+-__'-_-/2/- ,TY

North Central Forest Experiment StationForest Service--U.S. Department of Agriculture

1992 Folwell Avenue

St. Paul, Minnesota 55108

Manuscript approved for publication August 27, 19861986

BIOMASS YIELDS FOR SMALL TREES, SHRUBS, AND HERBSIN NORTHERN LAKE STATES FORESTS

W. Brad Smith, Mensurationist

Biomass estimates for small trees, shrubs, and Smith 1983), the 1983 inventory of Wisconsin (RaiIeherbs are used in determining wildlife habitat, 1985), and the 1980 inventory of the Superior andforest fuel conditions, and successional species occur- Chippewa National Forests in Minnesota 1. Eachrence. This paper presents empirical yield informa- forest sample plot for these inventories consisted oftion for lesser vegetation in the northern Lake 10 points uniformly spaced over 1 acre (Doman etal.States (fig. 1), based on data from recent field inven- 1981). At each point, trees 5.0 inches d.b.h, andtories, larger were selected with a 37.5 factor prism. In ad-

All data for this paper were collected by the Forest dition, at the first three points, tree saplings (d.b.h.Inventory and Analysis (FIA) work unit of the North 1.0 to 4.9 inches) were tallied if they occurred withinCentral Forest Experiment Station. The data are

from the 1980 inventory of Michigan (Raile and 1Gerhard Raile provided data for analysis.

\-.....I I_:_\ r.l .... 1__7 ! 1 i f

t i _-_--7_I i i__ I i I __j ' - .

L------_ ....... _-I-T-_ _--

- -I......T-- i _ i

Figure 1.--Forest survey units of the northern Lake States.

6.8 feet of the point (1/300th acre plot). Small trees small trees. Res. Note NC-299. St. Paul, MN: U.S.(less than 1.0 inches d.b.h.) and lesser vegetation Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northwere sampled on the northeast quadrant of each of Central Forest Experiment Station; 1983.8 p.these fixed radius plots.

Shrub species were placed into two categories to SPECIES AND SPECIES GROUPS INfacilitate samplingntall and low shrubs. Tall THE LAKE STATES 2shrubs (including small trees) were tallied by stemdiameter classes. Stem diameters were measured Commercial trees

6 inches above the ground level. The low shrubs Jack pine .................... Pinus banksiana(ground cover species) were sampled by visually esti- Red pine ....................... Pinus resinosamating the percent cover. White pine ...................... Pinus strobus

White spruce ..................... Picea glaucaField work was conducted all year; however, con- Black spruce ................... Picea mariana

sistent data were only available for May through Balsam fir .................... Abies balsamea

October (Brand 1985). This provided a data base of Eastern hemlock ............ Tsuga canadensis4,501 plots across the Lake States. Tamarack ..................... Larix laricina

Biomass was computed using equations summa- Northern white-cedar ....... Thuja occidentalisrized by Smith and Brand (1983), and the results are White oakpresented in tables 1-4 as yields in green pounds per white oak .................... Quercus albaacre by forest type. Species that did not comprise at Swamp white oak ........... Quercus bicolorleast 1 pound per acre were collected into the "other" Bur oak ............... Quercus macrocarpatall and low shrub categories. Select red oak

Northern red oak ............. Quercus rubraOther red oak

Northern pin oak ....... Quercus ellipsoidalisBlack oak .................. Quercus velutina

LITERATURE CITED HickoryBitternut hickory ......... Carya corcliformis

Brand, Gary J. Environmental indices for common Basswood .................... Tilia americana

Michigan trees and shrubs. Res. Pap. NC-261. St. Yellow birch ............ Betula alleghaniensisPaul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Hard mapleService, North Central Forest Experiment Sta- Sugar maple ............... Acer saccharumtion; 1985.5 p. Black maple ................... Acer nigrum

Doman, Andrew P.; Ennis, R.; Weigel, D. North Cen- Soft mapletral Resources Evaluation Field Instructions. St. Red maple .................... Acer rubrumPaul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Silver maple .............. Acer saccharinumService, North Central Forest Experiment Sta- Beech ...................... Fagus grandifoliation; 1981. 117 p. Station mimeo. Elm

