '' '' , ' ' , ,

'' (0102 ,attiS-uba). , ' -8581 . '' -- ' ' ' - . ( , ) - . , . , . , , 1291 %5 . , , , (7002 .M ,notnuB). , , ' , , ( ) , -1981, ,

-9981 .

2: 1981: , 7491

, ' -1091 . , , -91. . -1091, ' , , ,

( ) : , ' . ( -) -. ', , . : () ; () ' , (,

21

)...; () (, - -, 1991).

', . , -7191, , , . , , ,

, .

- , , , - . "'" . , . . -91 , - 000,05-000,04 ( - 000,007 ). , '' . - "'", - , ( , , , ). '' , .

( , 5002; -, 4002). -91 '', , , . ', , - . , ( '' '') . , '' , , , , . ' , - . , -91, . " . ,

(, 7002; 4002). ' , ,

. '' , . ' , , , .

, - -

. '' , - . , - ( ) . - ( -), . - - (6-4 " )

( " ). , '' . , (, 6002). , , '' ( , ), . '' , -, . , , . ''',

, . , . -91 , , - . , '' . , , . - , . - ' ( ) -9981 (, 0591; -, 0002; , 9791; , 2002) -3191 , - '. '', , , . ' . , 8581, ,

. - ', , ,

31

( -), '' ( ). , . ' .

. , , . . , '', '' '', ''. '' . , . , - (, 7991).

- -7191, , . - " -0291. ,

. , . " 66.2 , -%53 . %05." , -09 . '' ". , , ( ) . "

, , '.

1: - ,

0291.

, ("), (")

("), , -

(, 7002; , 4002; -, 5002).6

:"... -8291 5.1 ... -5-4391 432,901,2 . , - , -5.3 ... , :

, , ." (, 2002) 7 : , . -0291 -1291 , . ( ) . , ( ). , , . , , , '' ( ). ' , . '', ,

' , -92 , 1291:" - ', [] " (eciffO sdroceR cilbuP).

. (' ') . -3291 (3291-0291 ,llennoDcM),

. 8 (), . ,

6 , , . ", ' ',

-, ", 622-022.7 '

-.8 ,

,redrO fo licnuoC enitselaP ehT ,2291 ,snoitaN fo eugaeL ehT noitces "yraiciduJ eviF traP ,'ecalaP mahgnikcuB eht ta detneserP etarapes hcus hsilbatse redro yb yam renoissimmoC hgiH ehT" :54 saera labirt rehto hcus rof dna abehsreeB fo tcirtsid eht rof struoC sa raf os ,motsuc labirt ylppa yam struoc hcuS .tif kniht yam eh sa."ytilarom ro ecitsuj larutan ot tnanguper ton si ti

41

, 8491 000,56 , , ( 3). (, 6991; , 2002). . , "" .9

3: 8491: , . ("). " " 26, 321.

, (hcabhsiF 3002), , 000,46 , (5491 ,enitselaP fo scitsitatS egalliV). , . , , ,

. , . , ( 4) . 04

9 , ,kraK dna ,.S ,namznarF hsitirB dna namottO etal eht ni tnemelttes niuodeB .)1102( .R latnemnorivne dna larutluc eht no ecneulfnI :enitselaP yrotadnam

221:1 ,seidutS nretsaE elddiM weN .84910781 ,epacsdnal.

" " - -5491 (enitselaP fo scitsitatS egalliV) , (8291) " " "".

- .

4

, 8391

. -7391 , - , , "" . , " "...01 , ,

11 6691 ":" ... " (). , , ( ) , (

)". , - -5491 ( , 7491, , 1/1495). ( 5) , , . , . '' '' 03-02 , , ', , . , , 5-4 , . . , , , .

01 (: , )27-23 /FCD ,7391 ,enitselaP fo tnemnrevoG)

51

, , , -.

8491 , - 8291, . , . 8491, . , , - ,

.

5 5491: 7491,

: ? , - , " " . , - , . - . , , , - ' , , . , . , , , - . ,

. ,

, . ,

, , , . , - %5.5 , . , " " , . , - , ,

. . , , . ( ) . , . , , , -. , 54 ( 005 ) . , , , . , , - . , -

. , , . , . , ,

.

61

-, . (5002). : , . . , 92-42.

-, . (0002). : . : ., . (0002). . : .

-, . (4002). : . : " .

, . (0591). : ', . : ., . ,. () .(9791). . : .

, . (4991). . : . . (). , . : .

, . (4991). : '. : ., . (4002). . : , .

, . ("), . -, ." , . 02 ,

5791, ' 1. , '', '' (2102). .

, : 752=dInoitacilbup?psa.weiVnoitacilbup/gro.mokmib.www//:ptth., . (8491). , -: ".

- ' 0102.1.03 -., ., , ., , . (2102). ' '. , ", ", 141-1.

, . . (6391). - ", " / . : .

, . (6002). : , . : ., . (7002). : -. .

( 36), 15-41, . ( 7791). . . 4, 231-121:

lmth.74040/ardetak/slanruoj_beh/li.21k.tinuns.www//:ptth

, . (6991). : . : -., ., -, . -, '. (1991). :

. ", 96-93., . . (4002). . . 8. 9-1.

fdp.1ra/40ced/beh/rettelswen/gro.halada.www., . (2002). . . ( : 4791 -: ).

, . 0102. - -, 0102.1.03. ., . (2002). .

-. ", 622-022., . (6491). -. -: -.

, . (5791). . : ". 6: lmth.3360/itra/niudeb/li.21k.tinuns.www//:ptth.

.skooB nhahgreB :kroY weN .yrutneC niuodeB A .)1002( .A ,a'ibaR-ubA

.fdp.repaP02%etC02%SB/fdp/gro.sdnalp.www//:ptth :egatireH deineD ehT .)0102( .S ,attiS-ubA

ni sbarA niuodeB dna waL thgiR namuH :ecitsuJ)nI( suonegidnI .)2102( .)sde( .O ,lehcatfiY dna .I ,daaS-ubA ,.A ,aramA.sserP dravraH .learsI ,baqaN/vegeN eht

.erffoC-el .baoM ed syaP ua sebarA seD .)8091( nessuaJ ninotnA

17

Bailey, C. (1985). Dating the Arrival of the Bedouin Tribes in Sinai and the Negev. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 28( 1), 20 -49.

Bunton, M. (2007). Land Policies in Palestine 1917-1936. London: Oxford University Press.

Fischbach, M. (2003). Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab Israeli Conflict. New York, Columbia University Press.

Franzman, S., and Kark, R. (2011). Bedouin settlement in the late Ottoman and British mandatory Palestine: Influence on the cultural and environmental landscape, 18701948. New Middle Eastern Studies. 1, 1-22.

Ghazi, F. (1983). The Development of the 'Planned Bedouin Settlements' in Israel 19641982: Evaluation and Characteristics. Geoforum. 14.

Hull, E.(1885). Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine. London: Richard Bentley.

McDonnell, M. (ed.) Law Reports of Palestine. 1920-1923.

Meir, A. (1997). As Nomadism Ends: the Israeli Bedouin of the Negev. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press.

Musil, A. (1907). Arabia Petrea, Vol. 2. Edom, G. Olms: Zurich.

