1908 Voisin1908 Voisin Box-Kite BiplaneBox-Kite Biplane Separate Mainplane & TailplaneSeparate Mainplane & Tailplane

Voisin BrothersVoisin Brothers

Louis BleriotLouis Bleriot Flew English ChannelFlew English Channel July 25, 1909July 25, 1909 LL 1,000 From 1,000 From

English NewspaperEnglish Newspaper MonoplaneMonoplane Set Stage For 30 Set Stage For 30

YearsYears Radial EngineRadial Engine

190919093 Cylinder Anzani3 Cylinder AnzaniWooden Prop.Wooden Prop.

Fundamental IngredientsFundamental Ingredients Fixed Wing ConceptFixed Wing Concept

Cayley (1799)Cayley (1799) Cambered Wing Sections For Main LiftingCambered Wing Sections For Main Lifting

Cayley (1799), Wenham (1851), Phillips (1884)Cayley (1799), Wenham (1851), Phillips (1884) High Aspect Ratio WingsHigh Aspect Ratio Wings

Wenham (1866)Wenham (1866) Trussed Biplane StructureTrussed Biplane Structure

Hargrave (1893), Chanute (1896), Wrights (1903)Hargrave (1893), Chanute (1896), Wrights (1903) Wire Braced Monoplane StructureWire Braced Monoplane Structure

Henson (1841), Lilienthal (1891), Bleriot (1907), Esnault-Henson (1841), Lilienthal (1891), Bleriot (1907), Esnault-Pelterie (1907)Pelterie (1907)

Fundamental IngredientsFundamental Ingredients

Longitudinal Stability (Pitch)Longitudinal Stability (Pitch)Tandem Horizontal Surfaces With Long. DihedralTandem Horizontal Surfaces With Long. Dihedral

Cayley (1799), Penaud (1871), Lilienthal (1891)

Directional Stability (Yaw)Directional Stability (Yaw)Fixed Vertical Tail SurfaceFixed Vertical Tail Surface

Cayley (1799), Penaud (1871), Lilienthal (1891)

Lateral Stability (Roll)Lateral Stability (Roll)Setting Mainplanes At Dihedral AngleSetting Mainplanes At Dihedral Angle

Cayley (1799), Penaud (1871), Lilienthal (1891)

Fundamental IngredientsFundamental IngredientsLongitudinal Control (Pitch)Longitudinal Control (Pitch)

Rear Elevator SurfacesRear Elevator Surfaces Cayley (1799), Hensen (1841), Lilienthal (1895)

Front Elevator SurfacesFront Elevator Surfaces Maxim (1894), Wrights (1901)

Directional Control (Yaw)Directional Control (Yaw)Rudder SurfacesRudder Surfaces

Cayley (1799), Hensen (1841)

Lateral Control (Roll)Lateral Control (Roll)Wing WarpingWing Warping

Wrights (1901)

AileronsAilerons Boulton (1868), Esnault-Pelterie (1904), Santos-Dumont (1906)

Fundamental IngredientsFundamental Ingredients Streamline To Reduce DragStreamline To Reduce Drag

Cayley (1804)Cayley (1804)

Practical Piloting ExperiencePractical Piloting ExperienceGlidingGliding

Lilienthal (1891), Wrights (1901)

PoweredPowered Wrights (1903)

Light & Powerful EngineLight & Powerful EngineLangley (1903), Wrights (1903)Langley (1903), Wrights (1903)

Airscrew For PropulsionAirscrew For PropulsionBlanchard (1784), Cayley (1809)Blanchard (1784), Cayley (1809)

Undercarriage - Takeoff & LandingUndercarriage - Takeoff & LandingHenson (1841), Pilcher (1896), Wrights (1903)Henson (1841), Pilcher (1896), Wrights (1903)

Military & Commercial Appls.Military & Commercial Appls. World Records (1913) - FrenchmenWorld Records (1913) - Frenchmen

Length - Seguin (634 miles)Length - Seguin (634 miles)Height - Legagneaux (20,079 ft)Height - Legagneaux (20,079 ft)Speed - Prevost (127 mph)Speed - Prevost (127 mph)

Flying Boat - Benoist (1914)Flying Boat - Benoist (1914)First Passenger ServiceFirst Passenger Service

Tampa To St. Petersburg (22 miles)

Wright-Curtiss Co.Wright-Curtiss Co.Testing Twin-Engine For Transatlantic

Sikorsky (1914)Sikorsky (1914)Four 100hp Mercedes Engines - 16 PassengersFour 100hp Mercedes Engines - 16 Passengers

World War IWorld War I WW I - August 1914WW I - August 1914 200,000 Airplanes Built In Four Years200,000 Airplanes Built In Four Years By End Of War - 400hp EnginesBy End Of War - 400hp Engines Multi-Engine AirplanesMulti-Engine Airplanes

Germany & FranceGermany & France Construction MaterialsConstruction Materials

Germany - MetalGermany - MetalFrance & England - WoodFrance & England - Wood

Cantilever Wing - Above FuselageCantilever Wing - Above FuselageProfessor Hugo Junkers - Patent (1910)Professor Hugo Junkers - Patent (1910)

Classic WW I BiplaneClassic WW I Biplane Royal Aircraft AssociationRoyal Aircraft Association

