© 2015, 2012, 2009 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. public speaking an...

© 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Public SpeakingAN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH

CHATER

9

Steven A. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos

Susan J. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos

Presentation Prepared by:Gary Iman

Missouri State University



CHATER

9






CHATER

9






CHATER

9







Chapter 1

Speaking with

Confidence

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Art director: Maria Lange; Cover illustrator: Greg Betza


There are two kinds of speakers:

those that are nervous and those

that are liars.

- Mark Twain

Magnus Zeller (1888-1972). The Orator, circa 1920. Museum Associates/LACMA/Art Resource, NY


Learning Objectives

This chapter will help you to: LO 1 - Compare and contrast public speaking and

conversation. LO 2 - Explain the importance of studying public

speaking. LO 3 - Explain multiple models that illustrate how

communication occurs. LO 4 - Discuss briefly the history of public speaking. LO 5 - Explore techniques to become a more

confident speaker.


What Is Public Speaking?LO 1

Public Speaking …Is more prepared than conversation.Is more formal than conversation.Has more clearly defined roles for speaker and audience than conversation.

Photo: val lawless/Shutterstock


Why Study Public Speaking?LO 2

Empowerment• Better able to achieve desired

goals.• Gives an edge over less skilled

communicators.• Skill in speaking communicates

leadership.• Enhances your critical thinking

skills.Photo: AP Images


Why Study Public Speaking?LO 2

EmploymentEmployers want skilled speakers

• Better able to adapt message to listeners.• Better able to organize your ideas.• Better able to persuade others.• Better able to hold others’ attention.


The Communication ProcessLO 3

Communication Is a Process• Interactive Model - Earliest model

o Communication is transferring meaning from source to receiver.

Source: Copyrighted by Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ



Linear Model (cont.)

• Components:• Source - encodes message.• Message - what is said and how it is said.• Channel - how message is transmitted.• Receiver - decodes message.• Noise - interferes with message.



Communication Is a Process (cont.)• Interactive Model

o Scholars realized linear model was simplistic.o Added elements - feedback and context.o Feedback - as message is sent, feedback to

sender is provided to receiver.o Context - the communication occurs within a

context or environment/situation.



Interactive Model (cont.)




Communication As a Transaction• Transaction Model - Most recent model

o Communication happens as a simultaneous process.

o Sender is also receiving messages and ...o Receiver is also sending messages.




Public Speakers• Should focus on message and ...

• Should focus on how audience is responding to message.

Models of Communication• Various models developed in recent years.

• Elements have long been recognized.


Rich Heritage of Public SpeakingLO 4

The Golden Age of Public Speaking• Fourth century b.c.e. called the “Golden Age of

Rhetoric.”

• Philosopher Aristotle formulated guidelines for public speaking.

• These guidelines for public speaking still used today.



Roman Orators Continued Tradition• Cicero and Quintilian built on Aristotle’s

teachings.

• Defined qualities of what they considered true orators.

Middle Ages • Clergy were the main public speakers.

• Majority of people were not literate.



The Age of Political Oratory • The 19th century - Art of Declamation and

Elocution.o Declamation - the delivery of an already famous

address.o Elocution - the expression of emotion through posture,

movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice.

• Public speaking played role in abolition and suffrage movements.



The Technological Age of Public Speaking• The 20th century - Radio and then television

make significant impact.

• The 21st century - New era of speechmaking uses rapidly changing technology and media.

Speakers of the Future• Speakers will continue to draw on rich heritage.

• Unchanging truth – public speaking will still focus on audience.


Improving Your ConfidenceLO 5

Understand Your Nervousness• Biology affects your psychology.

o Can you control biological reaction? Yes.o Understanding of biological reaction is the start of

confidence and serenity.

• Psychology also affects your biology.o Your perception of the speaking assignment

interacts biologically, creating anxiety.o Your body responds in various ways to anxiety.



Apprehension Follows Predictable Patterns• Four styles of communication apprehension

1. Average - general positive approach, heart rate in average range.

2. Insensitive - most likely had previous experience, less sensitive to apprehension, lower heart rate.

3. Inflexible - highest heart rate. Some use to motivate, for others the tension diminishes ability.

4. Confrontational - very high heart rate at beginning, then tapers off.



You will feel more nervous than you look.

You are not alone, most experience nervousness.

Use your anxiety in a positive manner.

It is normal to feel nervous.

Photo: Cultura Limited/SuperStock


Ten Steps to Build Your Confidence:

6. Know introduction and conclusion.

7. Make practice real.

8. Breathe.

9. Channel nervous energy.

10.Visualize success.

1. Know your audience.

2. Do not procrastinate.

3. Select an appropriate topic.

4. Prepare.

5. Be organized.




Six Steps to Confidently Connecting With Your Audience:

1. Begin with the end in mind.

2. Give yourself a mental pep talk.

3. Focus on message - not fear.

4. Look for positive support.

5. Seek speaking opportunities.

6. Focus on what you have accomplished - not on fear.


End of theLesson

© 2015, 2012, 2009 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. public speaking an...

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