Seetzen, U. (1855). Reisen durch Syrien, Palestina, Poenicien, die Transjordan Lander, Arabia Petraeu und Unter-Aegypten. Berlin: G. Reamer (German).

".)2902( 510 , " ," .1/5941 , .)1947( .

.L 2/127/18 ' 1/33 L/6289/2 , , , " ''

Political Report for March. (1921). Public Records Office, C.O. 733/2/21/21698/folio 77 March 1921, London.

Village Statistics of Palestine. (1945). Issued by the Government of Palestine, Jerusalem, p. 37.

81

-

-

: (ytlanep cinhte), (ytlanep redneg) (ytlanep milsuM). - ( ) : , . , " ,

.

: , (8002 dalbsooR & laarK). ( " ) (5002 ,doodoM) " ", (6002 ,la te nospmiS). , ; , . . , , (8002 dalbsooR & laarK). ", , (8002 ycnegA tnempoleveD nodnoL). , (8002 nilesO & deeR). " , , , , "-

" (5002 madahgoM ,8891 bajiH). , , - -

. , -

, .

, , , , . , , . ,

- . . 6691-8491 , . . 8891 - - . , ( ) . - .

: , . ,

(8002 ,elaD). (tnemyolpme diap) , . . , .))5002 reebaK ;9991 sggakS & nnuD ;9991 ztefahC , , "" , , .

" ": ,

91

(6002 la te nospmiS). " " /: , , , , , ( ), , , , )0002 la te mharK ;1102 euX iL-reinraG ;9991 ihcnaiB & nehoC(.

" ": , , , )5002 )latipac laicos( gibieL & tnomuD(. : , , , (7002 nehoC & daeR-lazahG ;4002 la te dnalgnE). , . , . ( ); . , , , (0791 iccurreP). , (4002 la te dnalgnE).

. , , - , , ,

. ; . , . . (0102), , ( ) . , ,

(0102 la te sgnireipS). ; (3002 la te fesinA). , ,

, ,

(0002 la te mharK). , "" , (evalcne cinhte), . . . , ,

) )2002 battahK.

" ": -

, , "". ( ) -" ". - %52-%02 (8002 ycnegA tnempoleveD nodnoL). , , . , ,

() (6002 la te elaD). , (0102 samohT), . , -

" , , . ,

(5002 yekcaS ;4002 daeR-lazahG). - "". -

" , . , , . , (692:8002 ,nilesO dna daeR). , .

02

" (60002 nworB). , , , (1002 scivomoylS & hpesoJ). , . - , / . . , ,

(8991 ,zanhahS). ", , . , , . "-" (5002 tahgihgaH), (7991 ,hpesoJ). "

(6002 radreK ;5002 madahgoM).' (8891 ,bajiH) , . ' , . , , . , , , , .

. . , , "" . . , , , (6002 ,radreK). . , ,

. - . , , (5002 iniravahS ;3002 rekaB-ubA). (9991 irkuhS ;8891 bajiH) , ,

.

.

-

. . , , ( ) . , . . , , , , , (, 2002). " " 9002 " , ". ',

(, 2102). ( ) , : , , . , . , (2991 vonoymeS & nietspE-niweL). , , , " " ( ) (1102 ,odbA).

. , .

, .

12

, . , " " (1102 ,odbA) . , , , . , , . ; , (2002 battahK). , : 51 8002 %1.12, %75 . -DCEO %26

(1102 ,haladA). :

? :

. (9002) . : , , , . , . , . , , , , "", . . , . (2991 vonoymeS & nietspE-niweL; , 9002). . " (8002), - %34 , %91 . : , , , ; , . , , , , (, 7002). " -

(8002) %48

. "

(, 1102). , , , - (2002 ,battahK), ,

, .

:

. , , , .

, , ; , . , . , , . ,

(7991 rieM ;4991 aibaR-ubA). 6691-8491 . " -1.1 , . , , (, 9002). ; 0591 " ", ,

( , 8002). , . .

. , , ; , . , , "" , . , , . . , ( 04 ), . , -. ,

22

, . ,

. , , , , (6002 ,redeuQ-aibaR-ubA), . , , ( ). 8891 - , , () . , (48 11/01021). (%03) , -

, . . , , (0002 aksobwokaJ ;8002 beilttoG & redaB-ubA). ,

, ." (-, 9002) , - .

.

: ( ), " " 5691. , 00,57 000,09 , - %2 . , , . , . , , ,

1 , 0102, /12: 161).

. , : , . , . (8002 daaS-ubA). . " 4002 - %08,

( , 8002). 6891 " " . , ( , ), , ( , 8002). ,

.

- :- - " , ("). " . , , ", . , " - (8002) %48 . , ( ) . " . " , WADEC ( '', 7002), - %09 . ,

.

: , (2891 ,nitsA). , , . - , , , . , 9002-8002

32

' - %9.02, - %02 %3.5 2. ; - 7002/6002 %7.0 ( ) , %3.2 ( ), %9.4 %8.6 3. , () , . 1102-0102 (371 892 ), - 4 4. ". . (6002 ,redeuQ-aibaR-ubA). , , . . "" 4002 , 03 -%08. , , , , ,

- .

: , , , (" , 4002/3002). . , . ,

(1102 ,haladA). '- (7002)

(15,7002). , , .

. , , , ,

2 , 0102, /9: 0513 , 0102, /02: 8

4 , 0102, /12: 16.

- (9002, 3) "

" , " ". 6002 %29.5

, %2 . - 0102 -%1 . (, 1102, 72).

51 %3.4 ( ) %4.91 ( ). %9.25 -%8.45 .5 . , - ,

%4.21 %4.94 .6 ( 8002) . , %9.4 %1.41 .7 8002 . , 8002 , ( %6.5 %4.2 .8). ,

. - . , (%7.66) (%83). '' , ,

.9 ( ) . - (9002, 5) 7002 053,4 ", 949,5 " -467,5 . . 3.23 " , 5.04 " . 0002 %55 01 -. 7002/6002 ;

5 , 0102, /11: 9016

7 , 0102, /31: 0118 9

01 , 4002: /2

42

7002, 9702 , 2684 .11

:" (7002) . . , ( )

.21 0102, , ( ), () (-, , ). , .

. , . , , , "" . 03, , , ,

.

: - . , . . : , , . , . , - , ( ) ( ), .

.

11 , 0102: /221 , 0102, /6: 432.

: , (3991 ,sivaD-lavuY & saihtnA): -

, . : , () . ,

, : ':

.1. : , , ,

..2. : , ,

. ':

, . , . , , ,

. ':

, . . -. ' -' , , . . . , , . , , . , ,

.

52

: , ' , ' (8002). , -: . 6,

-: .-, ' (8002). : . . :

.-, ' (9002). : . . :

., ' '', ' (7002). - : , . ' : .

'-, ' (7002). . , ' '-, '. (). (' 37-74). , -: ".

, ' , ' (9002). : ? , ', -, ', -, ' , ' (). : (' 952-732).,

-: ". (7002). . : : .

, ' (9002). : . : ., ' (1102). : . +21 . .

(0102). , , : .

(2102). : ., ' (7002). . : .