B.E.2E (1916)B.E.2E (1916)

Radial EngineRadial Engine BiplaneBiplane

Too StableToo StableToo SlowToo Slow

Inter-War YearsInter-War Years

Airplanes, Crew & Mechanics AvailableAirplanes, Crew & Mechanics AvailableCommercial Aviation - Passenger ServiceCommercial Aviation - Passenger Service

Converted Wartime BombersConverted Wartime BombersArmstrong Whitworth Argosy (1927)Armstrong Whitworth Argosy (1927)

Biplane - Three 400 hp Jaguar EngineBiplane - Three 400 hp Jaguar Engine100 mph, 3 hours, 3000 feet

20 Passengers20 PassengersThree Engine Preference - SafetyThree Engine Preference - Safety

One Engine Couldn’t Maintain AltitudeOne Engine Couldn’t Maintain Altitude

London To ParisLondon To Paris First Passenger Service (1919)First Passenger Service (1919) Converted Bomber - Handley Page O/7Converted Bomber - Handley Page O/7 Limited Ground FacilitiesLimited Ground Facilities

Inter-War YearsInter-War Years

Speed Records Were PursuedSpeed Records Were PursuedSchneider Trophy ContestsSchneider Trophy ContestsAmerican Curtiss R3C-2 (1925) - 232.6 mphAmerican Curtiss R3C-2 (1925) - 232.6 mphItalian Macchi M.39 (1926) - 246.5 mphItalian Macchi M.39 (1926) - 246.5 mphBritish Supermarine S.5 (1927) - 281.7 mph British Supermarine S.5 (1927) - 281.7 mph British Supermarine S.6 (1929) - 328.6 mph British Supermarine S.6 (1929) - 328.6 mph British Supermarine S.6B (1931) - 340.1 mph British Supermarine S.6B (1931) - 340.1 mph

Uncontested

Contest EndedContest Ended

British Supermarine S.6British Supermarine S.6 Rolls-Royce Engine - 1900 hpRolls-Royce Engine - 1900 hp Entire Surface Of Plane Used As RadiatorEntire Surface Of Plane Used As Radiator

Modern AirlinerModern Airliner Boeing 247 - 1933Boeing 247 - 1933

All-Metal - Stresses Skin PrincipleAll-Metal - Stresses Skin PrincipleTwo Engines - Each Could Maintain AltitudeTwo Engines - Each Could Maintain AltitudeEngine Cowlings - Cooling & AerodynamicEngine Cowlings - Cooling & AerodynamicRetractable UndercarriageRetractable Undercarriage155 mph155 mph

Douglas DC-2Douglas DC-214 Passengers14 Passengers

Douglas DC-3 (1936)Douglas DC-3 (1936)21 Passengers21 Passengers

Modern AirlinerModern Airliner Douglas DC-3 (1936)Douglas DC-3 (1936)

““Greatest Plane Ever Built !!!!!!!!!”Greatest Plane Ever Built !!!!!!!!!”

World War IIWorld War II

At Outbreak (1939)At Outbreak (1939)Front Line Fighters & BombersFront Line Fighters & Bombers

Contilever MonoplanesEnclosed CockpitsRetractable UndercarriageApprox. 1000 hpSupercharged For Approx 20,000 feet

Supermarine Spitfire Mark I (1939)Supermarine Spitfire Mark I (1939)Merlin Engine - 990 hp353 mph At 20,000 feet

Supermarine Spitfire Mark 22 (1942)Supermarine Spitfire Mark 22 (1942)Rolls-Royce Griffon Engine - 2050 hpRolls-Royce Griffon Engine - 2050 hpFive Bladed AirscrewFive Bladed AirscrewSuperchargedSupercharged457 mph At 25,000 feet457 mph At 25,000 feet

World War IIWorld War II

Howard HughesHoward Hughes Held Every Flight Record In World (1937)Held Every Flight Record In World (1937) Tried To Sell H-1 To Goverment As FighterTried To Sell H-1 To Goverment As Fighter

P-51 Mustang & CorsairP-51 Mustang & Corsair

Nearly Identical To Japanese ZeroNearly Identical To Japanese Zero

Howard HughesHoward Hughes D-2 - Test Flight 1943D-2 - Test Flight 1943 D-2 Was Larger Twin Engine FighterD-2 Was Larger Twin Engine Fighter Government Adopted Lockheed P-38 LightningGovernment Adopted Lockheed P-38 Lightning

Howard HughesHoward Hughes D-5 Was Second Version Of D-2D-5 Was Second Version Of D-2 Government Contract From Roosevelt (1943) - XF-11Government Contract From Roosevelt (1943) - XF-11 Photo-Reconnaissance - War EndedPhoto-Reconnaissance - War Ended

World War IIWorld War IIBombers - Slow ProgressBombers - Slow Progress

Vickers Wellington I (1939)Vickers Wellington I (1939)Two 1000 hp Engines4500 lbs At 195 mph At 10,000 feet

Avro Lancaster 3 (1944)Avro Lancaster 3 (1944)Four 1600 hp Engines14,000 lbs At 225 mph At 20,000 feet

De Havilland MosquitoDe Havilland MosquitoTwo 1700 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin Engines5000 lbs At 310 mph

B-17, B-27, etc.B-17, B-27, etc.