Fernald, Merritt L. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American elm ............. Ulmus americana

NY: American Book Co.; 1950. 1632 p. Slippery elm .................. Ulmus rubraLittle, Elbert L. Checklist of native and naturalized Rock elm .................. Ulmus thomasii

trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. 541. Black ash ..................... Fraxinus nigraWashington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, white and Green ashForest Service; 1979. 375 p. White ash .............. Fraxinus americana

Raile, Gerhard K.; Smith, W. B. Michigan forest Green ash .......... Fraxinus pennsylvanicastatistics, 1980. Resour. Bull. NC-67. St. Paul, Cottonwood ................. Populus deltoides

MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv- Willow ........................... Salix nigraice, North Central Forest Experiment Station; Balsam poplar ........... Populus balsamifera

1983. 101 p. Bigtooth aspen ......... Populus grandidentataRaile, Gerhard K. Wisconsin forest statistics, 1983. Quaking aspen ........... Populus tremuloides

Resour. Bull. NC-94. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart-

ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Cen- 2The common and scientific names for tree speciestral Forest Experiment Station; 1985. 113 p. are based on Little (1979). The common and scientific

Smith, W. Brad; Brand, G. J. Allometric biomass names for shrubs are based on Gray's Manual of

equations for 98 species of herbs, shrubs, and Botany (1950).

Paper birch ................. Betula papyriferaBlack cherry .................. Prunus serotina

Butternut ..................... Juglans cinereaNoncommercial trees and tall shrubs

Striped maple ........... Acer pensylvanicum

Mountain maple ............. Acer spicatumAmerican hornbeam .... Carpinus carolinianaEastern hophornbeam ..... Ostrya virginianaPincherry .............. Prunus pensylvanicaChokecherry ............. Prunus virginianaMountain-ash ................... Sorbus spp.Green alder .................... Alnus crispaSpeckled alder ................ Alnus rugosaSwamp birch ................. Betula pumilaDogwood ....................... Cornus spp.Black alder ................. Ilex verticillata

Sweet gale ..................... Myrica galeWitch hazel .......... Hamamelis virginianaCommon ninebark .. Physocarpus opulifoliousJuneberry ................ Amelanchier spp.Hazel .......................... Corylus spp.Prickly ash ....... Xanthoxylum americanumAlder buckthorn ............. Rhamnus spp.Leatherwood ................ Dirca palustrisViburnum .................. Viburnum spp.Elder ....................... Sambucus spp.Sumac ........................... Rhus spp.Buffaloberry ......... S hepherdia canadensisShrubby willows ................. Salix spp.

Low shrubs and herbs

Common juniper ...... Juniperis horizontalisYew ...................... Taxus canadensis

Virginia creeper ......... Parthenocissus spp.Labrador tea ......... Ledum groenlandicumLeatherleaf ....... Chamaedaphne calyculataBog laurel ................. Kalmia polifoliaSweetfern .............. Comptonia peregrinaGooseberry-currant ............... Ribes spp.Raspberry-blackberry ............ Rubus spp.Rose ............................. Rosa spp.Bilberry-blueberry .......... Vaccinium spp.Bush honeysuckle ......... Diervilla loniceraHoneysuckle .................. Lonicera spp.Poison ivy ................... Rhus radicansGreenbriar ..................... Smilax spp.Bearberry .......... Arctostaphylos uva-ursiBog rosemary ...... Andromeda glaucophyllaGrape ........................... Vitus spp.Strawberry .................. Fragraria spp.

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Table2.--Shrub_I/biomassyieldsoncommercialforestlandbyshrubspeciesgroupandforesttype,MichiganUpperPeninsula

(In

poun

dspe

rac

regr

een

weig

ht)

............................

Foresttxpe..................

Northern

Shrub

Jack

Red

White

Balsam

White

Black

white-

Oak-

Elm-ash-Maple-

Paper

spec

ies

group

pine

_..p.i.n.

e..