(4/3002). , : . ., ', , ', -, ' , ' (9002). 46-81.

, ., ' (2002). . , -: ().

.nodnoL :skooB deZ .pihsnezitiC dna redneG ,ecaR :learsI ni nemoW .)1102( .N ,odbA

ni nemow nainitselaP gnuoy rof ytilibats susrev egnahC ?nemow gnikrow ro nemow reeraC" .)3002( .K ,rekaB-ubA901-58 ,)II traP( yrotsiH ilearsI fo lanruoJ ehT .learsI

.srehsilbuP greB :drofxO .gniraeR kcotseviL dna niuodeB ehT .)4991( .A ,aibaR ubA

elamef niuodeB fo melborp eht gnidnatsrednU :noitazinredom dna noitidart neewteB .)6002( .S ,redeuQ-aibaR-ubA53-1 ,1,71 ,noitacudE fo ygoloicoS fo lanruoJ hsitirB .tuopord

seidutS :ragaH .sbarA niuodeB baqaN lA gnoma ecnatsiser suonegidni dna elur etatS :noitcudortnI .)8002( .I ,daaS-ubA.52 3 ,2,8 ,seititnedI dna ytiloP ,erutluC ni

afiaH .learsI ni ytironiM barA-nainitselaP ehT :tropeR ytilauqenI ehT .)1102( .haladA

.adanaC ni etaudarg ytisrevinu ytironim laicar dna stnargimmi fo semoctuo tekram ruobaL .)3002( .F.egroeG & .P ,fesinA.225-994,4,4 ,noitargetnI dna noitargiM lanoitanretnI fo lanruoJ

tsicaR-itnA eht dna ssalC dna roloC ,redneG ,noitaN ,ecaR :seiradnuoB dezilaicaR .3991 .ariN ,sivaD-lavuY & ayolF ,sihtnAY.N & nodnoL :egdeltuoR .elggurtS

.ssaB -yessoJ :ocsicnarF naS .noitacudE rehgiH ni seitironiM .)2891( .A ,nitsA

s'nemoW .nemow milsuM hsitirB gnoma ytitnedi cimalsI fo elor ehT :sthgiR s'nemow milsuM gnisaeleR .)6002( .K ,nworB.034-714,92 ,muroF lanoitanretnI seidutS

rehsilbuP regnirpS :notsuoH ,notsuoH fo ytisrevinU .redneG fo ygoloicoS eht fo koobdnaH .)9991( .J ,ztefahC

,weiveR robaL ylhtnoM .?wonk ew od tahW :tnemyolpme s'nemow dna nerdlihc ,egairraM .)9991( .S ,ihcnaiB & .P ,nehoC13-22 ,21 ,221

.71-1 ,3,7 ,enilnO hcraeseR lacigoloicoS .nemow ihsedalgnaB dna inatsikaP fo noisulcxe laicoS .)2002( .A ,elaD

26

Dale, A., Lindley, J. & Dex S. (2006). A life course perspective on ethnic differences in women's economic activity in Britain. European sociological Review, 22,4, 459-476.

Dumont, J.C. & Liebig, T. (2005). Labour Market Integration of Immigrant Women: Overview and Recent Trends. Paper prepared for the OECD and European Commission Seminar, Migrant Women and the Labor Market: Diversity and Challenges.

Dunn, D. & Skaggs, S. (1999). Gender and paid work in industrial nations. In J. Chafetz (Ed.). Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (pp. 321-343). University of Houston, Houston: Springer Publisher.

England, P., Gracia-Bealieu, C. & Ross, M. (2004). Womens employment among blacks, whites and thee groups of latinas: Do more privileged women have higher employment?, Gender & Society, 18,4, 494-509.

Fellows, M. & Razack, S. (1998). The race to innocence: Confronting hierarchical relations among women. Journal of Gender, Race and Justice, 1, 335-352.

Francis, B. (2002). Is the future really female? The impact and implication of gender for 14-16 years olds career choices. Journal of Education and Work, 15, 75-88.

Garnier-Li Xue, G. (2011). Canadian immigrant's access to a first job in their intended occupation. Int. Journal of Migration and Integration, 12, 275-303.

Ghazal-Read, J. (2004). Cultural influence on immigrant women's labor force participation: The Arab American case. International Migration Review, 38,1, 52-77.

Ghazal-Read, J. & Cohen, P. (2007). One size fits all? Explaining U.S.-born and immigrant women's employment across 12 ethnic groups. Social Forces, 85,4, 1713-1734.

Haghighat, E. (2005). Neopatriarchy, Islam and female labour force participation: a reconsideration. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 25,10\11, 84-105.

Hijab, N. (1988). Womanpower: The Arab Debate on Woman at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jakobowska, L. (2000). Finding ways to make a living: Employment among the Negev Bedouin. Nomadic People, 4,2, 94 105.

Joseph. S. (1997). The Public/Private: The imagined boundary in the imagined nation/state/community: The Lebanese case. Feminist Review, 57, 73-92.

Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender, equality and women's empowerment: A critical analyses of the third millennium development goal. Gender & Development, 13, 1, 13 24.

Kerdar, S. (2006). The development of womens education in the Arab world. In R. Griffin (Ed.). Education in the Muslim World: Different Perspectives (pp. 191211). Oxford: Symposium

Kraal, K. & Roosblad, J. (2008). Equal opportunities on the labour market for immigrant people and ethnic minorities. IMISCOE working paper No. 22. IMISCOE network office: Amsterdam

Khattab, N. (2002). Ethnicity and Female Labor Market Participation: A New Look at the Palestinian Enclave in Israel. Work Employment and Society, 16, 91-110.

Krahm H., Derweing, T., Mulder, M. & Wilinson, L. (2000). Educated and unemployed: Refugee integration into Canadian labour market. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 1, 1, 59-84.

Lewin-Epstein, N. & Semyonov, M. (1992). Modernization and subordination: Arab women in the Israeli labour force. European Sociological Review, 8 , 1, 39-51.

London Development Agency. (2008). Valuing family, valuing work: British Muslim women and the labour market. London: The Young Foundation and LDA.

Marx, E. (1977). The tribe as a unit of subsistence: Nomadic pastoralism in the Middle East. American Anthropologist, 79, 2, 343-363.

Meir, A. (1997). As Nomadism Ends: The Israeli Bedouin of the Negev. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Modood, T. (2005). Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Moghadam, V. (2004). Patriarchy in transition: Women and the changing family in the Middle East. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 35, 2 , 137162.

Moghadam, V. (2005). Women's economic participation in the Middle East: What difference has the neoliberal policy turn made? Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 1 ,1, 110-146

27

Perrucci, C. (1970). Minority status and the pursuit of professional careers: Women in science and engineering. Social Forces, 49 , 2, 245-259.

Reed, J. & Oselin, S. (2008). Gender and the education-employment paradox in ethnic and religious contexts: The case of Arab American. American Sociological Review, 73, 296-313.

Sackey, H. (2005). Female Labour Force Participation in Ghana: The Effects of Education. AERC Research Paper 150.African Economic Research Consortium: Nairobi.

Shahnaz, K. (1998). Muslim women: Negotiations in the third space. Signs, 23, 2, 463-494.