..pi

nefi

r.s

pruc

e...

spru

ce..

...ceda

rTa

mara

ckhi

ckor

yma

ple..

...bi.

rch

Aspe

n..

birc

hTa

llsh

rubs

Jackpine

866

107

......................

Redpine

--

35

......................

Whitepine

40

918

6I

4......

23

85

Whitespruce

38

--

67

69

632

--

34

--

54

169

10

30

42

Blackspruce

57

--

13

92

--

1,266

281

291

--

13

21

2Balsamfir

26

80

396

1,210

128

561

848

1,192

588

240

305

321

555

Hemlock

......

31

--

1....

57

30

13

4Tamarack

......

5--

36

18

464

......

260

Northernwhite-cedar......

180

311

798

29

--

144

19

41

176

Whiteoak

..........................

Selectredoak

110

69

..........

70

616

410

Basswood

............

3....

46

23

3--

Beech

..................

12

134

....

Yellowbirch

....

178

--

110

....

114

72

29

--

Hardmaple

1--

159

117

77

85

66

1521

136

1,271

262

412

Softmaple

33

365

194

183

34

66

172

63

798

564

254

148

116

Elm

....

121

....

I....

40

24

5--

Blackash

......

67

--

5197

....

598

22

47

13

White&greenash

......

2....

18

....

41

30

56

118

Balsampoplar

......

30

116

--

9....

22

73

--

Bigtoothaspen

--

35

......

2........

25

2Quakingaspen

160

918

15

36

18

67

29

418

116

Paperbirch

1--

192

21

874

43

--

20

15

20

36

36

Blackcherry

77

--

21

20

180

41

....

39

52

28

60

Otherhardwoods

......

16

15

1--

9....

5--

Stripedmaple

............

2--

98

134

19

51

Mountainmaple

--

1--

257

4--

219

....

235

139

95

592

Americanhornbeam

..................

256

--

2--

Easternhophornbeam................

463

--

52

46

Pincherry

--

'....

115

--

i....

34

21

1Chokecherry

....

812

--

14

18

71

--

69

13

105

17

Mountain-ash

......

1--

12

1....

78

204

1Greenalder

......

1..................

Speckledalder

153

383

3,368

5,482

1,758

4,090

4,221

3,037

--

2,584

239

1,989

552

Swampbirch

..........

17

..............

Dogwood

......

63

17

81

73

58

--

76

482

46

Blackalder

--

I........

86

....

21

....

(Tab

le2

cont

inue

don

next

page

)

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._'_T...k/_

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:.:

........

oo

Tab

le3.

--S

hru

b_1

/b

iom

ass

yiel

ds

on

com

mer

cial

fore

stla

nd

by

shru

bsp

ecie

sg

rou

pan

dfo

rest

typ

e,n

ort

her

nM

inn

eso

ta

(In

po

un

ds

per

acre

gre

enw

eig

ht)

Fo

rest

t_pe

......

......

.....

......

......

......

...No'rthern

'"

Shrub

Jack

Red

White

Balsam

White

Black

white-

Oak-

Elm-ash-Maple-

Paper

,species9roup

...

pine..,pine.....,.pine

fir..

spruce

spruce

cedar

Tam.arack.'.h.ick.ory.

'maple,

birch

Aspen.

birch..

TalI

shru

bs

Jackpine

38

........

44

..............

Redpine

--

94

--

5..............

49

--

Whitepine

--

24

361

................

1--

Whitespruce

--

210

61

--

5..........

517

Blackspruce

39

--

162

108

--

1,087

11

......

1,952

74

--

Balsamfir

168

107

108

983

91

497

1,769

46

--

63

140

101

53

Tamarack

......

25

--

31

--

380

..........

Northernwhite-cedar......

43

....

47

.--

....

I....

Whiteoak

7..........

4......

45

--

Selectredoak

411

............

11

--

331

5Basswood

......................

486

Yellowbirch

....................

4....

Hardmaple

........

353

......

34

--

501

59

41

Softmaple

56

63

l,738

23

14

4--

22

30

135

96

145

Elm

..............