Simpson, L. Purdam, K. Tajar, A. Fieldhouse E. & Gavalas, V. (2006). Ethnic Minority Population and the Laour Market: An Analysis of the 1991 and 2001 Census. Dept. for Work and Pension. Research Report 333. UK

Shukri, S. (1999). Social Changes and Women in the Middle East: State Policy, Education, Economics and Development. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Spierings, N., Smits, J. & Verloo, M. (2010). Micro and macro level determinants of women's employment in six Arab countries. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 72, 1391-1407.

Sullivan, E. & Kurayem, K. (1981). Women and Work in the Arab World. Cairo Press in Social Science: The American University in Cairo.

Thomas, K. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparities in education-occupation mismatch status among immigrants in South Africa and the United states. International Journal of Migration and Integration, 11, 383-401.

82

- 8491. , -, . 8491 - 000,56 -000,09 . 8491 , , , . -2591 000,11 . , . , - , . , " ", - , -01

8491. - ( , , , , -, ), , . . , ; . ; , , - - , . ,

. -

, .

- 8491. -5 , , .

- , . ,

- . 8491 - 000,56 -000,09 (0991 ,llerddaM ;9891 ,halaF). 8491 , ( - , - ). , 91 59 . -2591 000,11 (0991 ,llerddaM ;9891 ,halaF;7691 ,xraM). , ( , 0002; 0891 ,kcitsuL). 21 91 - , - , (, 3991). , " ", - , -%01 8491 (9891 ,halaF ;0891 ,kcitsuL ;7691 ,xraM). , 6691 (6691-8491), . , , " " , , . , (9891 ,halaF ;0891 ,kcitsuL ;7691 ,xraM). (7691) siyriJ "

" (441 .p). 6691, -. , , (4002 ,daaS-ubA & ,kciwhtiL ,daaS-ubA ;1991 ,daaS-ubA). , , . - 000,3 , (, 8991,' 01). -6691, ,

-

-

:

- 92 92

. - , (, 9991); - ( , 9002; -, a1102; , 8002; -, 8991). , , , , ( ,

2102; , 8002; -, 8991). , . , . , , , -

-.

- ( , , , , -, ), , . . , ; . ; , , - - , . , . : " (" ") , " (, 9991, ' 374). ( , , , , , , ) - , - (7991 ,daaS-ubA ;5991 ,daaS-ubA). , . -. , : , "" .

- 3691.7.13: - , , . 88 . .

.

. , , . . , . , - (,

3691.7.13). - , . , . (0002 ,kciwhtiL & daaS-ubA; , 9002;

0002 ,kciwhtiL ;4991 ,lleWoDcM).

- , -05 , 05 -. - , - ( )

. , . , "" " ", " ". , , : (, , , , , ). .

: : , , . , , , ,

)96 .p ,6002 ,nossaH dna iksriwS). . , ( ), . , , , . -

(8002 ,daaS-ubA). 4002 -

03

. , 11 64 , -53 ,

- (-, 0102). , . , , , ; . ,

. . , , . , . , -, . .

- " " -, - . . , ( , ) ( 1). -, , . , ,

.

1: - 1

32

11 12

13 14

161819

1 " 6002, : , 9002

2 1 791 -35 .3 1 01 .

32

5811 4594374385901

9091939101591

11

01-1

783 773 571 431

- , , . , . , . (8491-1291) - , ' . , (', '), , , . , . ' . , 21-5. . ' , ', , (6591 ,iwabiT ;7691 ,namreB). . , , "" , ,

, . , . . , , . , . -. , ,

- (-, 7002).

13

, , . . -04 (1991 ,daaS-ubA). , . " 053 , -000,2 . 022 (, %73 ) (, 0991). . . , . , - ; . , , . - , , ,

(-, 7002 ,4002 ,a0891 ,kcitsuL( ;1102. 6691 ( ). , , . , , . , , , . , 7691, , 8491. ( 8491 ) , , , . , , . , , . ,

. , , . . -9691 , (7891 ,daaS-ubA & nnamueN ,lahcieR). - 8791 ,

'-' - 51-41 (8791 ,i'raM). ,

, . ,

, ,

-. " ('-") - 464,76, - 611 , 08 , 92 - 7 ( , 2102). 2

".

2: "

"

"

15559135 523611137

325501127 34546-24

0756142167107452124691648-35

36881631692 4647661179208"

-53 -. -. . - "", . , "" , , , , . , . , . - , -, , (,daaS-ubA ;0991 ,llerddaM

1002 ,hctaW sthgiR namuH ;1002 ,A1102). 8991 - -

, - . " - , /

, - :

23

, , - , , .

. (-, 5002, ' 2). - - -. , , - , . , ", - , (, 4002). -

-12. - , - -1891. , . . - , , . "-", - "" - "/ -". (4002), , - " , - ?" ,

: ", " (' 1). 5002, , - 4002 , . , , . 33 , 91 - 53 - 6

.

, . , , (-, 1102). (0991),

, , .

- - . , , , , , ,

. . .

(4791): , -. , , , -, . , -, , .

(' 19). , " ", , . . (4791) :

, , , . , , : " - ?"..." "..." "... " , ,

"... (' 39). . , , . , . , -, . . (

1891; , 6991). : - , , . ... , , , . , . , ', , , , . 53 , , '' ,

33

, . , , , , . (,

6991, ' 8).

: - , . , , . , , , (-, a1102, 4002 ;8791 ,iraM ;5991 ,jaH-lA). ( ). , .

': , , , "", : ,

(5991, ' 8). , -

. (5891): - , - . - - , , , , . . -, , , , . ,

(' 53). " , " ( 6991, ' 13).

: , , : , , , '... . : , , , , , , ,

, ...

(, 6991, ' 03).

- . , , . , . , , (, 6991).

, / / , - - . , .

, , , , . , . , , .

: , , , , -, , , , -

( , 6002, ' 4).

- . ,

. - . -. - . -. , , . , . (6791) -

: - : . ,

43

-. , - . , . , -, , . -''

- (' 7). , , , , (9891 ,senyaH ;7891 ,nosreneH), (7891 ,narhcoC), (9891 ,senyaH), (4891 ,rehceB), (8891 ,hciR)

(9691 ,sreyeM dna ybsgiR ,lliDcM). (", ) , . ,

:

. 1 , - , . , " 94.13, 97.72 . , - 566, 273 , 17.1 ", 62.4 " - 19.3 " ( , 7002). . "

(7002): , 5002, 052,1 ,

:052 .

057 ( ,

') .052 . 051 (' 01).

. 2 - .

, .

, , . ,

(-, a1102). , , . - , ,

.

. 3 , . - - , . - , - 94 - 5.14 ( , 6002). , . , - .

. 4 . 5002 -6002 - - . " -, , -, . - . -%08 - , . - -003 -062 . -

. - , (, 6002;

, 6002).

. 5 - , . , , . , . , , .

53

, .

.

. 6 , .

. ,

. , 8891, , . " ": " 12-3 , , , , ". , " , , , : ,

".

. 7 , -53 0102-9002 81 , 21 ( , 1102). 1

0102-5002 ( , 1102).

1: , 0102-5002

, . -. . .

. , .

. . , , . , " . , , ( ). , , , . : ( ) ,

.

. 8 " (", 2102). , . -0102

5002 2 ( , 1102). ,

.

2: ,

0102-5002

. %22

63

(%22 %44 ). %86 %18 (, 2102). , , - ( ), . 001 (, 2102). 01/9002, 92-02 %6.3 %9.31 %5.91 %4.31

%3.7 ( 3). " ,

.

3: 01/9002

92-02

, :

1. ( 1 2).

2. ( 1).3. (, , ( ), , ,

.

- ( , , , , ).

, -. ,

. - -, , -. ' (6991) : " , . ,

-" (' 281). (5002): -

. ; , ,

(' 09). - . , -

. ,

, .

- 12.

: . . 1

, . :

.

(, , , , ", ,

, ). (

, , , ).

, .

( ), .

73

- 3-0. - -

4-3. ( )

,

. . . 2

,

. . . 3

/,

. . . 4

. , . , : ( , , , , , )

8891. . . 5

, .

:. 6 . (

) , , .

(12-02) .

- .

.

. . , -

. - ,

. . . 7

. /

.

. . 8

- .. . 9

' . . . 01

(-) - - . . . ,

. . . 11

, / . , .

. . . 21

( ) , . , ,

. . . 31

',

. -. -. 41

, , . , , -

. . . 51

. , , , . , ,

83

. ", ,

. -

.

, . , . (9002). , -: . :

.-, . (1102a). . : - ().

-, . (1102b). (): , . -. '-' () : , . : -, 421-811.

-, . (0102). : , . : , - .-, . (7002). - : - . , . ().

(7002). : . -: .-, . (4002). - - . , 239-119.

', . (6991). : . : , .-, . (5002). -, , ' 41, ' 3-1. :

fdp.2imoc/50nuj/beh/rettelswen/gro.halada.www//:ptth

, . : . : ." - (2102). " ": -. :

. : fdp.2102_tropeR_migeseH/amar/selif/li.vog.noitacude.adyem//:ptth (2102). : .

, . (5002). , : . (), - . : , 801-98.

(6002). - . : . (7002). . :

., . (5891). : . 4, 43-63.

, . (4791). . . 4 () 401-58. (1102). " - 0102. : . :

mth.0102citsitatSnepO/vahsahT/minuteN/smaxE/stinU/SMCnoitacudE/li.vog.noitacude.smc//:ptth

( 2102) . . : . : xpsa.todsom/tensmi/li.vog.noitacude.hcunih//:ptth

, . (6002). - - - . : .

, . ( 2102). - %11 . , - 12 . : 1656481.1/noitacude/swen/li.oc.zteraah.www//:ptth

, . (0991). : . : . , . (4002). : . . ' 5, ' 5-1. :

fdp.1ra/40pes/beh/rettelswen/gro.halada.www//:ptth

, . (8002). . : ., ' (3991). - -

. , , . : -.

, ' -, ' (8991). : . : ., ' (9991). . '

39

. : )211-226 '( ,)( -.12-10 ,15 . ,) ( : ,)1998( . ,

.108-99 ,31 . , .)1981( ' , ' , : , .)1996( .' ,

. : . . ,)( ' ' , : .)1999( ' ,

.473-796 , :Abu-Saad, I. (1991). Toward an understanding of minority education in Israel: The case of the Bedouin Arabs of the Negev. Comparative Education. 27 (2), 235-242.

Abu-Saad, I. (1995). Bedouin Arab education in the context of radical social change: What is the future? Compare. 25 (2), 149-160.

Abu-Saad, I. (1997). The Education of Israels Negev Bedouin: Background and prospects. Israel Studies. 2(2), 21-39.

Abu-Saad, I. (2008). Spatial transformation and indigenous resistance: The urbanization of the Palestinian Bedouin in Southern Israel. American Behavioral Scientist. 51(12), 1713-1754.

Abu-Saad, I., & Lithwick, H. (2000). A way ahead: Development Plan for the Bedouin Towns in the Negev. Beer Sheva: The Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and the Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev.

Abu-Saad, I., Lithwick, H., & Abu-Saad, K. (2004). A preliminary evaluation of the Negev Bedouin experience of urbanization: Findings of the urban household survey. Beer Sheva, Israel: The Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and the Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Al-Haj, M. (1995). Education, Empowerment, and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel. Albany, NY: State University of New York.

Becher, R. (1984) Parent Involvement: A Review of Research and Principles of Successful Practice. National Institute of Education, Washington, DC.

Berman, M. (1967). Social Change among the Beersheba Bedouin. Human Organization. 26(1) 69-76.

Cochran, M. (1987) The parental empowerment process: building on family strength. Equity and Choice. 4, 924.

Haynes, N., Comer, J. and Hamilton-Lee, M. (1989). School climate enhancement through parental involvement. Journal of School Psychology. 27, 8790.

Henderson, A. (1987) The Evidence Continues to Grow: Parent Involvement Improves Student Achievement. National Committee for Citizens in Education, Columbia, MD.

Falah,G. (1989). Israeli State Policy toward Bedouin Sedentarization in the Negev. Journal of Palestine Studies. 18 (2) 71-91.

Human Rights Watch. (2001). Second Class: Discrimination against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Jiryis, S. (1976). The Arabs in Israel. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Lithwick, H. (2000) An Urban Development Strategy for the Negev's Bedouin Community. Beer Sheva: The Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Lustick, I. (1980). Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's Control of a National Minority. University of Texas Press: Austin.

Maddrell, P. (1990). The Bedouin of the Negev. London: Minority Rights Group Report No.81.

Mar'i, S. K. (1978). Arab Education in Israel. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Marx, E. (1967). Bedouin of the Negev. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

McDowell, D. (1994). The Palestinians: The Road to Nationhood. London: Minority Rights Publications.

McDill, E., Rigsby, L. and Meyers, E. (1969) Educational Climates of High Schools: Their Effects and Sources. Center for the Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Reichal, A., Neumann, Y. and Abu-Saad, I. (1987). Organizational Climate and Work Satisfaction of Male and Female Teachers in Bedouin Elementary Schools. Israel Social Science Research 4, pp. 34-48.

Rich, D. (1988). Bridging the parent gap in education reform. Educational Horizons 66, 9092.

Swirski, S., & Hasson, Y. (2006). Invisible citizens: Israel government policy toward the Negev Bedouin. Beer-Sheva, Israel: Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Tibawi, A. (1956). Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine. London: Luzac.

04

1. , , . , , , - (, 9991; , 5002 -ubA;0002 ,kciwhtiL dna daaS). , , - , . , , -%06 -, , , , 1. , '' . ' ' . , , 2. , , , . -, , , , - . , . , , , -. , , --

. , , , , : - . , , -

1 1. , 8002, , ' 3, 0102 (' 83)

/2, 1102-8002. 2 , - . , 7/6002 ( /1,

, ' 3, 0102, ' 29).

/ 3 , , , '. , , , , . , - , " , , , . .

- , ,

. , , . , , . / ,

. , , , , , ,

. , -

- . , .

2. , . .

3 , , . , , . . . 06

.

-

,

14

" 8491 , . , 4. , , , 9491 . , -21 , , (, 4791). 9491 ' ' - - , , -.