2--

168

6--

Blackash

............

237

....

633

10

58

6White&greenash

--

25

--

1..........

115

20

IBalsampoplar

........

1............

67

4Bigtoothaspen

......................

17

--

Quakingaspen

128

300

--

197

--

32

....

240

--

38

881

50

Paperbirch

400

9--

109

--

42

....

3--

28

13

332

Blackcherry

....................

68

--

Otherhardwoods

......................

4--

Mountainmaple

112

--

796

747

2874

....

68

2,308

394

631

Easternhophornbeam

....................

63

21

55

Pincherry

......

513

23

........

237

Chokecherry

48

149

353

37

385

....

56

....

36

91

41

Mountain-ash

......

30

--

24

..........

12

Greenalder

....

16

....................

Speckledalder

--

45

--

7,931

74,366

6,284

14,879

--

15,687

870

2,642

1,662

Swampbirch

..............

534

..........

Dogwood

--

23

44

68

448

5540

919

96

92

39

249

98

(Tab

le3

cont

inue

don

next

page

)

(Table3continued)

Forest

type

....

....

....

....

....

....................

....

....

....

....

....

.No

rthe

rn

Shrub

Jack

Red

White

Balsam

White

Black

white-

Oak-

Elm-ash-Maple-

Paper

species

group

....

pine

..p.i.ne...

.p.

ine.

,fi

rsp

ruce

.,sp

r.uc

ece

dar

T.am

.a.r

.a.c

k."hickory

maple

birch

Aspen

birch-

Tallshrubs

Witchhazel

--

2--

23

--

28

..............

Commonninebark

..............

25

..........

Juneberry

28

58

544

145

47

12

....

488

38

101

72

Hazel,

1,949

2,164

299

475

2,384

56

112

--

2,865

157

1,063

1,981

2,436

Pricklyash

......................

39

--

Leatherwood

..........

1........

82

5--

Viburnum

--

23

..............

11

45

2Elder

......

44

..........

45

......

Sumac

..........

10

..........

4--

Shrubbywillows

179

634

480

....

918

305

48

--

4,301

52

50

517

Misc

ella

neou

sta

llshrubs

..........

19

........

41

--

Totaltallshrubs

3,045

3,745

4,115

11,109

4,477

7,185

10,190

16,889

3,275

21,167

7,461

7,125

6,293

Low

shru

bsYew

......

1....

11

.......

2....

Virginiacreeper

......

1..................

Labradortea

......

131

--

238

84

200

--

23

114

2Leatherleaf

......

12

--

182

1528

....

63

--

Sweetfern

--

2................

2--

13

Gooseberry-currant4

9--

13

113

10

28

44

7235

28

16

70

Raspberry-blackberry99

57

13

145

305

66

125

511

179

26

144

93

Rose

20

45

47

73

94

--

20

--

326

6Bilberry-blueberry373

109

968

72

--

175

49

12

45

28

112

11

50

Bushhoneysuckle

17

949

21

--

31

--

80

--

27

5Honeysuckle

177

80

--

29

27

46

11

--

15

59

40

59

Bearberry

..................

3......

Bogrosemary

..............

31

..........

Grape

......

1..................

Miscellane

ous

low

shrubs

--

1......

1--

8....

8....

Totallowshrubs

690

312

1,077

433

448

730

314

828

178

473

199

261

298

All

shrubs

3,735

4,057

5,192

11,542

4,925

7,915

10,504

17,717

3,453

21,640

7,660

7,386

6,591

Numberofplots_/.....

12.......19

436

728

15

42

10

...25..

124

..30...

1-/Treesunder1.0inchd.b.h,arealsoincluded.

Lowshrubspeciesthataveragedlessthan1,0poundperacrearenotincluded.

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1I

Smith, W. Brad.Biomass yields for small trees, shrubs, and herbs in northern Lake

States forests. Res. Pap. NC-277. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Sta-tion; 1986. 11 p.

Biomass yield information by forest type is presented for lesservegetation in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota based ondata from recent field inventories.

KEY WORDS: Green weight, lesser vegetation, forest inventory.