. . - , , -- . , - , . , -05. , , , (, 4791; ,

- -, 1991). - , , , . , ,

- . - -05, (, 9002). . , ( , 6691). . 2691 -. - (, 9002). , , , , , -, .

4 - (4002) ", . , , . , , -, 7691 .

" .

.

, -, , . , 4691,

. -, 7691. - (002,1 ). . , . - . . . .

-07. -, 5, . - . , " . , -. , , , '' . , , . , ' '. , -, , . , ,

(, 9002). 6 , -, -08, : , , , . . , - , . , , , ,

(4002 ,daaS-ubA dna kciwhtiL ,daaS-ubA).

5 , .

6 -000,01 .

24

3. 3. . -, 7 1, , - 8. - , , , . , , ( 1). 8002 , , ( , 1102, /7, , ' 3, 0102, ' 34). , . , - , . ,

9.

1. 9002-5991.

: , ' 3, 0102, ' 83, /2.

7 . , , . ( -05 ) (04 ) .

. 8 , 0102: /21snoitacilbup/li.vog.sbc.www//:ptth

fdp.3031_574/fdp/01seitirohtua_lacol9 , ,

.

, , . - ( 2). . , , ( /5, , ' 3, 0102, ' 14).

2. 9002 - .

: , ' 3, 0102, ' 09, /3.

, , , - , , -

.3. . nwod-poT - , -02, , (7291 ,kraP). , , , , . , , -, ,

(, 4002). ? ? ?

34

? " .

. , , , , -, , . , , , -05 (-, 4002, ' 891;

4002 ,daaS-ubA dna kciwhtiL ,daaS-ubA)., 01 , . '' . , , , . , , ,

. , , -02, , . , - . - , , , nwod-pot , ,

(9791 ,doowrednU dna yelaeH ;2891 ,siraP). , . deirF (0002), nworB dna snikreP, nworB (2002) , , . , , , , 11.

01 - 6891 - . ( 7002) .

. 11 avotsinaN ( ,llezzU & ssoR-reggiwT, 6991) , .

04 .

, ,

, ,

(-, 9002; 9002 ,rieM dna learsI-neB). , ' ' -. -, , -- ,

(-, ., , 3102).3. . - - , (5002 ,rieM). , . , -, , , (,

0002; , 4002). . , , , , . , (, 4791). ''21, -, 31, , , . '' . , , ,

. , - , . , . , , . - , '' (- , 1002;

, 4002).

21 '', '', ', '', '' ('').

31 '', '' ('', '').

44

, , . , '' . , ' '41. '' , , 51 ,

61 (, 0002). - , , , : , - ''. , . , ,

(- , 1002). '. 81 ' , . ' 71. ' , , , ' . ' -09 -05 (7991 ,rieM). , . - (6991) -- , ' ' . , ,

41 (3791) '' , ,

- . 51 noitazilaitaps . 61 (1102) -%07 -%07 .

''. 71 ' ,

.

, - .

. , - -, (9991 ,retsneF). , - , , . -, - (6002 ,redeuQ-aibaR-ubA). ,

. . , , . . , , '' , (hcirdeirF-medeK ;4002 ,daaS-ubA dna kciwhtiL ,daaS-ubA 4002 ,henwatA-lA dna). , (1102 ,rekkeG dna rieM; , , , 3102). . , - . , , , , - .

3. . -- - , (;5991 ,lehcatfiY 0002 ,kciwhtiL & daaS-ubA). , , - . , , , . , - 54 -005 , , " 53 (", 9991).

, ,

54

. -0002, (-, 5991; 9991 ,rieM; , 5002). ' - . -, - , , , , , , . - , . , (0002), . , , -81. , 3 , . . , (). , ,

(-, 9002) , , , / , - . , , , (002 ) , . , ' -

.' - . - , , . , , , . , , - , , , ,

, , " .

81 - - .

, - 1 01,

7, 02 .

, . , , ( -, 9002). , - , , ,

. , - , , , , -

(; 9002 ,beilttoG dna redaB-ubA 6002 ,dniksaB dna rieM ;1002 rendraG dna xraM). , , . , , - , , '' ' '. , . , , , . , , .

(5002 ,rieM).' , , . 91. (-, 9002). - , 02, -, , , . - , , . , , ,

91 '' , (0991 ,llaH), - . (1991) '' , ,

. 02 )6991( ,llezzU dna ssoR-reggiwT sseneuqinu - ssenevitcnitsid , ,

'-'.

64

, (2991 ,snikreP dna nworB).

, , '' '', '. , , , ,

.3. . , " - , , -. -, " -, '-'. , . . (seitinema) . , (2002 ,ztnarF dna ezsalG ,retsbeW). , , . , -, , . , , , . , , - (', 1102). , , ,

. , -, - . . ' ' '' , . , , . , .

,

., , : , , , (8002 ,rieM dna learsI-neB). , - . - ( ), . , , ,

(-, 9002)., , , , , , . . , : , , 12, , , , . ' ' , ,

. , , , , , (, 1991). , , , , . , (, , 3102). , , , / , -

.

12 , -.

74

, , , -- - , . , / '' . . , "

. , , " . (-, 9002). , , , "

.3. . - , , - , . '', , , , (-, 9002). ' ', , , , , , , . , , , , . , , ,

. , -, . , . 22 , . , , " . (

22 . .

) -

. - - '', , .

, , , -, , . (, 501). , , , -, (9991 ,retsneF; - , 3102). , . , , -

. , / , (- , 3102). , , . , ,

.

- , . - . . , , , . 021 . , , " , . - - - . - , : , ,

84

, , ,

-. - , , . , , . , , . , , . - , ,

. , , . , , , , - . , ,

-, - . , , . -, , . - , . , , . . --

. . , -, . , ,

.

: , . (, 3102). " ": .

(), . , . (4002). . , 34, ' 92 53.

, . , . (6691). - . , . -, . (5991). : , . , ' 04, ' 19-16.

-, . (4002). . : " .

-, . , . (1002). . : . -, . (9002). --, -.

, , - . , . , . ( 3102'). " " (-) -

-". : , . () . , . , . ( 3102'). " : ( 613) ". : , . , . () . : ,

., , . () (1102). , ' 3, 0102. -:

. ', . (1102). . , .

, . , . (0002). " : ". , 61, ' 001-76., . (9991). , . : .

, . -, . (6991). " ". , - , 54, ' 48-17.

, . , . (6002). : , . : , . , . -, , -. ' 54-31.

49

.)1999( ) - ( " . - . -

. :- . .)1974( . ,. : . .)2005( . , , ,

' ," , : . .)1991( . ,.132-145

.63-69 ' ,32 , . , .)2000( . , . ,) ( .. .)2011( . ,

, , )( - . : .)2004( . , .41-90 ' , :- . , ,'

. - , :- .1948-1973 .)2009( . , : . .)1991( .' ,- ,. ,- ,. . ,

.39-70 ' ," , . ,- . : .)1991( . ,

Abu-Rabia-Queder, S. (2006). Between tradition and modernization: Understanding Bedouin female dropout. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27(1), 1 17.

Abu-Saad, I. & Lithwick, H. (2000). A way ahead, a development plan for the Bedouin towns in the Negev. Beer Sheva, The center for Bedouin studies and development, The Negev center for regional development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Abu-Saad, I., Lithwick, H., and Abu-Saad, K. (2004). A Preliminary Evaluation of the Negev Bedouin Experience of Urbanization. Beer-Sheva: The Negev Centre for Regional Development and The Centre for Bedouin Studies & Development.

Ben-Israel, A. and Meir, A. (2008). Renaming the space, reshaping identities the case of the Bedouin town Hura. Hagar. Studies in Culture, Polity and identities, 8(2), 65-92.

Brown, B., Perkins, D. and Brown G. (2002). Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 259271.

Brown, B. and Perkins, D. (1992). Disruption in place attachment. In: Altman, I & Low. S. (Eds.) Place Attachment. New York: Plenum Press.

Fried, M. (2000). Continuities and Discontinuities of Place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20, 193-205.

Hall, S. (2003). New Ethnicity. In: Martin, A and Mandieta, E. (Eds), Identities: Race, Class, Gender, and Nationality. Malden, Blackwell.

Healey, P. and Underwood, J. (1979). Professional Ideals and Planning Practice, Progress in Planning, 9(2), 73127.

Meir, A. (1997), As Noamdism Ends: The Israeli Bedouin of the Negev. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.

Meir, A. (2005). Bedouin, the Israeli state, and insurgent planning: Globalization, localization or Glocalization? Cities, 22, 201-215.

Meir. A. and Gekker, M. (2011). Gendered space, power relationships and domestic planning and design among displaced Israeli Bedouin. Women Studies International Forum, 34, 232-241.

Park, Robert E. (1929). The City as Social Laboratory. In T.V. Smith & Leonard D. White (eds), Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research. Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press, 1-19.

Paris, C. (1982). Critical Readings in Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon.

Fenster, T. (1999). Space for gender: Roles of the forbidden and the permitted. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 17, 227 46.

Jakubowska, L. 2000. Finding ways to make a living: Employment among the Negev Bedouin. Nomadic Peoples. 4(2), 94 105.

Kedem-Friedrich, P. and Al-Atawneh, M. (2004). Does modernity lead to greater well-being? Bedouin women undergoing a socio-cultural transition. Social Indicators Research, 67(3), 333-51.

Twigger-Ross, C .L. B and Uzzel, D. L. (1996). Place and Identity Processes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16: 205-220.

Webster, C., Glasze, G., and Frantz, K. (2002). Theme issue: The global spread of gated communities. Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, 29(3): 315-412.

Yiftachel, O. (1995). The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority. In Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson (Eds.), Postmodern Cities and Spaces. Oxford: Blackwell: 216-243.

05

, , , ,

.

, , , ,

. , , 1 ,

. , , , ,

. ,

. "" ,

. , ,

. , (%5.5), - %46 02 ,

, . , ,

. ,

.

1 - ,

.

, , 6 11 , - 003,41

, - 004,61 . , - 000,26 , . .

, ""2 . , 81 , ,

. , 3,

. ,

. , ,

.

. , , .

, .

,

, . ,

.

2 - ,

.3 . " . ("

).

15

:

:

.

:

:

000,82000,342102000,54*000,870202000,06*000,5010302

000,2**001,2 *

**

565,8959,35908,1051,25227,2051,71003058,61

462,1269,7212057,7 451,2865,3186005,31381,2557,3155007,31021,2653,31653000,31508,1173,11121052,11

270,1657,654117,6 437,01526,76635,1980,66

916,23205,502205,4000,102 - %03

.

.

"" " ", .

( ), , .

, , , , , ,

. , .

4.

4

.

25

, , ,

.

. 5491, - 023,9 , - 002,3

. - sp 5491, - 5.2 , " 0291

000,372,1 .

, ,

' .

5491

.

6491, - 000,59 .

1 - : 2291, 1391 -6491.

2291

1391

6491

649113912291

0.0010.0010.001655,59189,74511,17

3.711.815.41505,61166,8033,016.78.72.7182,7657,3051,5'7.82.98.6472,8234,4028,4'9.03.1-098936-6.430.430.33460,33033,61554,323.826.925.83960,72361,41063,72

6.2--384,2--

:

sniuodeB abehsreeB eht fo noitaremunE ehT" ,.W .S ,inajaD .17491 ,3 .oN ,1 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP ,"6491 yaM ni

,"niudeB eht fo noitcudorpeR dna ytilitreF" ,.V .H ,mashuM .2.1591 ,4 .oN ,4 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP

,"stibaH egairraM udeB no setoN emoS" ,.V .H ,mashuM .3 ,ygoloicoS fo ssergnoC lanoitanretnI ht41 eht fo sgnideecorP.1591 ,613-792 .pp ,4 .loV

,"segairraM suomagyloP fo ytilitreF" ,.V .H ,mashuM .4.seidutS noitalupoP

fo stcartsbA lareneG dna tropeR ,enitselaP ,.B .J ,norraB .5.3291 ,melasureJ ,2291 fo susneC eht

.3391 ,airdnaxelA ,1 .loV ,1391 enitselaP fo susneC ,.E ,slliM .6

.3391 / 1531 ,melasureJ ,wdaB la nyab adaQ lA ,ferA' le ferA' .7

,"enitselaP fo noitalupoP eht fo htworG ehT" ,.E ,regrebmorB .8.8491 ,1 .oN ,2 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP

,"enitselaP fo yhpargomeD eht fo serutaeF" ,.J .P ,sutfoL .9.8491 ,1 .oN ,2 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP

A" ,scitsitatS fo tnemtrapeD ,enitselaP fo tnemrevoG .01 ,segalliV barA ni snoitidnoC cimonocE dna laicoS fo yevruS.ff ,5491 yluJ ,.tsitatS .rruC fo .lluB .lhtnoM .neG ,"4491

: , , - 000,539 ,

, , . , ,

- 027,11 , - 000,002 . ("") , - 9 ,

.

35

. :

abehsreeB eht fo noitaremunE ehT" ,.W .S ,inajaD .1.7491 ,3 .oN ,1 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP ,"6491 yaM ni sniuodeB ,"niudeB eht fo noitcudorpeR dna ytilitreF" ,.V .H ,mashuM .2.1591 ,4 .oN ,4 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP ,"stibaH egairraM udeB no setoN emoS" ,.V .H ,mashuM .3 ,ygoloicoS fo ssergnoC lanoitanretnI ht41 eht fo sgnideecorP.1591 ,613-792 .pp ,4 .loV ,"segairraM suomagyloP fo ytilitreF" ,.V .H ,mashuM .4.seidutS noitalupoP fo stcartsbA lareneG dna tropeR ,enitselaP ,.B .J ,norraB .5.3291 ,melasureJ ,2291 fo susneC eht.3391 ,airdnaxelA ,1 .loV ,1391 enitselaP fo susneC ,.E ,slliM .6.3391 / 1531 ,melasureJ ,wdaB la nyab adaQ lA ,ferA' le ferA' .7 ,"enitselaP fo noitalupoP eht fo htworG ehT" ,.E ,regrebmorB .8.8491 ,1 .oN ,2 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP ,"enitselaP fo yhpargomeD eht fo serutaeF" ,.J .P ,sutfoL .9.8491 ,1 .oN ,2 .loV ,seidutS noitalupoP A" ,scitsitatS fo tnemtrapeD ,enitselaP fo tnemrevoG .01 ,segalliV barA ni snoitidnoC cimonocE dna laicoS fo yevruS.ff ,5491 yluJ ,.tsitatS .rruC fo .lluB .lhtnoM .neG ,"4491

. ,

. 0681 ' '': '' " 74: " ''- , . , . , , , ()

". 1291, '' , .

301 '. ' , , ,

. , , ,

. - 000,567

45

- 000,081 " - 000.54 ,

. "" .

12/0291 (* )

596,2688,544522,697056,2165,761000,566037,9000,844000,021,1066614,62027,64'025000,58000,631552,61368,271,1549,367,2

* , , , ,

.

0691

320.1

611.2952891825513345981

760.3169

391.1

81138

223062

'

' '

970.2254.1841.1051

,

400.61

" "

. " 0291, . , ,

. ,

. , , .

. , ,

6691. ""

. , " " "

" 3591. ,

.

. , ,

. , , . 6591 . ,

. , .

:" , , , ,

".

55

, .

. 1.

, . .

.2.

, , , - 51 52 ,

- 003 , . .

. :

.3.

0591 , ", .

, . , ( ) 5391 2491.

4. " ( ) / . " "

.

. " ( )

. .

.

.. - ( )

. .

" .5. (

" ) " , , ,

. 0691, , , .

, 06, " ".

: . . .

. 005

.

. 0691 .

, , ,

. , ,

.6. -

,

.

65

, ,

. ""

. . , ,

, .

". . , , " ".

. , ,

.

1791.7.

05-9491 . , , .

. 9491. , , . ,

. , .

. : . ( 5791). ' , , '' '

. , , .

. , ,

. , , , ,

' .8.

, ,

., ,

. (9691), , ( ),

3791. - 5.1 ,

( ). ( ), , . """ , ,

. : 000,279 . " 000,002 , - 000,052 , - 000,581

"" "". , " , , , .

9. " " ' ",

5791. , , " , 6791. " , -1,

:" ,

75

, , ".

" , '''' ' 1291". ( 5791 6791

/ 1, ") , '', , , ,

. '''', , , 8581.

.(

6791 - /1) :

.

. .

.

. -

. ( ),

. .

01. (" 0891) .

( ), , ,

.

.

" " 6791 .

.

%5 . ,

.

. .

.

: 1 . , , , ,

. -1. - , ,

, . 8

. 9 - ' " (1 9791) :

1. :

2. :3. ( ),

. 01 11

. 1

:. :

1. ' " ( ), ,

( ):2. , , , : 2 ( ),

.

85

11. " "

( .

)(..- 47/812 4891/5/51)

:" , '' ' ,

". 301

' '':" ... . 1291, '',

". :

, , " ", ",

'' . .

21. . 4891, . ,

: 585 . 318 958-388 958 148 688

585. 239:

. .. .

. .. .

. . 699:

. .. .

. .. .

. . 8201:

. .

. . .

: :

1. .2. .

3. " . :

, . ,

. - 6611:

.31. :

048 6991/5/21 5 7 .

/ 51 61 71: - .

/3 9991/21/02 - .

4071 0002/5/41: /34. /

64 - 74. 188 (-51) 3002/9/71

. ' 6102 4002/6/31

. 0452 4002/9/5

. 5002/7/81: 34/24/14/04. /6 7002/1/82 9991 7002/7/51

. 1942 7002/01/82

. 318

7991, , / 7 7991 000,000,472,3

.41. 9991 7002/7/51

:

95

. 188 ( -51) 3002.9.71 . 136 6002.11.5,

, :1)

, :- ;

- , , ;

- ;- , .

2) )

, ;) ;

) , , , , ,

';) ;

) ;) ;

) , , ;

) , .

3)

:. .

1) - . .2) , " . -12 , : 41 ( - ", , , , , , , , , , , , , ) -7 , 4 .3) " , , ; ; , ; ; ; , . (

.)

4) , " ,

.

" .. " 03 , " , , .

. , , , , , , , , , , . ,

, , .

. . " , "

03 .51.

: . 9991 7002.7.51,

' :1.

.2. 8 :

) - ";

) ;) () ;

) ;

) ;

) ;) ;

) ; - " .

".3. , ,

,

06

- , .

4. . " " .

9 .5. " , , , ,

.6. . 3' ' 9991 51

7002.7. , 6

.8.

.9.

8002. 9991

7002/7/51. ,

, . ,

. " ,

. 3 : " , , , -

, ." , , , ,

. , , .

, . ,

. , , .

, .

%05, . (

004 ). .

. ,

. , " , " ,( " 32/41/4 ).

61. " . :- , , , , ,

. , ,

.: " , , - .

. " .

, , , , ,

. " . .

" .

.

" , . ,

16

. , , , .

" .( ' ,

) :

, ( 000,068 000,042 ), %05 .

(- 0005 ).

, , - 000,88 .

- " 3591, 0891 - 000,002 , .

1791 , , - 000,002 .

- 000,45 ,

. ":

, , .

" 17 ": - " , "" . , . , . , , . , , - , , ,

, . -27: , , ( ).

. :

,

, . ,

.

. , 7002 ,

6611. , , , , , , .

.

, ,

. , , , .

, , .

, , ,

., . ,

..

, ,

.

26

,

.

.

.

.

: ", , . .

, ,

.

,

.

9991 7002/7/51, ,

.

.

:

6791 0075 0791

000,110891 007,810991

007,620002

, ,

000,345002 , 000,850102

, ...000,16 , 3/1 2102

: .

. . .

.

..

( 000,061 ).

000,468

000,012 . .

0000,88

.

0 0 0 , 0 5 2 ,

. , - 05'.

000,002

.

.

000,211

, .

000,042

.

000,07 .

: , ,

.

. , ,

. , ,

. . ,

. , , .

, . ,

36

, .

, . . , ,

. , ,

. , ,

. , , ,

. , ,

. . , .

: - 1791/5/2

.

- .

- .

64

:.1958 ," " , , ,

. 1948-1973

190/1 ".1976 1/ "

.) ( 1980 " 15/5/1984 )218/74 ..(

.1028 585 - .

. ". "

Dajani, S. W. (1947). The Enumeration of the Beersheba Bedouins in May 1946. Population Studies. 1 (3).

Muhsam, H. V. (1951). Fertility and Reproduction of the Bedouin. Population Studies. 4 (4).

Muhsam, H. V. (1951). Some Notes on Bedu Marriage Habits. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Sociology. Vol. 4, pp. 297-316, 1951.

Muhsam, H. V. (1951). Fertility of Polygamous Marriages. Population Studies.

Barron, J. B. (1923). Palestine, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Jerusalem. Mills, E. (1931). Census of Palestine 1931. Vol. 1, Alexandria, 1933.

'Aref el 'Aref (1933). Al Qada bayn al Badw. Jerusalem, 1351.

Bromberger, E. (1948). "The Growth of the Population of Palestine". Population Studies. 2 (1).

Loftus, P. J. (1948). Fe